Pap Smear Screening Test Research Articles

High-risk human papillomavirus diversity among indigenous women of western Botswana with normal cervical cytology and dysplasia

BackgroundCervical cancer remains a public health problem despite heavy global investment in health systems especially in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). Prophylactic vaccines against the most commonly detected human papillomavirus (HPV) types in cervical cancers are available and decisions on the selection of vaccine design depends on the prevalence of high-risk (hr) HPV genotypes for a particular region. In 2015, Botswana adopted the use of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine as a primary prevention strategy. Secondary prevention includes cervical smear screening whose uptake remains notably low among indigenous and marginalized communities despite efforts to improve access.AimTo determine the prevalence of hrHPV genotypes and cervical lesions’ burden in women from the indigenous and marginalized communities of Botswana.MethodsThis prospective survey enrolled 171 non-HPV vaccinated women aged 21 years and older. Face-to-face interviews, Pap smear screening, hr-HPV and Human Immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) testing were carried out. Conventional Papanicolau smears were analyzed and cervical brushes were preserved for hrHPV testing using the Ampfire Multiplex HR-HPV protocol which detects the following genotypes: HPV 16, 18, 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59 and 68.ResultsIn this study, 168/171 (98.6%) of the women consented to HIV testing; 53/171 (31%) were living with HIV and self-reported enrolment on antiretroviral therapy. Among the women examined, 23/171 (13.5%) had cervical dysplasia with most presenting with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance 8/23 (35%), Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions 8/23 (35%), Atypical Squamous Cells-High Grade 4/23 (17%), Atypical Endocervical Cells 2/23 (9%) and Atypical Endocervical Cell favoring neoplasia 1/23(4%). However, no High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were detected. Overall hrHPV prevalence in this study was at 56/171 (32.7%). The most commonly detected hrHPV genotypes in women with cervical dysplasia were HPV39 (6.25%), HPV51 (14.5%), HPV52 (12.5%) and HPV56 (4%). Notably, HPV 16 and 18 were not found in women with cervical dysplasia.ConclusionsOur study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and distribution of hrHPV genotypes in indigenous and marginalized communities in Botswana, and the need for further investigation of their potential role in cervical carcinogenesis in this population. These results may also serve as baseline data to facilitate future evaluation of the HPV vaccine needs.

Prevalence of Cervical Cancer and Premalignant Cases Based on Pap Smear Screening in Iran in 2022

Background: Oral or cervical cancer is caused by the abnormal growth of cells, which in 90% of cases is caused by the human papillomavirus infection. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer and premalignant cases based on the results of Pap smears performed in Jiroft health centers in 2022. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 440 women using a census method, and the demographic information of the people and the results of their Pap smears were recorded using a researcher- made questionnaire. Results: The average age of the investigated women was 37.20 ± 9.09 years, with the highest frequency in the age group of 30 to 40 years (44.7%), and the average number of previous pregnancies was 3.06 ± 2.26 times, with the highest frequency observed in the group 1 to 2 times (50.6%). The average number of abortions was 0.45 ± 0.86, with the highest frequency (70.4%) related to the group that had no history of abortion. Out of 440 people examined, 6 (1.4%) with a 95% confidence interval equal to 0.50-2.94% had abnormal Pap smears. Conclusion: The number of pregnancies and the increase in the number of abortions can be factors influencing the incidence of cervical cancer. By performing a Pap smear screening test with early diagnosis of the disease in the early stages, it is possible to prevent the spread of this disease in the body and the transformation of these cells into cancer.

Deep Learning-based Ensemble Approach for Conventional Pap Smear Image Classification

Cervical cancer screening allows the early signs of precancerous abnormalities in the cervix before they develop into invasive cancer. The Pap Smear is a widely used screening for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. In many remote areas, the number of cytologists available to interpret pap smear screening tests is insufficient. This lack of personnel makes the test interpretation very time-consuming. To address this, deep learning techniques have been employed to detect cervical cancer cells and support cytologists. Therefore, an integrative approach with deep learning models and the ensemble techniques such as the maximum occurrence and the maximum probability score of cervical cells was proposed. The multi-cell assessment of the Pap smear slide allowed aggregate predictions of single cervical cell images using the proposed method. The classification results between pre-trained deep learning models and the proposed method were compared. In the experimental results, the proposed method can achieve an accuracy score of more than 97%, while the best pre-trained deep learning model can attain an accuracy score of more than 85%. Hence, the proposed method may have the potential to assist physicians or cytologists in the classification of cervical cell types for Pap Smear images.

