Panoramic Mandibular Index Research Articles

Dental Panoramic Radiographic Indices as a Predictor of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Saudi Women.

BackgroundMany oral presentations of osteoporosis-a bone metabolic disease-were recorded. Thus, we aimed to assess panoramic radiomorphometric indices with bone mineral density (BMD) values among Saudi postmenopausal women and its importance in the prediction of osteoporosis.MethodsA total of 431 Saudi women were enrolled in this study. Panoramic radiographs were obtained at the time of BMD measurement. Subjects were fatherly classified into; normal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) and intact-parathyroid hormone were measured. Moreover, serum creatinine, calcium, and phosphate, together with serum osteocalcin (s-OC), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (s-PINP) and cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (s-CTX) were measured. Receiver-operator curve (ROC) curve analysis for use of mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), and maxillary-mandibular ratio (M/M ratio) to differentiate women with osteoporosis or osteopenia from normal subjects was calculated. Cut off values of 4.6 at T score <−1 and 4.1 at T score ≤−2.5 were used.ResultsBody mass index is significantly low in the osteoporotic group. There is no significant difference in serum levels of LH, E2, calcium, phosphate, and 25(OH)D between the studied groups. Moreover, s-OC, C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I, s-PINP, s-CTX, and urinary-CTX are significantly higher in osteoporosis than normal and osteopenia groups. ROC curve analysis revealed that MCW and PMI showed significant data while M/M ratio is non-significant.ConclusionsIt could be concluded that MCW as an important panoramic radiographic parameter can be used for prediction and diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Saudi women with low BMD.

Periodontal status of hypothyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy: A comparative cross-sectional study.

Background:Thyroid hormones play a significant role in bone remodeling. However, there are few studies on the effect of these hormones on periodontium.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of hypothyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy.Materials and Methods:Clinical parameters (plaque index, bleeding index, probing pocket depth [PPD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]) and radiographic parameters (Mandibular cortical width and panoramic mandibular index) were recorded in 52 hypothyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy (Study group) and 50 individuals without signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction (Control group). The effect of dosage and duration of therapy on clinical and radiographical parameters were also assessed in the study group.Results:Statistically significant higher PPD (P = 0.008) and clinical attachment loss (P = 0.032) were observed in the study group in comparison to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed within the hypothyroid group with varying doses and duration of therapy. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the dosage and duration of therapy with periodontal status. Regression analysis showed that hypothyroidism and thyroxine replacement therapy was a significant predictor of PPD and CAL even after controlling for the effect of age in hypothyroid patients.Conclusion:Hypothyroid patients on thyroxine replacement therapy may be at increased risk for periodontal destruction. However, this needs to be validated through longitudinal studies.

Diagnosis of osteoporosis in dental patients

Osteoporosis is a severe skeletal disease that leads to bone fractures, even disability, if it remains undetected. However, osteoporosis remains frequently unnoticed until a fracture occurs. It is possible for dental practitioners to screen patients at risk of osteoporosis and refer them for an osteoporosis evaluation. Screening can be achieved mainly through dental radiographs and especially panoramic x-rays, where several radiographic indices, such as Mandibular Cortical Width (MCW), Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI), Gonial Index (GI), Antigonial Index (AI), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) and alveolar crest resorption degree (M/M ratio) can be assessed. Furthermore, patients with osteoporosis develop changes in the trabecular bone of their jaws and those alternations can be detected by dentists through periapical and panoramic x-rays. Moreover, periodontitis, which is a major reason for tooth loss, deteriorates when the patient also suffers from osteoporosis. Dentists can thus screen their patients who are possibly unaware of their osteoporosis, and refer them further for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination. However, all the above indices are merely indicative of low skeletal bone mineral density and the dentist must always take into account the medical history and clinical risk factors of osteoporosis before further referring to an osteoporosis specialist.

