Panoramic Surveillance Research Articles

Ignored Subjectivity in the Informational Panopticon: Restricted Classroom Interaction Under Technical Discipline

Purpose This article aims to provide a portrait of classroom interactions supported by information technology and discuss the complex impact of technical elements on teaching and the time–space distance of student subjectivity in a technology-dominated world. Design/Approach/Methods Based on Foucault's panopticism, this study examines a smart classroom in East Asia to observe classroom teaching and learning processes; conducts semi-structured interviews with teachers, students, parents, and other stakeholders; and analyzes the hidden mechanism of the smart classroom on interaction from the perspective of perceivers. Findings The smart classroom has the distinctive structural features of a Panopticon. Artificial intelligence, which coalesces cultural capital through technological authority, has a significant capital advantage over students, producing a false spectacle of efficient learning. Panoramic surveillance causes the “backstage” of students’ roles to be gradually consumed by the “front” and makes students exhibit “make-work” behavior. Refined information management mechanisms produce invisible digital walls that separate interactive groups, making it difficult for students to obtain sufficient information about the gestures and behaviors of their classmates to interact effectively. Originality/Value This study reveals the ignorance of human subjectivity in the orientation of instrumental rationality by understanding the expressions of witnesses.

Curved fiber compound eye camera inspired by the Strepsiptera vision.

The Strepsiptera vision possesses intriguing features of a large field of view (FOV) and relatively high resolution compared to normal compound eyes. However, it presents a significant challenge of the mismatch between the curved compound eyelet lens array and the planar image sensor to image in a large FOV for artificial compound eyes (ACE). We propose what we believe to be a novel curved fiber compound eye camera (CFCEC) here, which employs coherent fiber bundles as the optical relay system to transmit sub-images curvilinearly. A total of 106 eyelets are arranged based on a scheme similar to the Goldberg polyhedron, with the advantages of uniform interval and minor edge blindness. Then, a prototype of the CFCEC is fabricated and assembled. A series of experiments are conducted to assess the FOV, contrast, resolution, and overlap rate of FOV of the prototype. The results prove that the CFCEC has a total FOV of up to 160°×160° and a total overlap rate of FOV of approximately 65%, demonstrating the promising potential of the CFCEC in various applications, such as panoramic surveillance, 3D detection, and motion tracking.

Design of optical system for all-weather and panoramic surveillance camera

设计了一款能实现全天候清晰成像的全景监控摄像光学系统。采用全景环带结构形式，该结构分为摄像头部单元和中继透镜单元两部分，摄像头部单元完成全视场目标搜索，中继透镜单元将头部单元所成的中间虚像进行二次成像会聚到探测器上。设计时采用多重结构优化方式，实现可见光及近红外双波段成像。该光学系统视场为360°×（40°~100°），焦距为−2.75 mm，<i>F</i>数为3.28。设计结果表明：系统的MTF（modulation transfer function）值在全视场处接近衍射极限，各个视场的弥散斑半径均小于所选CCD像元尺寸，畸变小于2 %，且日夜离焦量小于0.002 mm，该设计结果可满足全天候全景监控需求。

Use of two distant nesting areas as a breeding strategy of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Valdres, southeast Norway

Cover photo: Golden eagle. Photo: Frode Falkenberg.&#x0D; Sixteen occupied nesting territories of Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos were studied between 2000 and 2020, in the southern part of the valley of Valdres, southeast Norway. Most of the study area consists of rolling hills dominated by spruce Picea abies with numerous clear-cuts. It was concluded that at least six (about 40%) of the eagle pairs in these territories move back and forth between two alternate, distant nesting areas 5.3 km apart (average). In two additional pairs, a second nesting area was considered possible. In the remaining eight, only one nesting area was found. The periods of one nesting area in use varied from 2–19 years, before moving to the other nesting area. This result was supported by panoramic mid-day surveillance of the air space between the two nesting areas during 2014–2020. The maintenance of a second core nesting area is most likely a strategy for moving to a more favourable hunting area and might be initiated by a new mate in the pair. The move might also be influenced by avoidance of a close neighbouring pair. A switch of nesting areas, as indicated by this study, could significantly affect results, when the number of eagle pairs in a certain area is counted.

Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

This study sought to determine whether the retinal organization of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), a large African herbivore with lips specialized for grazing in open savannahs, relates to its foraging ecology and habitat. Using stereology and retinal wholemounts, we estimated a total of 353,000 retinal ganglion cells. Their density distribution reveals an unusual topographic organization of a temporal (2,000 cells/mm2 ) and a nasal (1,800 cells/mm2 ) area embedded within a well-defined horizontal visual streak (800 cells/mm2 ), which is remarkably similar to the retinal organization in the black rhinoceros. Alpha ganglion cells comprise 3.5% (12,300) of the total population of ganglion cells and show a similar distribution pattern with maximum densities also occurring in the temporal (44 cells/mm2 ) and nasal (40 cells/mm2 ) areas. We found higher proportions of alpha cells in the dorsal and ventral retinas. Given their role in the detection of brisk transient stimuli, these higher proportions may facilitate the detection of approaching objects from the front and behind while grazing with the head at 45 °. Using ganglion cell peak density and eye size (29 mm, axial length), we estimated upper limits of spatial resolving power of 7 cycles/deg (temporal area), 6.6 cycles/deg (nasal area), and 4.4 cycles/deg (horizontal streak). The resolution of the temporal area potentially assists with grazing, while the resolution of the streak may be used for panoramic surveillance of the horizon. The nasal area may assist with detection of approaching objects from behind, potentially representing an adaptation compensating for limited neck and head mobility. J. Comp. Neurol., 525:2484-2498, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Scene from above: Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is a browser that uses its extensible tongue to selectively collect leaves during foraging. As the tallest extant terrestrial mammal, its elevated head height provides panoramic surveillance of the environment. These aspects of the giraffe's ecology and phenotype suggest that vision is of prime importance. Using Nissl-stained retinal wholemounts and stereological methods, we quantitatively assessed the retinal specializations in the ganglion cell layer of the giraffe. The mean total number of retinal ganglion cells was 1,393,779 and their topographic distribution revealed the presence of a horizontal visual streak and a temporal area. With a mean peak of 14,271 cells/mm(2), upper limits of spatial resolving power in the temporal area ranged from 25 to 27 cycles/degree. We also observed a dorsotemporal extension (anakatabatic area) that tapers toward the nasal retina giving rise to a complete dorsal arch. Using neurofilament-200 immunohistochemistry, we also detected a dorsal arch formed by alpha ganglion cells with density peaks in the temporal (14-15 cells/mm(2)) and dorsonasal (10 cells/mm(2)) regions. As with other artiodactyls, the giraffe shares the presence of a horizontal streak and a temporal area which, respectively, improve resolution along the horizon and in the frontal visual field. The dorsal arch is related to the giraffe's head height and affords enhanced resolution in the inferior visual field. The alpha ganglion cell distribution pattern is unique to the giraffe and enhances acquisition of motion information for the control of tongue movement during foraging and the detection of predators.

Designing and testing wide-angle IR objectives

This paper discusses the design and testing of wide-angle IR objectives that operate in the 3–5 &#x3bc;m and 8–12 &#x3bc;m spectral regions, intended for panoramic surveillance systems. A technique is described for measuring distortion, using a photodetector array.

Panoramic technique in the video monitoring system and Implementation

Video surveillance technology plays an important role in the security field, with its intuitive, convenient and abundant information and is widely used in city traffic, civil security and other various fields especially in the important safety departments or major events. In this paper, according to the video surveillance system features and functional requirements, we use embedded system ,OMAP4460 and Android operating system on the basis of the panoramic technology to realize vertical 180 degrees horizontal 360-degree panoramic video surveillance. In the paper we profoundly analyze and discuss the embedded panoramic video surveillance system mainly from the hardware platform structures, the design of the peripheral circuit and the panorama function implement. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i1.1874

Design and Implementation of Panoramic Video Surveillance System Based on OMAP4460

Video surveillance technology plays an important role in the security field, with its intuitive, convenient and abundant information and is widely used in city traffic, civil security and other various fields especially in the important safety departments or major events. In this paper, according to the video surveillance system features and functional requirements, we use embedded system ,OMAP4460 and Android operating system on the basis of the panoramic technology to realize vertical 180 degrees horizontal 360-degree panoramic video surveillance. In the paper we profoundly analyze and discuss the embedded panoramic video surveillance system mainly from the hardware platform structures, the design of the peripheral circuit and the panorama function implement.

Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography and Spatial Resolving Power in Penguins

Penguins are a group of flightless seabirds that exhibit numerous morphological, behavioral and ecological adaptations to their amphibious lifestyle, but little is known about the topographic organization of neurons in their retinas. In this study, we used retinal wholemounts and stereological methods to estimate the total number and topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells in addition to an anatomical estimate of spatial resolving power in two species of penguins: the little penguin, Eudyptula minor, and the king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus. The total number of ganglion cells per retina was approximately 1,200,000 in the little penguin and 1,110,000 in the king penguin. The topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells in both species revealed the presence of a prominent horizontal visual streak with steeper gradients in the little penguin. The little penguin retinas showed ganglion cell density peaks of 21,867 cells/mm², affording spatial resolution in water of 17.07–17.46 cycles/degree (12.81–13.09 cycles/degree in air). In contrast, the king penguin showed a relatively lower peak density of ganglion cells of 14,222 cells/mm², but – due to its larger eye – slightly higher spatial resolution in water of 20.40 cycles/degree (15.30 cycles/degree in air). In addition, we mapped the distribution of giant ganglion cells in both penguin species using Nissl-stained wholemounts. In both species, topographic mapping of this cell type revealed the presence of an area gigantocellularis with a concentric organization of isodensity contours showing a peak in the far temporal retina of approximately 70 cells/mm² in the little penguin and 39 cells/mm² in the king penguin. Giant ganglion cell densities gradually fall towards the outermost isodensity contours revealing the presence of a vertically organized streak. In the little penguin, we confirmed our cytological characterization of giant ganglion cells using immunohistochemistry for microtubule-associated protein 2. This suite of retinal specializations, which is also observed in the closely related procellariiform seabirds, affords the eyes of the little and king penguins panoramic surveillance of the horizon and motion detection in the frontal visual field.

Camera cooperation for achieving visual attention

In this paper we address the problem of establishing a computational model for visual attention using cooperation between two cameras. More specifically we wish to maintain a visual event within the field of view of a rotating and zooming camera through the understanding and modeling of the geometric and kinematic coupling between a static camera and an active camera. The static camera has a wide field of view thus allowing panoramic surveillance at low resolution. High-resolution details may be captured by a second camera, provided that it looks in the right direction. We derive an algebraic formulation for the coupling between the two cameras and we specify the practical conditions yielding a unique solution. We describe a method for separating a foreground event (such as a moving object) from its background while the camera rotates. A set of outdoor experiments shows the two-camera system in operation.