Pap smear test: Knowledge, Attitude and practice among the female nursing and paramedical staffs of Maternity and Child Hospital, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Background: A Pap smear test is a microscopic examination of uterine cervix which can detect the precancerous changes in the cervix (cervical dysplasia). Presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and presence of precancerous changes in the cervical cells confirms the diagnosis. So early detection of HPV (causative factor) and precancerous changes in the cervix (cervical dysplasia) can help in early treatment of cervical cancer and complete cure. Being asymptomatic at presentation it is important to screen all the women at risk of getting cervical cancer for early diagnosis and its secondary prevention. Knowledge is one of the important determinants predicting health behaviors and an effective factor in performing screening methods in the population. However, acquiring knowledge only is not adequate and success of a prevention programme depends on the positive preventive attitude and correct practice of the population. The present study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the healthcare workers at MCH hospital, Al Ahsa Saudi Arabia towards the Pap smear screening test. Results: A total of 217 out of 258 staffs responded the online questionnaires making the response rate of 85%. The mean age of the participants was 32. 83 ± 7. 20 Std. Dev. (Range 21-61 years). Majority of the participants (N= 180, 82. 9%) were married. Seventy percent of the participants (N=152) were staff nurse. Sixty four percent of the participants were graduate (N=139). The mean knowledge of the participants was 6. 31 ± 3. 24 Std. Dev. (Range: 2 -10). More than fifty percent of the participant (N=109) did not have good knowledge about Pap smear test. The mean of positive attitude score was 3. 56 ±1. 19 Std. Dev. (Range: 00-5). Fifty eight percent of the participant (N=128) had positive attitude towards Pap smear test. The mean of practice score was 2. 21 ±1. 00 Std. Dev. (Range: 00 – 4). Sixty eight percent of the participants (N=191) did not have good practice towards Pap smear test. The attitude of staff nurses was significantly positive (p=0. 024) than those of other medical staffs. The practice of the nursing staffs towards the Pap smear test was significantly negative (P=0. 000) than those of other medical staff. There were no significant difference in the knowledge, attitude and practice score between different age groups and marital status of the participants. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge and attitude among the paramedical and nursing staffs of Maternity and Child Hospital towards Pap smear screening test. However good knowledge and attitude did not translate into good practice in most of them especially among the nursing staffs. The rate of uptake for Pap smear test was low. The major reason for low uptake of Pap smear screening among the respondents include, no recommendation by any doctors, embarrassment, lack of knowledge about the Pap smear, lack of time and fear of the test result.

Layer Selection on Residual Network for Feature Extraction of Pap Smear Images

Pap smear screening test is one of the early prevention efforts to detect cervical cancer. Manual screening tests are still prone to observation errors. This study aims to create a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and support vector machine (SVM) model to identify cervical cancer through pap smear images. The data used are 4049 normal and pathological cervical cells in pap smear images sourced from SIPaKMeD, which were divided into 5 classes based on the level of cancer malignancy. The CNN model is used to extract features on the pap smear image, and SVM is used to carry out the classification. The results of this study are four cervical cancer classification models on pap smear images using Resnet50 and Resnet50V2 architecture and SVM algorithms with different scenarios on freeze and unfreeze of the convolution layer. The classification model with the best performance has an accuracy of 97.09%. CNN model with freezing the convolution layer provides much faster in the pre-trained model and the integration of this model with the SVM as the classifier results in the classification model of cervical cells in pap smear images with high accuracy.

Psychological Distress in Women With Abnormal Pap Smear Results Attending Cervical Cancer Screening.

Women often experience psychological distress upon receipt of an abnormal Pap test result. This study aimed to evaluate psychological distress and its correlates among women who received an abnormal Pap screening test result. A cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of 172 consecutive women who had attended screening for cervical cancer and who received abnormal Pap smear results and underwent additional diagnostic procedures (colposcopy/biopsy/endocervical curettage). The participants filled out a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and the Cervical Dysplasia Distress Questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression was used for the analysis of the data. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust the level of significance. In women who received an abnormal Pap smear result, the independent correlate of higher psychological distress (by Cervical Dysplasia Distress Questionnaire score) before diagnostic procedures was lower satisfaction with information/support received from other people ( p = .002). Correlates of psychological distress in women older than 40 years with abnormal Pap smear were anxiety ( p = .042) and worry about having cervical cancer, general health and having sex ( p = .044). The authors' findings could enable control of factors predictive of psychological distress in women who received a positive Pap smear screening test before undergoing diagnostic procedures, primarily via active provision of targeted information.