Reliability of panoramic radiographic indices in identifying osteoporosis among postmenopausal women

Objective: Osteoporosis has several manifestations in the jaw bones, and these changes can be identified by the dentists on panoramic radiographs by measuring various mandibular indices. This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of the panoramic based mandibular indices in assessing low bone mineral densities. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 43 postmenopausal women aged 45 years and above. Orthopantomogram (OPG) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were performed for all the patients. Mental index (MI), gonial index (GI), antegonial index (AI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), and mandibular cortical index (MCI) were measured and compared with the T-scores obtained from the DEXA scan. Results: The study showed that, MCI was reliable in identifying postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) (P = 0.01). Conclusion: MCI had high diagnostic accuracy (93%) in identifying postmenopausal women with low BMDs.

Is the panoramic mandibular index useful for bone quality evaluation?

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine whether the panoramic mandibular index (PMI) is useful for assessing bone mineral density. We also analyzed the potential correlations between PMI parameters and patient age.Materials and MethodsFour observers measured the PMI of both sides of the mental foramen using a picture archiving and communication system and images in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format. They studied 300 panoramic radiographic images of patients belonging to the following age groups: 40–49 years, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and 80–89 years. The observers were allowed to zoom in or out and to adjust the contrast of the images. Further, they were instructed to record the reasons for any measurements that could not be made. Then, we conducted a reliability analysis of the measured PMI and assessed the correlations between different patient age groups and the 3 parameters used for determining the PMI from the available data.ResultsAmong the 600 data items collected, 23 items were considered unmeasurable by at least 1 observer for the following 4 reasons: postoperative state, lesion, unidentified mental foramen, and alveolar bone loss. The intraobserver reproducibility of the measurable data was 0.611-0.752. The mandibular cortical width (MCW) decreased significantly as patient age increased.ConclusionPMI had limited usability when the margin of the mental foramen was not clear. In contrast, MCW, a parameter used for determining the PMI, had fewer drawbacks than the PMI with respect to bone mineral density measurements and exhibited a significant correlation with patient age.

Risk assessment of osteoporosis in pre- and postmenopausal periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis women with digital panoramic radiographs.

Background:Osteoporosis is particularly high in females, the early identification of which remains a challenge. Panoramic radiographs are routinely advised to detect periodontal diseases and can be used to predict low bone mineral density (BMD). Hence, this investigation was aimed to identify the risk of osteoporosis in pre- and postmenopausal periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis women with digital panoramic radiographs.Materials and Methods:The study population consisted of 120 patients equally divided as Group I - Premenopausal periodontally healthy, Group II - Premenopausal periodontitis, Group III - Postmenopausal periodontally healthy, and Group IV - Postmenopausal periodontitis. Clinical parameters were recorded, and digital panoramic radiographs were used to record the mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), and mandibular cortical index (MCI) scores.Results:MI was found to be varied, and the differences were highly significant among Group III and IV (P = 0.0003) and Group II and IV (P = 0.0007), and significant difference was found between Group I and Group II (P = 0.0113). MCI evaluation showed a greater prevalence of C2 and C3 patterns among postmenopausal women. MCI correlation with MI (P < 0.0001), PMI (P < 0.0001) and age (P = 0.0029) indicated a highly significant variance.Conclusion:The positive association between MCI and chronic periodontitis in postmenopausal women confirms the high risk of osteoporosis in them. Furthermore, an increased percentage of patients with undetected decrease in BMD may be identified by screening with digital panoramic radiographs which are done on a routine basis for periodontal and other dental diseases and thus could be used as an effective aid to quantify bone density in future.

Correlation of Mandibular Radiomorphometric Indices with Serum Calcium and Serum Estradiol in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women.

