Panoramic Survey Research Articles

Tumbling motion of 1I/‘Oumuamua and its implications for the body’s distant past

Models of the Solar System’s evolution show that almost all the primitive material leftover from the formation of the planets was ejected to the interstellar space as a result of dynamical instabilities 1 . Accordingly, minor bodies should also be ejected from other planetary systems and should be abundant in the interstellar space 2 , giving hope for their direct detection and detailed characterization as they penetrate through the Solar System3,4. These expectations materialized on 19 October 2017 ut with the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System’s discovery of 1I/‘Oumuamua 5 . Here, we report homogeneous photometric observations of this body from Gemini North, which densely cover a total of 8.06 h over two nights. A combined ultra-deep image of 1I/‘Oumuamua shows no signs of cometary activity, confirming the results from other, less sensitive searches6–9. Our data also show an enormous range of rotational brightness variations of 2.6 ± 0.2 mag, larger than ever observed in the population of small Solar System objects, suggesting a very elongated shape of the body. Most significantly, the light curve does not repeat exactly from one rotation cycle to another and its double-peaked periodicity of 7.56 ± 0.01 h from our data is inconsistent with earlier determinations6,7,10–12. These are clear signs of a tumbling motion, a remarkable characteristic of 1I/‘Oumuamua’s rotation that is consistent with a collision in the distant past. Bearing marks of a violent history, this first-known interstellar visitor tells us that collisional evolution of minor body populations in other planetary systems might be common. 1I/‘Oumuamua observations from the Gemini North telescope, spanning approximately 8 hours on 27–28 October 2017, characterize the magnitude variations of the object and detect its tumbling nature, triggered by an old collision when it was still in its home system.

Constraints on the Density and Internal Strength of 1I/’Oumuamua

Abstract 1I/’Oumuamua was discovered by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS 1) on 2017 October 19. Unlike all previously discovered minor planets, this object was determined to have eccentricity e > 1.0, suggesting an interstellar origin. Since this discovery and within the limited window of opportunity, several photometric and spectroscopic studies of the object have been made. Using the measured light curve amplitudes and rotation periods we find that, under the assumption of a triaxial ellipsoid, a density range 1500 < ρ < 2800 kg m−3 matches the observations and no significant cohesive strength is required. We also determine that an aspect ratio of 6 ± 1:1 is most likely after accounting for phase-angle effects and considering the potential effect of surface properties. This elongation is still remarkable, but less than some other estimates.

A Preliminary Study of Mongol Costumes in the Ming Dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was the first great unified empire founded by an ethnic minority in Chinese history. A great number of ancient sources have proven that under the Yuan, the Mongols’ distinctive costumes, expressive of their nomadic identity, exerted an influence upon Chinese fashions of the time. Even after the collapse of the Yuan, Mongol dress did not disappear but became even more popular in various forms throughout the following Ming dynasty. On the basis of examination of a large number of historical written materials, this paper makes an in-depth study of the various styles and uses of Mongol-style clothing in the Ming dynasty. It provides a panoramic survey in an attempt to outline the use and evolution of Mongol styles in the Ming and to examine some representative case studies in detail. Thus, besides discussing traditional issues in the history of clothing, such as the use, design changes and abandonment of Mongol clothing in the Ming dynasty, it initiates a series of studies from a sociological perspective, offering a preliminary study of the groups who wore Mongol-style clothing in the Ming dynasty, including their occupations, their reasons for using these costumes, and how this mode of dress influenced the social psychology of the period. It also attempts, via clothing, to discuss the changes in transitional Chinese society arising from the movement of nomadic ethnic groups in northern China to the hinterland (another question to be addressed).

Big Data Meet Cyber-Physical Systems: A Panoramic Survey

The world is witnessing an unprecedented growth of cyber-physical systems (CPS), which are foreseen to revolutionize our world via creating new services and applications in a variety of sectors, such as environmental monitoring, mobile-health systems, intelligent transportation systems, and so on. The information and communication technology sector is experiencing a significant growth in data traffic, driven by the widespread usage of smartphones, tablets, and video streaming, along with the significant growth of sensors deployments that are anticipated in the near future. It is expected to outstandingly increase the growth rate of raw sensed data. In this paper, we present the CPS taxonomy via providing a broad overview of data collection, storage, access, processing, and analysis. Compared with other survey papers, this is the first panoramic survey on big data for CPS, where our objective is to provide a panoramic summary of different CPS aspects. Furthermore, CPS requires cybersecurity to protect them against malicious attacks and unauthorized intrusion, which become a challenge with the enormous amount of data that are continuously being generated in the network. Thus, we also provide an overview of the different security solutions proposed for CPS big data storage, access, and analytics. We also discuss big data meeting green challenges in the contexts of CPS.