English

Abnormal cellular development in the cervix causes cervical cancer. Undergoing Pap smear screening & HPV tests at regular intervals possibly helps identify the disease at an early stage, aiding diagnosis and treatment. Pathologists are involved in the screening to detect abnormal cells in the slide. Removing a portion of the slide with poor quality could improve nuclei detection by enabling better visualization of some important information. In this study, a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) with a Super Resolution technique is applied for cervical cell images to generate photo-realistic images. Poor-quality images are not removed; rather, they are converted into good-quality images. It ensures equal distribution of image generation in terms of classes in a given dataset. The performance of the recommended technique is measured using PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), SSIM (Structural Similarity)and Inception Score(IS). The proposed methodology outperforms other augmentation techniques and Variational Autoencoders (VAE) based algorithms.

THE EXISTENCE OF HPV VACCINATION PROGRAM AND ITS RELEVANCE IN THE PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION, BRAZIL, INDIA, JAPAN, CHINA, MALAYSIA, NIGERIA AND SWITZERLAND Authors

Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant health concern globally. The introduction of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine and the Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) screening test have contributed to reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. This study aims to evaluate the impact of these preventive measures on cervical cancer mortality rates in eight countries: Russia, Nigeria, India, China, Japan, Switzerland, Brazil, and Malaysia. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using data from the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations, World Bank, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and other sources for 2019 and 2020. Mortality rates, HPV vaccination programs, screening usage, and cervical cancer risk among females aged 0-74 years were analyzed and compared. Results: China reported the highest number of cervical cancer deaths (51,600), but Brazil had the highest mortality rate (1.56%). The lowest mortality rate was observed in Switzerland (0.30%). HPV vaccination was included in the national schedule for Japan, Switzerland, Brazil, and Malaysia. Screening for cervical cancer was implemented in all eight countries, with Russia and Switzerland having the highest frequency (8:10 each) and India having the least (<1:10). Conclusion: The combination of HPV vaccination programs and active screening is the most effective measure for preventing cervical cancer mortality, as demonstrated by Switzerland. However, the importance of screening cannot be understated, as seen in Russia, where screening alone plays a significant role in cervical cancer prevention. Further efforts should focus on integrating both preventive strategies to reduce the global burden of cervical cancer.

Cytomorphological Variations in Pap Smears amongst Postmenopausal Women Reporting at a Tertiary Care Centre, Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction: In developing countries, cervical cancer is the leading cause of death amongst women. Since women spend one third of their lives in the postmenopausal period, which is most neglected phase, needs a technically simple, non invasive and, cost-effective screening tool for cervical cancer detection and the exact answer is the Pap smear screening test. This simple screening test when performed at regular intervals in post menopausal population, can detect precursor lesions there by reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the cytomorphological variations in Pap smears amongst postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 138 satisfactory smears were considered for study amongst 146 postmenopausal women from August 2020 to July 2022 at Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital and then evaluated and categorised based on Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology 2014. {Reporting elements include specimen type, specimen adequacy, general categorisation, interpretation/result includes general categories of negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy (NILM), epithelial cell abnormalities and other malignancies. Results: Out of 138 satisfactory cases, 78.26% (108 cases) 14.5% (20 cases) and 7.24% (10 cases) were diagnosed as of inflammatory/benign conditions, epithelial abnormalities and normal cytology respectively. The mean age for inflammatory/ benign lesions was 57.5 years and majority presenting with postmenopausal bleeding and white discharge. Amongst epithelial abnormalities Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) and Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (LSIL) were commonest. The incidence of ASCUS 7.27% (10 cases), and incidence of LSIL 2.89% (4 cases). The mean age was 57.5 years and majority of patients presented with postmenopausal bleeding and mass per vaginum. Incidence of High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) was 2.17% (3cases), the mean age was 65.5 years and presented with white discharge and postmenopausal bleeding. Incidence of SCC was 2.17% (3 cases) and the mean age was 70.5 years, presented with, postmenopausal bleeding and white discharge. Conclusion: Pap smear is a simple, cheap, safe and gold standard diagnostic tool for screening postmenopausal women for all cervical abnormalities in particular pre-invasive and invasive lesions.