Background:Osteoporosis is a disease that is seen commonly with increasing age. The purpose of this study was to compare the bone quality of pre- and post-menopausal women using the quantitative indices determined by measurements on panoramic radiographs (mental index, inferior and superior panoramic mandibular indices, antegonion index [AGI], and gonion index) and to determine the effects of serum calcium and serum estradiol levels on alveolar bone loss.Materials and Methods:Sixty female patients in the age group of 25–55 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into three equal groups, i.e., control Group A (twenty - premenopausal women), study Group B (twenty - postmenopausal women with healthy periodontium), study Group C (twenty - postmenopausal women with periodontitis). Quantitative indices were measured on digital panoramic radiographs of the patients and serum calcium and estradiol levels were determined.Results:Correlation of serum calcium with radiomorphometric indices of all the groups showed statistically nonsignificant differences. On correlating mean estradiol levels with radiographic indices of patients of Group A and Group B showed statistically nonsignificant differences. On correlating mean estradiol levels with radiographic indices of patients of Group C patients showed statistically significant difference with positive correlation with cortical width (P = 0.04) and AGI (P = 0.02) while statistically nonsignificant correlation with other indices. The statistical tests used for the analysis of the result were one-way ANOVA, multiple comparison Tukey test, Chi-square test, Student's t-test.Conclusion:There is a little evidence of correlation of these indices with serum estradiol and calcium levels, and therefore, detailed further research about this correlation is required.

Diagnostic value of panoramic indices to predict osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women

Background: Osteoporosis is characterized by the progressive loss of bone density, which leads to severe fractures. This study conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of the mandibular radiomorphometric indices of panoramic radiographs to predict the status of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of ninety postmenopausal women (thirty osteoporotic, thirty osteopenic, and thirty controls) with the mean age of 54.47 years were evaluated. Bone densitometry was performed by using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Variables such as the mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), gonial angle, mandibular cortical index (MCI), and the number of teeth lost were assessed. Results: The average of MCW in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups were 4.56, 3.97, and 3.39 mm, respectively. The PMI in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups was calculated as 0.33, 0.28, and 0.24, respectively. The MCW, PMI, and the number of teeth lost in the three groups showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.0001). The MCI had a significant difference in the three groups (P = 0.0001). The optimal cutoff points for MCW and PMI to predict low BMD were 4.13 mm and 0.29, respectively. Conclusions: The MCW, PMI, and MCI have a high diagnostic value to predict low BMD. By increasing the age and the postmenopausal duration, MCW and PMI decrease, whereas C3 form of MCI and the number of teeth lost showed increase. About 1 mm decrease in MCW increased the odds of reduced BMD (osteoporosis, osteopenia) up to 3.22-fold.

Digital panoramic radiography: An aid in the early detection of osteoporotic signs

Background: Osteoporosis is a worldwide problem demanding attention in the modern world. In the last four decades, numerous research teams have reported oral radiographic findings associated with osteoporosis. The preponderance of the evidence shows that the jaws of subjects with osteoporosis show reduced bone mass and altered morphology. A number of mandibular cortical indices (MCIs) have also been developed to allow quantification of mandibular bone mass and identification of osteoporosis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to measure various radiomorphometric indices and/or, mandibular cortical indices (MCIs) on digital panoramic radiographs (Orthopantomographs [OPGs]) of postmenopausal females; to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal females using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); and to compare the radiomorphometric indices on digital panoramic radiographs with BMD values and thereby assessing the efficacy of digital panoramic radiographs in detecting mandibular osteoporotic changes so as to screen osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: One hundred postmenopausal females were randomly selected from the outpatient department. All the patients were explained about the need for the study. Informed consent was taken, and a detailed case history was obtained. After subjecting the patients to digital panoramic radiography, the patients were taken for BMD evaluation using DEXA scans. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 14. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Results: Klemetti index showed that a patient with C3 cortical appearance had a low BMD. Among the quantitative indices, mental index, panoramic mandibular index, antegonial index, and gonial index, showed significantly lower values among the osteoporotic group. Conclusion: Digital panoramic radiographs (OPGs) have a significant role in the initial screening of elderly females for early osteoporotic changes.

