Panicle Length Research Articles

Evaluation of Vegetative Development of Quinoa under Water Stress by Applying Different Organic Amendments

Prolonged drought periods, increasingly occurring worldwide due to global climate change, could affect the growth and productivity of both traditional and climate-resilient crops, including quinoa. Specifically, the vegetative growing cycle of this species is highly sensitive to drought conditions. In this context, using organic amendments could help plants cope with drought due to their ability to enhance soil water status. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of different organic amendments, i.e., two biochars (from woodchips and vineyard prunings) and a vermicompost (from cattle manure), applied to the soil alone and mixed at 2% rate (w/w), on the vegetative development of quinoa (cv. Titicaca), during which a period of water stress was imposed from the twelve-leaf stage to the bud stage. A set of growth-related parameters were measured both during and at the end of the experiment, along with a set of water-related parameters, at the end of the water-stress period and after soil re-watering. The results showed that woodchip biochar, both alone and mixed with vermicompost, significantly affected plant growth during the water-stress period, also allowing a quicker recovery once drought conditions ended. Indeed, the leaf number and area, SPAD index, leaf and stem fresh weight, and dry matter content in plants treated with woodchip biochar, alone and mixed with vermicompost, were higher than vineyard pruning biochar, alone and mixed with vermicompost and similar to the well-watered control plants. Similar results were observed considering the yield contributing traits detected at the end of the experiment, including the main panicle length, number of sub-panicle, as well as fresh weight and dry matter content of both panicle and sub-panicles. Additionally, the water-related parameters, especially the low turgid weight to dry weight ratio of woodchip biochar treated plants, showed evidence of better growth than vineyard pruning biochar. At the end of the experiment, the WUE of plants treated with woodchip biochar and vermicompost, both alone and mixed, was higher than vineyard pruning biochar alone and mixed with vermicompost. Among the tested organic amendments, woodchip biochar alone and mixed with vermicompost positively affected the vegetative growth response of quinoa under water-stress conditions.

Variability Studies and Metroglyph Analysis in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) for Grain Yield Characters

The present investigation was conducted with 20 Foxtail millet genotypes including one check during kharif (July-October 2021) at the Crop Research Farm (CRF), Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P., India. The objectives were to study the magnitude of variability for different traits among foxtail millet genotypes and to identify diverse parents for morphological and seed quality parameters in foxtail millet. The data were recorded on 12 quantitative traits. ANOVA revealed high GCV and PCV for test weight, flag leaf length, number of tillers plant-1, grain yield plant-1, number of productive tillers plant-1, flag leaf width and peduncle length. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean (h2 b) (>60%) were recorded for test weight, number of tillers plant-1, flag leaf length, grain yield plant-1, number of productive tillers plant-1, peduncle length, flag leaf width, flag leaf area, plant height and panicle length. Days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length and panicle length were positively significant concerning grain yield plant- 1. Metroglyph analysis indicated significant variations among the 20 genotypes for twelve characters. The maximum number of genotypes falls in cluster I (14) followed by cluster II (4), cluster III (1) and cluster IV (1). The genotypes recorded high grain yield plant-1 fell into cluster I. The genotypes that recorded high index scores fell into different clusters that can be crossed to have maximum variability of a good combination of characters. Thus, the use of these genotypes in a further breeding program is suggested.

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Using SNPs Markers.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Rice cultivar improvement is critical in order to feed the world's growing population. Improving yield is one of the main aims of rice breeders. However, yield is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes. The presence of genetic diversity is the key factor to improve the yield hence, the presence of diversity in any germplasm is important for yield improvement. In the current study, the rice germplasm was collected from Pakistan and the United States of America and a panel of 100 diverse genotypes was utilized to identify important yield and yield-related traits. For this, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify the genetic loci related to yield. The GWAS on the diverse germplasm will lead to the identification of new genes which can be utilized in the breeding program for improvement of yield. For this reason, firstly, the germplasm was phenotypically evaluated in two growing seasons for yield and yield-related traits. The analysis of variance results showed significant differences among traits which showed the presence of diversity in the current germplasm. Secondly, the germplasm was also genotypically evaluated using 10K SNP. Genetic structure analysis showed the presence of four groups which showed that enough genetic diversity was present in the rice germplasm to be used for association mapping analysis. The results of GWAS identified 201 significant marker trait associations (MTAs. 16 MTAs were identified for plant height, 49 for days to flowering, three for days to maturity, four for tillers per plant, four for panicle length, eight for grains per panicle, 20 unfilled grains per panicle, 81 for seed setting %, four for thousand-grain weight, five for yield per plot and seven for yield per hectare. Apart from this, some pleiotropic loci were also identified. The results showed that panicle length (PL) and thousand-grain weight (TGW) were controlled by a pleiotropic locus OsGRb23906 on chromosome 1 at 10,116,371 cM. The loci OsGRb25803 and OsGRb15974 on chromosomes 4 and 8 at the position of 14,321,111 cM and 6,205,816 cM respectively, showed pleiotropic effects for seed setting % (SS) and unfilled grain per panicle (UG/P). A locus OsGRb09180 on chromosome 4 at 19,850,601 cM was significantly linked with SS and yield/ha. Furthermore, gene annotation was performed, and results indicated that the 190 candidate genes or QTLs that closely linked with studied traits. These candidate genes and novel significant markers could be useful in marker-assisted gene selection and QTL pyramiding to improve rice yield and the selection of potential parents, recombinants and MTAs which could be used in rice breeding programs to develop high-yielding rice varieties for sustainable food security.