Clinical Association and Detection of Cervical Cancer with Pap Smear Screening Test

Aim: To find the clinical association of the cervical cancer with pap smear test. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, AJK Medical College Muzaffarbad Azad Kashmir from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2022. Methodology: Five hundred women were screened who were between 20-55 years of age. Sampling was performed by ecto-cervix through wooden Ayre spatula rotation at 360 degrees. The sample was preserved in a formalin jar and sent for glass slide formation. Cytopathological examination presented lesions as negative intraepithelial neoplasia as well as epithelial-cell abnormalities including squamous in addition to glandular cells. Results: The mean age was 41.5±5.6 years. The epithelial abnormalities were diagnosed in 6% of low grade squamous-intraepithelial lesion cases and 1% in high grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion through pap smear. No case of squamous cell carcinoma was identified while 40% showed inflammation presence Most of the females within 31-40 years were having normal cervical morphology while 36%cases inflammation was noticed in 21-30 years of age. Low grade squamous-intraepithelial lesion was noticed in 63.3% of the women within an age group of 14-50 years while high grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion L was observed within 60% of the similar age women. Majority (148.45%) of the women had white discharge from vaginum followed by cervical erosion seen in 19.21% of the cases Conclusion: Pap smear is a highly specific and efficient test for determining pre-cancerous cervical lesions as well as cervical cancers. Key words: Association, Detection, Cervical cancer Pap smear screening test

Cytomorphological spectrum of cervical pap smear reports using the 2014 bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology; A two year study in a tertiary care hospital at Puducherry, India

Background: Cancer cervix is fourth most common cancer in world and second most common in India. It is considered as a preventable disease when identified at an early stage by pap smear screening test. Aim: This study aims to explore the use of conventional pap smear for the diagnosis of various cytomorphological spectrum of cervical pap smear reports using “The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology 2014” (TBSRC 2014), to analyze the clinical and demographic data of the patients, and also to characterize the age pattern of various pap smear findings/results and prevalence of abnormal pap smears among various age groups as well. Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 1650 conventional pap smears of women who attended gynaecology OPD in our tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, India between July 2018 to July 2020 are evaluated and reported as per TBSRC 2014 and the results were tabulated and analysed accordingly. Results: 1376 women had Negative for Intraepithelial lesion/ Malignancy (NILM) and 33(2.3%) had Epithelial cell abnormality (ECA). Organisms (15.3%) is the one of the frequent patterns of NILM in the study involving predominantly 21-40 years age group (11%).

Cytomorphological spectrum of cervical Pap smear reports using the 2014 bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology

Cancer cervix is fourth most common cancer in world and second most common in India. It is considered as a preventable disease when identified at an early stage by pap smear screening test. This study aims to explore the use of conventional pap smear for the diagnosis of various cytomorphological spectrum of cervical pap smear reports using The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology 2014 (TBSRC 2014), to analyze the clinical and demographic data of the patients, and also to characterize the age pattern of various pap smears findings/results and prevalence of abnormal pap smears among various age groups as well. In this retrospective study, a total of 1650 conventional pap smears of women who attended gynaecology OPD in our tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, India between July 2018 to July 2020 are evaluated and reported as per TBSRC 2014 and the results were tabulated and analysed accordingly. 1376 women had Negative for intraepithelial lesion/ Malignancy (NILM) and 33(2.3%) had Epithelial cell abnormality. Organisms (15.3%) is the one of the frequent patterns of NILM in the study involving predominantly 21-40 years age group (11%). Almost all cases of Epithelial cell abnormality (2.3%) involve >44 years of age.