Osteoporosis: Current state and need for screening with the help of oral health physicians

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone structure resulting in an increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine and wrist. Osteoporosis contributes to a great deal of morbidity and mortality and is a large burden to the health service. In the last four decades, numerous research teams have reported oral radiographic findings associated with osteoporosis. Digital orthopantomographs (OPGs), taken for routine dental evaluations, have a significant role in screening for initial osteoporotic changes. A number of mandibular cortical indices (MCIs) have, also, been developed to allow quantification of mandibular bone mass and identification of osteoporosis. Klemetti Index (KI), mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), antegonial index (AI) and gonial index (GI) are, all, associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD) and of help in the initial screening of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis: Current State and need for screening- Possible role of oral physicians

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone structure resulting in an increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Osteoporosis contributes to a great deal of morbidity and mortality and is a large burden to the health service. In the past four decades, numerous research teams have reported oral radiographic findings associated with osteoporosis. Digital orthopantomographs (OPGs), taken for routine dental evaluations, have a significant role in screening for initial osteoporotic changes. A number of mandibular cortical indices have also been developed to allow quantification of mandibular bone mass and identification of osteoporosis. Klemetti index, mental index, panoramic mandibular index, antegonial index , and gonial index are all associated with a low BMD and of help in the initial screening of osteoporosis.

Evaluation of Radiomorphometric Indices in Panoramic Radiograph - A Screening Tool.

Background : Mandibular cortical indices, like the mandibular cortical index (MCI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mental index (MI), antegonial index (AI) and gonial index (GI) have been developed to assess and quantify the quality of mandibular bone mass. Aim and Objectives : The aim of this pilot study was to measure the radiomorphometric indices in a digital panoramic radiograph and find the inter-relationship of the indices with age and sex of the patients. Materials and Method : A total of 23 randomly selected patients were included in the study. Panoramic radiograph of each patient was taken and radiomorphometric indices were determined. Results : There was 69.57% agreement between MI and PMI which was significant. Similarly 78.26% agreement was seen between AI and MI which was significant. In contrast 30.43%, 52.17% and 56.52% agreement was observed while comparing GI with PMI, MI and AI respectively. Conclusion : MCI, PMI, AI and MI can be effectively measured on a panoramic radiograph, hence could be used as a screening tool for determining osteoporosis. All indices have a negative correlation with age and a significant difference between the younger and older age groups. All indices were significantly lower in females when compared to males of the same age group.

The evaluation of MCI, MI, PMI and GT on both genders with different age and dental status.

The aim of this study was to measure the mandibular cortical index (MCI), mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI) and cortical bone thickness in the zone of the gonial angle (GT) in panoramic radiographies from a large sample of males and females and to determine how they relate to patients' age, gender and dental status. 910 panoramic radiographs were obtained and grouped into age, dental status and gender. The MCI, MI, PMI and GT were analysed. Remarkable differences were observed for MCI and GT regarding gender, age groups and dental status on both sides (p < 0.05). While age and dental status had an effect on the MI and PMI in females, dental status had an effect on the MI and PMI in males (p < 0.05). Also, gender had an effect on the MI and PMI (p < 0.05). The effects of age and tooth loss are different in females and males. In females, the harmful effects of tooth loss and age are more prominent according to the PMI and MI measurements. The effects of age and tooth loss in the GT and MCI measurements are similar, and these indices can be accepted as more reliable in studies including both genders.

Panoramic Mandibular Index: Effect of Age and Gender Related Variations in the North-Indian Population

Background: Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) is a quantitative radiomorphometric index of the mandible. It is an important indicator of mandibular bone mineral density. Objectives: To examine the age and gender related variations associated with the panoramic mandibular index and their effect in a group of North-Indian population of Haryana. Methods: 60 adult human orthopantomographs were evaluated and divided into six age groups (35-65 years) with equal number of males and females. Panoramic mandibular index was measured bilaterally on every radiograph. The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Stastistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 18. The tests employed were Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and the unpaired T-test. Results: The male mean panoramic mandibular index values ranged from 0.3 ± 0.025 to 0.381 ± 0.019, whereas the female mean panoramic mandibular values ranged from 0.286 ± 0.306 to 0.36 ± 0.007. Panoramic mandibular index showed significant negative correlation with age in both the sexes. Inter-age group comparisons showed statistically significant differences between the youngest and eldest age-groups in both the genders. Female values were lower than male values in all age groups, but sexual dimorphism was not observed. Conclusion: Panoramic mandibular index was influenced significantly by the variations in age but minimally by the gender related variations.