Resolving the Extended Stellar Halos of Nearby Galaxies: The Wide-Field PISCeS Survey

The wide-field Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor (PISCeS) investigates the resolved stellar halos of two nearby galaxies (the spiral NGC 253 and the elliptical Centaurus A, D ∼ 4 Mpc) out to a galactocentric radius of 150 kpc. The survey to date has led to the discovery of 11 confirmed faint satellites and stunning streams/substructures in two environments substantially different from the Local Group; i.e., the loose Sculptor group of galaxies and the Centaurus A group dominated by an elliptical. The newly discovered satellites and substructures, with surface brightness limits as low as ∼32 mag/arcsec 2 , are then followed-up with HST imaging and Keck/VLT spectroscopy to investigate their stellar populations. The PISCeS discoveries clearly testify the past and ongoing accretion processes shaping the halos of these nearby galaxies, and provide the first census of their satellite systems down to an unprecedented M V < − 8 .

A Catalog of Automatically Detected Ring Galaxy Candidates in PanSTARSS

Abstract We developed and applied a computer analysis method to detect ring galaxy candidates in the first data release of the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PanSTARRS). The method works by applying a low-pass filter, followed by dynamic global thresholding, to search for closed regions in the binary mask of each galaxy image. Applying the method to ∼3 × 106 PanSTARRS galaxy images produced a catalog of 185 ring galaxy candidates based on their visual appearance.

Investigating merging galaxies by using Pan-STARRS images

Aims. We studied the r ′-, z ′-, and y ′-band images of merging galaxies from the observations of the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS). The merging galaxies were selected from our merging catalog that was created by checking the images of the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey 2 from the observations of the Canada France Hawaii Telescope.Methods. By using the homomorphic-aperture, we determined the photometric results of these merging systems. To obtain accurate photometry, we calibrated the Pan-STARRS r ′-, z ′-, and y ′-band data to match the results of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 9. We also investigated the stellar masses of the merging galaxies by comparing the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 3.4 μ m emission with the calibrated y ′-band data.Results. We present a catalog of the r ′-, z ′-, and y ′-band photometric results for 4698 merging galaxies. For extended sources, our results suggest that the homomorphic-aperture method can obtain more reasonable results than the Desktop Virtual Observatory photometry. We derived new relations between the Pan-STARRS y ′-band luminosities and the stellar masses of the merging galaxies. Our results show that the stellar masses of the merging galaxies range from 108 to 1013 M ⊙ ; some of the dry mergers could be as massive as 1013 M ⊙ .

Protest, Activism, and the Olympic Games: An Overview of Key Issues and Iconic Moments

Since the early days of the modern Olympics, luminaries within the International Olympic Committee have actively discouraged mixing sports with political protest. However, throughout the history of the games, activism has often bubbled to the surface. This has taken two predominant forms: (1) athlete activism and (2) political movements that springboard off the games to express their dissent, taking advantage of the media spotlight that flashes over the host city during the Olympics. Historical interplay exists between political movements and athlete-activist moments: protest groups create discursive space into which athletes can strategically move. This article is a panoramic historical survey featuring episodes of both athlete-activism and movement protest, from Irish athlete Peter O’Connor at the 1906 games to Tommie Smith, John Carlos, and Peter Norman at the 1968 Olympics, from South African activists who leveraged the Olympic Charter to fight Apartheid in the 1960s and 1970s to activists who took to the streets during the Rio 2016 summer games. Along the way, I delimit the central grievances that movements have raised vis-à-vis the Olympics both historically and in the twenty-first century – from high costs and social displacement to the militarization of the public sphere and broken legacy promises.

Serbian musicological society at the beginning of its second decade (2006-2017)

The purpose of the text is to present, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Serbian Musicological Society (SMS), the circumstances of its founding on 5 July 2006 and offer a panoramic survey of its accomplishments in research and publishing so far, which re-examine our stance toward our musical heritage and/or illuminate previously neglected chapters from the history of music in Serbia. The many and diverse contributions of the Serbian Musicological Society to the achievements of Serbian musicology, in general, are reflected in its conception and organization of scholarly meetings, publication of essay collections, scores, and sound recordings, organization of concerts, as well as initiation of large-scale projects in the reconstruction of individual anthological works of stage music, independently and in collaboration with related institutions and opera houses.