Yield Evaluation of Upland Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in Several Levels of Soil Water Content

Production and productivity of upland rice is still very low due to limited water in the upland rice ecosystem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yields of upland rice varieties at several levels of soil water content. The experiment was conducted at the Growth Centre LLDIKTI Wilayah I Medan from March to July 2013. This research used a factorial randomized block design with two factors and replicated three times. Five upland rice varieties as the first factor, namely Batutegi, Inpago 4, Limboto, Situbagendit, and Situpatenggang. Second factor was four levels of soil water content, namely: 80% of field capacity (FC), 60% of FC, 40% of FC, 20% of FC. The main effect of upland rice varieties and soil water content significantly affected (p<0.05) the productive tiller number, percentage of empty and filled grain, the panicle length, 1000 grain weight, and weight grain per clumps. The interaction effect between upland rice varieties and soil water content showed significant interaction on the panicle length, 1000 grain weight, and weight grain per clumps. Situpatenggang variety showed the best yield characters like productive tiller number, percentage of empty and filled grain than the other four varieties. Combination treatment of Situpatenggang variety with 80% FC showed the highest panicle, 1000 grain weight, and weight grain per clumps. The smallest percentage decreased in grain yield per clumps due to decreased the level of soil water content was found in the Inpago 4 variety, so it can be recommended to plant Inpago 4 on soil which had low level of soil water content.

Effect of Nitrogen Doses in Boro Rice Grown with Variable Levels of Floating Duckweed

An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Research Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from November 2018 to June 2019 to study the nitrogen requirement of boro rice grown with floating duckweed. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were duckweed: viz. D0 = Control (0 g duckweeds m-2), D1 = 200 g duckweeds m-2, D2 = 400 g duckweeds m-2 and D3 = 600 g duckweeds m-2) and nitrogen treatment: N1 = 45 kg N ha-1, N2 = 90 kg N ha-1 and N3 = 180 kg N ha-1). Different doses of duckweeds showed significant influence on most of the parameters of which D2 (400 g duckweeds m-2) treatment the best performance on growth and yield parameters of rice. Among different doses of nitrogen, N2 (90 kg N ha-1) gave the best results on growth and yield parameters of rice. In case of combined effect, D2N2 showed the highest number of tillers hill-1 (16.40), dry weight hill-1 (48.97 g), number of effective tillers hill-1 (14.73) and number of grains panicle-1 (189.50). This treatment combination also showed the highest number of filled grains panicle-1 (183.90), panicle length (25.83 cm), 1000 -grain weight (25.13 g), seed yield (7.24 t ha-1), straw yield (8.47 t ha-1), biological yield (15.71 t ha-1) and harvest index (46.09%). On the other hand, D0N3 gave the least results on these parameters. Findings revealed that application of 400 g duckweeds m-2 with 90 kg N ha-1 showed the superiority over other treatment combinations to produce higher grain yield of boro rice.
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(2): 109-117

Changes in the expression pattern of OsWUS negatively regulate plant stature and panicle development in rice.

WUSCHEL (WUS) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) encode transcription factors and play important roles in regulating the formation and maintenance of shoot and floral meristems. OsWUS have distinct functions in meristem development with slightly tuned expression. However, the mechanisms regulating the specific expression of OsWUS need to be further explored. In this study, an abnormal expression mutant of OsWUS, called Dwarf and aberrant panicle 1 (Dap1) was used. In order to identify the causal gene in Dap1, high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced (hiTAIL)-PCR and co-segregation analysis were performed. We surveyed the growth and yield traits in Dap1 and wild type. Changes in gene expression between Dap1 and wild type were determined by RNA-seq. The Dap1 mutant is due to the T-DNA inserted at 3,628-bp upstream of the translation start codon of OsWUS. Plant height, tiller numbers, panicle length, the number of grains per main panicle, and the number of secondary branches was significantly reduced in the Dap1 mutant. The expression of OsWUS was markedly increased in Dap1 mutant plants compared to the wild type, which might be due to a disruption in the genomic sequence integrity. Simultaneously, the expression levels of gibberellic acid-related genes and genes involved in panicle development were significantly changed in the Dap1 mutant. Our results suggest that OsWUS is a precise regulatory element, its specific spatio-temporal expression pattern is critical for its function, and both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations lead to abnormal plant growth.