Measurements in Mandibular Pantomographic X-rays and Relation to Skeletal Mineral Densitometric Values

The gold standard diagnostic modality for osteoporosis is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). But it is expensive and often unavailable. Studies have demonstrated that decreased bone mineral density (BMD) may affect mandibular bone morphometrically on radiographs. Such studies are rare in the Indian population. This study was conducted to evaluate correlation between radiomorphometric markers on digital orthopantomograms (OPGs) and BMD measurements done by DXA in an Indian population. A total of 344 subjects aged 45 years or above, who visited a dental outpatient department over a period of 6 years were included in the study after obtaining ethical committee approval and informed consent. Digital OPG and DXA BMD measurements were obtained. Subjects' T-scores were obtained, on the basis of which they were divided into osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal. OPGs were evaluated to obtain the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and the panoramic mandibular index (PMI). Correlations of MCI and PMI with BMD were analyzed statistically with SPSS (version 16.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). In the osteoporotic group, there was no subject with MCI finding of C1, and 77.42% prevalence of C3 finding was found. C2 finding was in highest proportion in the osteopenic group (p < 0.05). Normal BMD group was associated with the C1 finding of 76.47%. Almost 48% of the osteoporotic group had a PMI score of <0.40, whereas 50% of osteopenic subjects had a PMI score of 0.4–0.44. Normal subjects having a PMI score of >0.44 constituted 49.1% of the population. Mean BMD scores decreased significantly with increasing MCI stage and increased significantly with increasing PMI (p < 0.05). Significant correlations between PMI and MCI were obtained with DXA BMD. Digital OPGs may provide an economical and reliable diagnostic tool to rule out osteoporosis or osteopenia in undiagnosed patients, where DXA screening may not be available or is financially nonviable.

Post menopause and Osteoporosis - Unfolding the link

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most systemic diseases prevalent among the postmenopausal women attributing to the increased risk of occurrence of fractures. Hence, early detection of this disease is of utmost importance which can be determined by concentration of calcium in saliva and radiographically by quantitative radiomorphometric indices like panoramic mandibular Index (PMI).Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the salivary calcium levels and PMI in order to identify the risk group of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Methods: A case-control study was carried out among 60 female subjects who were equally categorized into two groups. Salivary    calcium levels were calorimetrically assessed by spectrophotometry and PMI index was calculated using Digora software from the Digital Panoramic image obtained for individual patient.Results: The results had shown that salivary calcium among the case group was significantly higher than the control group (p value = 0.001) and PMI values among the case group were significantly lower than the control group (p value = 0.001).With the advancing duration of menopause, the salivary calcium levels were increasing and PMI values were found to be decreasing and both were statistically significant.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both salivary calcium and PMI can certainly be used as screening tools to identify the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women.

The osseous and dental changes of patients with chronic renal failure by CBCT.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the osseous changes of the jaws of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) by CBCT. On CBCT scans obtained from 15 patients with CRF and 15 control patients (7 males and 8 females), the mean was calculated for the antegonial index (AI), mental index (MI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI) and mandibular cortical index (MCI). The MI, AI and PMI, pulp chamber size, number of teeth with pulp calcification and lamina dura loss were compared using the paired t-test, and the MCI values were analysed using the χ(2) test. There were no statistically significant differences in the PMI, MI and AI values in patients with CRF and the control group. With regard to MCI, the cortical margins of the mandible were more porous in patients with CRF than in the control group, and also soft-tissue calcifications, lamina dura loss and radiolucent defects were more common in patients with CRF. There were no statistically significant differences in pulp chamber size and pulp calcifications between patients with CRF and the control group. Radiographic changes in the jawbones of patients with CRF may be commonly seen. CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of osseous findings, pulp chamber, soft-tissue calcifications and MCIs and allows indices measurement in three dimensions without any superposition.