A Quasar Discovered at redshift 6.6 from Pan-STARRS1

Luminous high-redshift quasars can be used to probe of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the early universe because their UV light is absorbed by the neutral hydrogen along the line of sight. They help us to measure the neutral hydrogen fraction of the high-z universe, shedding light on the end of reionization epoch. In this paper, we present a discovery of a new quasar (PSO J006.1240+39.2219) at redshift $z=6.61\pm0.02$ from Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System 1. Including this quasar, there are nine quasars above $z>6.5$ up to date. The estimated continuum brightness is $M_\text{1450}$=$-25.96\pm0.08$. PSO J006.1240+39.2219 has a strong Ly~$\alpha$ emission compared with typical low-redshift quasars, but the measured near-zone region size is $R_\text{NZ}=3.2\pm1.1$ proper megaparsecs, which is consistent with other quasars at z$\sim$6.

Non-Transfusion-Dependent Thalassaemia: A Panoramic Survey from Pathophysiology to Treatment

Non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (NTDT) is a rather broad term that encompasses a group of thalassaemia syndromes, most commonly β-thalassaemia intermedia, haemoglobin E/β-thalassemia, and α-thalassaemia intermedia (haemoglobin H disease). Importantly, these entities do not require regular blood transfusions for survival, and therefore have transfusion independence. Clinical morbidities associated with the NTDTs are the end result of the culmination of three principal pathophysiological aberrancies: ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic anaemia (and associated haemolysis), and iron overload. Such complications involve multiple organs and organ systems; hence, the importance of prompt identification of at-risk individuals and holistic management of diagnosed subjects can never be overstated. Several management options, both medical and surgical, remain at the disposal of involved clinicians, with a significant body of data favouring the virtue of iron chelation therapy, fetal haemoglobin induction, and treatment with blood transfusions, the latter only when absolutely indicated, with reservation of splenectomy to a few select cases. Yet, a better understanding of the molecular phenomena at the origin of the disease process in the NTDT syndromes calls for a pressing need to explore novel therapeutic modalities, in light of the increasing incidence of NTDT in the developed world.

The size-frequency distribution of H > 13 NEOs and ARM target candidates detected by Pan-STARRS1

We determine the absolute magnitude (H) distribution (or size-frequency distribution, SFD; N(H)∝10αH where α is the slope of the distribution) for near-Earth objects (NEO) with 13 < H < 30 and Asteroid Retrieval Mission (ARM) targets with 27 < H < 31 that were detected by the 1st telescope of the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS1; e.g. Kaiser et al., 2002; Kaiser, 2004; Hodapp et al., 2004). The NEO and ARM target detection efficiencies were calculated using the Greenstreet et al. (2012) NEO orbit distribution. The debiased Pan-STARRS1 NEO absolute magnitude distribution is more complex than a single slope power law - it shows two transitions - at H ∼ 16 from steep to shallow slope, and in the 21 < H < 23 interval from a shallow to steep slope, which is consistent with other recent works (e.g. Mainzer et al., 2011c; Brown et al., 2013; Harris and D’Abramo, 2015). We fit α=0.48±0.02 for NEOs with 13 < H < 16, α=0.33±0.01 for NEOs with 16 < H < 22, and α=0.62±0.03 for the smaller objects with H > 22. There is also another change in slope from steep to shallow around H = 27. The three ARM target candidates detected by Pan-STARRS1 in one year of surveying have a corrected SFD with slope α=0.40−0.45+0.33.We also show that the window for follow up observations of small (H≳ 22) NEOs with the NASA IRTF telescope and Arecibo and Goldstone radars are extremely short - on order of days, and procedures for fast response must be implemented in order to measure physical characteristics of small Earth-approaching objects. CFHT’s MegaCam and Pan-STARRS1 have longer observing windows and are capable of following-up more NEOs due to their deeper limiting magnitudes and wider fields of view.

Big Data Meet Green Challenges: Big Data Toward Green Applications

Big data are widely recognized as being one of the most powerful drivers to promote productivity, improve efficiency, and support innovation. It is highly expected to explore the power of big data and turn big data into big values. To answer the interesting question whether there are inherent correlations between the two tendencies of big data and green challenges, a recent study has investigated the issues on greening the whole life cycle of big data systems. This paper would like to discover the relations between the trend of big data era and that of the new generation green revolution through a comprehensive and panoramic literature survey in big data technologies toward various green objectives and a discussion on relevant challenges and future directions.