Relationship Between Mother's Level of Knowledge About Cervical Cancer in Performing Pap Smear Screening Tests in Kampung Rawa Panjang Bekasi in 2016

Cervical cancer is the second most found cancer in women in Indonesia, and every year, there are at least 40.000 cases of it. Cervical cancer can be detected early with a Pap smear test. This research aims to determine the association of a mother's knowledge regarding cervical cancer on performing Pap smear screening tests. The method used in this research is analytic cross-sectional with a total sample of 77 respondents. The result obtained is that most of the respondents, 51,9%, lack knowledge of cervical cancer, and 66,2% of them disagreed with the concept and objected to Pap smear. The statistical test with Chi-square done on SPSS shows the p-value = 0,03, proving that the association of the mother's knowledge regarding cervical cancer with the performing Pap smear screening test is significant.
 Keywords: Knowledge, Cervical Cancer, Pap Smear

Women's perception of cervical cancer pap smear screening.

AimThe study examines limiting factors associated with cervical cancer Pap smear screening among participants of reproductive age attending a healthcare facility in Namibia.DesignA cross‐sectional descriptive and exploratory study was conducted.MethodsThe data were collected using a face‐to‐face interview (qualitative) and a structured questionnaire (quantitative). A total of 49 participants (10 qualitative and 39 quantitative) aged 17–45 years participated in the study.ResultsThe study revealed that 80% of participants have limited knowledge of cervical cancer, while 49% have never done the test before and 8% were not informed of the screening and risk of the disease. Furthermore, 49% of participants responded that the screening fees are not affordable. Meanwhile, all participants (100%) complained of the long waiting period. Other main barriers for not screening were missed announcements and unsuitable time allocation. Knowledge on cervical cancer and turn‐up for Pap smear screening test was low among participants of reproductive age.

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among women in Fasa, Iran

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest cancer among women in Iran. Educational interventions based on the proper behavior promoting models can lead to early diagnosis of cervical cancer.This study aimed to investigate the effects of educational intervention on performing Pap smear tests based on the Theory of Planned Behavior among women living in Fasa, Iran.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 participants. Thereafter, the educational intervention based on the results of cross-sectional study was conducted in a workshop form for 50 women as the intervention group and 50 women as the control group. Afterward, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software and then analyzed via logistic regressions analysis, paired t test, independent t test, chi-square test, and McNemar test.ResultAccording to the results, 45.7% of the patients had a history of performing a Pap smear test, and 20.7% of them regularly performed this test. The knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were the predictors of intention and behavior of Pap smear test among the women (P < 0.05). These components accounted for 57.4% and 31.6% of the intention and behavior variances, respectively. After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in the means of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in the intervention group compared to the control group. The results reveal no significant difference between these two groups regarding the behavioral intention (p = 0.41) and performance of the Pap smear test (p = 0.583). The number of the participants undergone the Pap smear test has increased from 10 to 26 in the intervention group by passing 3 months from the intervention. The results of McNemar test indicated that this difference was statistically significant.ConclusionThe results indicated an increase in the women’s performance of the Pap smear screening test by appropriate planning, provision of educational packages based on the women’s needs, and using effective subjective norms.Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials IRCT20160830029608N3:12/31/2018. “Retrospectively registered”.

Single and Clustered Cervical Cell Classification with Ensemble and Deep Learning Methods

Cervical cancer if detected early has an upward of 89% survival rate. The leading tool in identifying cervical cancer in its infancy is the Papanicolaou (Pap smear) test, which since its introduction dropped cervical cancer related deaths by 60%. The Pap smear test or Liquid-based Cytology (LBC) is a time-consuming procedure that requires a pathologist to manually identify cervical cells that may be in the middle of the processes that indicate cervical cancer. Unfortunately, due to the expenses related to conducting the Pap smear test many women are blocked from access to it and this leads to over 4000 women dying annually from cervical cancer in the United States alone. The aim of this research is to automate the methods used by pathologists in conducting the Pap smear or LBC. We show that using machine vision, ensemble learning and deep learning methods a significant portion of the Pap smear can be done automated. We set out to extract cells and cell clusters and classify those samples based on the Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology. Achieving an accuracy of 90.4% and 91.6% for the ensemble learning and deep learning methods respectively when evaluated with a five-fold cross-validation demonstrates promise in the creation of an automated Pap smear screening test.

Africa calls: A phone-based training program aids a continent's rising stars: A 20-year-old distance learning project has helped to train a generation of African cytopathologists.

Africa calls: A phone-based training program aids a continent's rising stars: A 20-year-old distance learning project has helped to train a generation of African cytopathologists.

Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Adherence to Pap Smear Screening Test Among Female University Students in a Multiethnic Institution, USA

Background/PurposeThis study assessed cervical cancer knowledge and examined its correlation with adherence to Pap smear guidelines. MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional survey in 141 undergraduate female college students. The response rate of the survey was 91.5%. Knowledge scores (0 - 4) were calculated based on students’ answers to four items. ResultsAbout 61.7% of the participants did not have annual checkups within a year, and 69% have never received Pap-test. Students who never received Pap-test mentioned procrastination (82%), lack of interest and fear as reasons for not practicing the behavior. About 92.9% of the students were not aware that the university student health service provides free Pap tests. More than double of annual checkup recipients undergone Pap test (33%) compared with those who did not have annual checkups (14.3%). Students who knew multi-partners sexual activity as a risk factor for cervical cancer had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those who didn’t know the correlation between the number of sexual partner and the risk of cervical cancer [aOR= 2.87; 95% CI 1.07- 8.90]. Students with knowledge scores about cervical cancer risk factors and prevention methods at least a median had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those with knowledge scores lower than the median [aOR=6.49; 95% CI 2.8 - 14.7]. The increase in receipt of Pap test was associated with an increase in the level of knowledge about risk factors of cervical cancer. ConclusionsThis study confirmed a correlation of the receipt of Pap test with knowing the causes and prevention mechanisms of cervical cancer. Adequate knowledge about cervical cancer causes, and prevention/control strategies may help to improve adherence to Pap smear testing in college students.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN ANMCH OF GAYA, BIHAR, INDIA

Introduction:&#x0D; Some of the cancer control programmes and screening tests have checked the cervical cancer incidence and its related mortality. The incidence and death rate due to cervical cancer is reduced upto 80% in some of the developing countries. Pap smear cytology is useful to detect and evaluate the degree of cellular alterations seen among cervical abnormalities. As Pap smear screening test is simple, rapid and cost effective, it is an ideal tool for mass screening programmes and better reliable results are obtained compared to other tests. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for Clinical Evaluation of Cytological Findings of Cervical PAP Smears in ANMCH Gaya, Bihar, India.&#x0D; The present study was planned in Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital, Gaya, Bihar, India. In the present study 25 cases of the females cervical smears of patients undergone Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing were enrolled in the present study. Pap smears were obtained from squamocolumnar junction with the help of Ayre’s spatula. The material obtained was quickly smeared on a clean glass slide and the smear was immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. In the central laboratory, the slides were stained with Papanicolaou stain and examined under light microscope. The cytological interpretation of the smears was made according to The Bethesda System 2014 (TBS).&#x0D; The data generated from the present study concludes that Pap smear tests are inexpensive and affordable by the patients. This Procedure doesn’t need experts and specialists for collection of smear. Early detection of possibility of malignancy helps in prompt treatment at early stage and prolongation of life expectancy of many women and reduce the mortality and morbidity of cancer cervix. Till today Pap smear test is the most useful screening procedure for cervical cancer.&#x0D; Keywords: cytology, pap smear, screening, squamous intraepithelial lesion, etc.

Acceptance and Decline of Pap Smear in a Tertiary Care Setup

Cervical carcinoma is the second most common malignancy of genital tract. Risk factors include early age at first intercourse, smoking and multiple sexual partners. Cervical cancer can be prevented by Pap smear screening test. Pap smear is still an underutilized diagnostic modality in under developed countries. Provision and appropriate treatment should be offered in female. Objective of this study was to address the mindset of our females about pap smear screening and spreading awareness. This descriptive study was done in Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Sharif Medical City Hospital Lahore from January 2017 to January 2018 on 180 patients. Age, parity and duration of marriage were expressed as mean and frequency with percentages. Reasons of acceptance and decline were also expressed as frequency with percentage. The age range of the patient in present study was between 18-62±8.565 years. Regarding marital status, all the recruited females were married. Parity range was from 0-9±2.101 with a mean parity of 3.03. There were 129 females who accepted Pap smear. The most frequent reason for acceptance was recommendation by doctor in 93 (72%) patients. Out of 180 patients, 51 patients were those who decline Pap smear. The reason of decline was fear of pain in 17 (33.3%) patients, fear of a positive result and lack of knowledge. Cervical cancer is a deadly disease which affects the females in their early reproductive year. Screening should be offered in all reproductive females and it should be promoted through media campaigns. It is the responsibility of doctors as well to offer this screening test to all the female coming with or without gynecological complaints.