Evaluation of the relationship of mandibular cortical index and panoramic mandibular index with bone mineral density using panoramic radiography in postmenopausal women: A short study

Introduction: The problems associated with age-related skeletal osteopenia have received attention since the human skeleton undergoes a continuous physiologic decrease in bone mass with advancing age. Bone status at various sites can be assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or quantitative computed tomography. It would be useful to answer whether radiographic changes in the mandible indicate skeletal osteopenia. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study was to examine the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) on panoramic radiograph and to establish a relationship between the two indices (MCI and PMI) with the bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 15 postmenopausal women within the age group of 45-75 years. BMD was performed by DXA and measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and values were recorded. Panoramic radiographs of the same women were obtained for measuring MCI and PMI. There were two groups taken as C1 and C2 for determination of MCI and PMI. Results: The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between age and T-score (r = −0.59, P < 0.05), i.e., as age increased the T-score decreased. Comparing the T-score of two MCI groups, t-test revealed MCI was 69.1% lower in C2 as compared to C1. The value of P < 0.001 and t-test revealed significantly different and lowered (32.4%) inferior cortex level in C2 as compared to C1 (t = 4.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Results suggest that in this study panoramic radiography could be a reliable tool in screening for BMD.

Perbandingan osteoporosis berdasarkan radiomorfometri panoramik antara mandibular cortical index dengan panoramic mandibular index pada pasien di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut Universitas Hang Tuah

Dentists have an important role in detecting osteoporosis that can be found incidentally on radiographic panoramic examination. Radiomorfometri mandible on panoramic radiography is a simple technique for screening osteoporosis and provides additional benefits for patients with radiographic examination for oral care. This study used a sample aged 35 years and over because the theory is based on the influence of estrogen hormone responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood which begin to decline levels in the body since the age of 35 years. Radiomorfometri used were mandibular cortical index (MCI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI). Each of these has a different way of identifying osteoporosis by panoramic. The sample of this cross-sectional study, with analytic observational study design is the total sampling, ie all data panoramic radiographs of patients over the age of 35 years and over who come to the Hang Tuah University Hospital Surabaya and required panoramic radiographs for dental and oral care needs, and in accordance with the criteria. The results of the Mann Whitney test showed no significant difference with p = 0.624 (p> 0.05), which means that there is no significant difference between the results of os teoporosis based on MCI and PMI. It is concluded that there was no significant difference between the results of osteoporosis based on radiomorfometri MCI and PMI on Hang Tuah University Hospital patients.

Influence of Age and Gender on Mandible Among South Indian Population

The decrease of bone strength on ageing is a globally observed phenomenon among all human beings. The association between oral health and bone health has not been much researched among the Indian population. So, the proposed study was aimed to extract information about mandibular indices from dental panoramic radiographs and to identify its age and gender related changes among the south Indian population. The study involved 279 subjects, which included 103 men (46±11.55 years) and 176 women (47.2±12.49 years). The panoramic radiographs were obtained from a digital orthopantomogram scanner. The subjects were categorised into various decade age sub-groups for both the genders: 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70 and 71-80 years. The subjects were also further classified into three groups as: Normal, mild and severe based on the erosion of the endosteal margin of mandible cortical bone. The measurement of the Mandibular Cortical Thickness (MCT), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) and assessment of the endosteal margin of the mandibular cortical bone was performed on the radiograph. The ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference for the MCT and PMI as (F = 6.98; p<0.001) and (F = 4.49; p<0.01) respectively between subjects of the various decade age sub-groups. The Chi-square tests revealed higher levels of significances (p<0.001) for the variations in the endosteal margin with age. The results of the study conclude that the MCT, PMI and the endosteal margin of mandible are age depended. The decrement of radiomorphometric indices was more prominent in females than males and they exponentially decreased after the sixth decade of age for both the genders. The MCT and PMI decreased by 6.41 and 4.8% respectively for males and by 23.2 and 30.8% respectively for females in the older groups.