Finding binary active galactic nuclei candidates by the centroid shift in imaging surveys

In Liu (2015), we propose selecting binary active galactic nuclei (AGNs) candidates using the centroid shift of the images, which is induced by the non-synchronous variations of the two nuclei. In this paper, a known binary AGN (SDSS J233635.75-010733.7) is employed to verify the ability of this method. Using 162 exposures in the $R$ band of \textit{Palomar Transient Factory} (PTF), an excess of dispersion in the positional distribution of the binary AGN is detected, though the two nuclei cannot be resolved in the images of PTF. We also propose a new method to compare the position of the binary AGN in PTF $g$ and $R$ band and find the difference is highly significant even only with 20 exposures. This new method is efficient for two nuclei with different spectral energy distributions, e.g., type I + type II AGN or off-set AGN. Large-scale surveys, e.g., the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, are expected to discover a large sample of binary AGN candidates with these methods.

Before the “Comics”: On the Seriality of Graphic Narratives during the Nineteenth Century

While the connection between seriality and comics in the twentieth century has frequently been a subject of study, far less attention has been paid to the role of serialisation in the previous century, when the language of comics gradually developed in the illustrated and satirical press. This article discusses a heterogeneous group of graphic narratives published in various European countries between the 1830s and the 1880s, before a new generation of comic magazines influenced by American newspaper strips, transformed this emerging field into the autonomous medium of comics. Serial works flourished during this period and included diverse modes, such as series of “graphic novels,” the use of recurring characters, the serialisation of picture stories in humour periodicals, and the use of graphic narratives as a regular feature in the illustrated news magazines. By providing a panoramic survey of various types of serial texts, the article suggests that the hybrid nature of these graphic narratives and the publishing strategies applied to them can be better understood if considered in relation to the larger context of nineteenth-century print culture, rather than in comparison with the future of the medium.

THE EXTENDED HALO OF CENTAURUS A: UNCOVERING SATELLITES, STREAMS, AND SUBSTRUCTURES*

ABSTRACT We present the widest-field resolved stellar map to date of the closest ( Mpc) massive elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A; Cen A), extending out to a projected galactocentric radius of ∼150 kpc. The data set is part of our ongoing Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor (PISCeS) utilizing the Magellan/Megacam imager. We resolve a population of old red giant branch (RGB) stars down to ∼1.5 mag below the tip of the RGB, reaching surface brightness limits as low as mag arcsec−2. The resulting spatial stellar density map highlights a plethora of previously unknown streams, shells, and satellites, including the first tidally disrupting dwarf around Cen A (CenA-MM-Dw3), which underline its active accretion history. We report 13 previously unknown dwarf satellite candidates, of which 9 are confirmed to be at the distance of Cen A (the remaining 4 are not resolved into stars), with magnitudes in the range to −13.0, central surface brightness values of mag arcsec−2, and half-light radii of . These values are in line with Local Group dwarfs but also lie at the faint/diffuse end of their distribution; interestingly, CenA-MM-Dw3 has similar properties to the recently discovered ultradiffuse galaxies in Virgo and Coma. Most of the new dwarfs are fainter than the previously known Cen A satellites. The newly discovered dwarfs and halo substructures are discussed in light of their stellar populations, and they are compared to those discovered by the PAndAS survey of M31.

Is Draco II one of the faintest dwarf galaxies? First study from Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy

Abstract We present the first spectroscopic analysis of the faint and compact stellar system Draco II (Dra II, MV = −2.9 ± 0.8, $r_{\rm h}=19^{+8}_{-6}{\rm \,pc}$), recently discovered in the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 3π survey. The observations, conducted with DEIMOS on the Keck II telescope, establish some of its basic characteristics: the velocity data reveal a narrow peak with nine member stars at a systemic heliocentric velocity $\langle v_{\rm r}\rangle =-347.6^{+1.7}_{-1.8}{\rm \,km\,s^{-1}}$, thereby confirming Dra II is a satellite of the Milky Way; we infer a velocity dispersion with σvr = 2.9 ± 2.1 km s−1 (&amp;lt;8.4 km s−1 at the 95 per cent confidence level), which implies $\log _{10}\left(M_{1/2}\right)=5.5^{+0.4}_{-0.6}$ and $\log _{10}\left((\text{M/L})_{1/2}\right)=2.7^{+0.5}_{-0.8}$, in Solar units; furthermore, very weak calcium triplet lines in the spectra of the high signal-to-noise member stars imply [Fe/H] &amp;lt; −2.1, whilst variations in the line strengths of two stars with similar colours and magnitudes suggest a metallicity spread in Dra II. These new data cannot clearly discriminate whether Draco II is a star cluster or amongst the faintest, most compact, and closest dwarf galaxies. However, the sum of the three – individually inconclusive – pieces of evidence presented here seems to favour the dwarf galaxy interpretation.

A TIDALLY DISRUPTING DWARF GALAXY IN THE HALO OF NGC 253

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of Scl-MM-Dw2, a new dwarf galaxy at a projected separation of ∼50 kpc from NGC 253, as part of the Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor project (PISCeS). We measure a tip of the red giant branch (RGB) distance of 3.12 ± 0.30 Mpc, suggesting that Scl-MM-Dw2 is likely a satellite of NGC 253. We qualitatively compare the distribution of RGB stars in the color–magnitude diagram with theoretical isochrones and find that it is consistent with an old, ∼12 Gyr, and metal-poor, &minus; 2.3 &lt; ?> [Fe/H] &lt; &minus; 1.1 ?> , stellar population. We also detect a small number of asymptotic giant branch stars consistent with a metal-poor 2–3 Gyr population in the center of the dwarf. Our non-detection of HI in a deep Green Bank Telescope spectrum implies a gas fraction M HI / L V &lt; 0.02 ?> M &CircleDot; / L &CircleDot; ?> . The stellar and gaseous properties of Scl-MM-Dw2 suggest that it is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Scl-MM-Dw2 has a luminosity of M V = &minus; 12.1 &PlusMinus; 0.5 ?> mag and a half-light radius of r h = 2.94 &PlusMinus; 0.46 kpc ?> , which makes it moderately larger than dwarf galaxies in the Local Group of the same luminosity. However, Scl-MM-Dw2 is very elongated ( &#x003F5; = 0.66 &PlusMinus; 0.06 ?> ), and it has an extremely low surface brightness ( &mgr; 0 , V = 27.7 &PlusMinus; 0.6 ?> mag arcsec−2). Its elongation and diffuseness make it an outlier in the ellipticity–luminosity and surface brightness–luminosity scaling relations. These properties suggest that this dwarf is being tidally disrupted by NGC 253.

SAGITTARIUS II, DRACO II AND LAEVENS 3: THREE NEW MILKY WAY SATELLITES DISCOVERED IN THE PAN-STARRS 1 3πSURVEY

We present the discovery of three new Milky Way satellites from our search for compact stellar overdensities in the photometric catalog of the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 (Pan-STARRS 1, or PS1) 3pi survey. The first satellite, Laevens 3, is located at a heliocentric distance of d=67+/-3 kpc. With a total magnitude of Mv=-4.4+/-0.3 and a half-light radius rh=7+/-2 pc, its properties resemble those of outer halo globular clusters. The second system, Draco II/Laevens 4 (Dra II), is a closer and fainter satellite (d~20 kpc, Mv =-2.9+/-0.8), whose uncertain size (rh = 19 +8/-6 pc) renders its classification difficult without kinematic information; it could either be a faint and extended globular cluster or a faint and compact dwarf galaxy. The third satellite, Sagittarius II/Laevens 5 (Sgr II), has an ambiguous nature as it is either the most compact dwarf galaxy or the most extended globular cluster in its luminosity range (rh = 37 +9/-8 pc and Mv=-5.2+/-0.4). At a heliocentric distance of 67+/-5 kpc, this satellite lies intriguingly close to the expected location of the trailing arm of the Sagittarius stellar stream behind the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph). If confirmed through spectroscopic follow up, this connection would locate this part of the trailing arm of the Sagittarius stellar stream that has so far gone undetected. It would further suggest that Sgr II was brought into the Milky Way halo as a satellite of the Sgr dSph.

On The gamma-ray emission from Reticulum II and other dwarf galaxies

The recent discovery of ten new dwarf galaxy candidates by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) could increase the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope's sensitivity to annihilating dark matter particles, potentially enabling a definitive test of the dark matter interpretation of the long-standing Galactic Center gamma-ray excess. In this paper, we compare the previous analyses of Fermi data from the directions of the new dwarf candidates (including the relatively nearby Reticulum II) and perform our own analysis, with the goal of establishing the statistical significance of any gamma-ray signal from these sources. We confirm the presence of an excess from Reticulum II, with a spectral shape that is compatible with the Galactic Center signal. The significance of this emission is greater than that observed from 99.84% of randomly chosen high-latitude blank-sky locations, corresponding to a local detection significance of 3.2σ. We caution that any dark matter interpretation of this excess must be validated through observations of additional dwarf spheroidal galaxies, and improved calculations of the relative J-factor of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. We improve upon the standard blank-sky calibration approach through the use of multi-wavelength catalogs, which allow us to avoid regions that are likely to contain unresolved gamma-ray sources.