Three QTL from Oryza meridionalis Could Improve Panicle Architecture in Asian Cultivated Rice

Rice panicle architecture is directly associated with grain yield and is also the key target in high-yield rice breeding program. In this study, three BC6F2 segregation populations derived from the crosses between two accessions of Oryza meridionalis and a O. sativa spp. japonica cultivar Dianjingyou 1, were employed to map QTL for panicle architecture. Three QTL, EP4.2, DEP7 and DEP8 were identified and validated using substitution mapping strategy on chromosome 4, 9 and 8, respectively. The three QTL showed pleiotropic phenotype on panicle length (PL), grain number per panicle (GNPP), number of primary branches (NPB), number of secondary branches (NSB), and grain width. DEP7 and DEP8 showed yield-enhancing potential by increasing GNPP, NPB and NSB, while EP4.2 exhibited wide grain, short stalk and panicle which can improve plant and panicle architecture, too. Moreover, epistatic interaction for PL was detected between EP4.2 and DEP7, and epistatic analysis between DEP7 and DEP8 for GNPP and NPB also revealed significant two QTL interactions. The result would help us understand the molecular basis of panicle architecture and lay the foundation for using these three QTL in rice breeding.

Integration of rice-duck on growth and yield of paddy crops (Oryza sativa L.)

This study aims to examine the effect of the number of ducks on the growth and yield of paddy. This research was conducted in Paloh Village, Samalanga District, Bireuen Regency. This research started from July to November 2021. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments of this experiments were the number of ducks per hectare, namely control (without ducks), 1,200 ducks.ha−1(3 ducks/Plot), 1,600 ducks.ha−1 (4 ducks/Plot), 2,000 ducks.ha−1 (5 ducks/ha Plot), 2,400 ducks.ha−1 (6 ducks/Plot), and 2,800 ducks.ha−1 (7 ducks/Plot). The experimental plots size were 5.0 m x 5.0 m and each plot was fenced with plastics. The observation parameters are plant heights, number of tillers, weight of ducks, weed population, number of snails, panicles numbers, panicles length, filled grain weight, empty grain weight, 1000 grains weight, yield potential, and rice yield. The results of this study showed the number of duck on paddy crops had a very significant effect on the parameters of plant height and the number of tillers at 30, 45, and 60 days after planting, filled grain, yield potential, rice yield, duck weight, number of snails, but had no significant effect on the plant biomass (dry weight) parameters, panicles number, panicles length, empty grain weight, and 1000 grain weight and was able to suppress weed populations accurately.

Performance of Five Superior Varieties of Rice in Specific Agroecology of Rice Land in Jombang Regency

Rice is a food crop that produces rice as a staple food of the community and plays an important role in the country’s economy. East java as one of the provinces of rice production centers has decreased productivity. In 2020, rice productivity in east java amounted to 5.7 tons.ha−1. In 2021, it fell to 5.6 tons.ha−1. Efforts to increase rice productivity must continue to be carried out. Therefore, research was conducted on 5 VUB (new high-yield varieties) on the agroecology of rice fields specific to the Jombang regency. The reach was conducted participatory involving farmers and field officers. The research was conducted in Ngrandulor village, Peterongan District, Jombang Regency from April to August 2021 using a random group design and five replications. The treatment consists of 5 varieties of rice, namely Inpari 32, Inpari 42, Inpari 45, Inpari Nutrizinc, and Pamelen. Vegetative plant appearance, mainly plants height, Inpari 45 shown highest markedly from other varieties. Other vegetative aspects of the plant, such as the number of samplings, the area of the flag leaves, and the leave under the flag leave between varieties showed no difference. In the generative aspect, namely the length of panicle, amount of grain content and amount of empty grain between varieties are real. Likewise, the weight of grain per panicle and the weight of grain per clump between varieties are markedly different. Based on research results show the productivity of 5 varieties ranged from 9 tons.ha−1, and 5 varieties of rice can be developed in the Jombang Regency.

Panicle branching of nutritious rice based on good agricultural practices

Panicle branching is one of the characters that can distinguish one rice cultivar from another. Agricultural practices determined the performance of panicle branching. The trial aimed to study the differences among ten rice lines based on panicle branching characters cultivated based on good farming practices. Seven pure lines and three varieties were planted as genetic material in 4 replications. The trial was conducted in Bandung in 2020 at an altitude was 460 m asl. The characters observed were panicle length, main axis length, number of total grain per panicle, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, primary branch length, secondary branch length, and number of secondary branches primary branch. All the panicle branching characters showed different among genetical material planted. The longest panicle was found in IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8, but the longest main axis length was found in Inpari IR Nutrizinc, local variety and IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8. The genotype of IR 105734-B-64-1-1-SKI-1-SG-11 showed had the most grains number (223.28), and the genotype of IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8 was not different with IR 105734-B-64-1-1-SKI-1-SG-11. In the other characters, the genotype of IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8 was relatively showed a good performance, especially in primary branch length, secondary branch length, and number of secondary branches primary branch.

BPB1 regulates rice (Oryza sative L.) panicle length and panicle branch development by promoting lignin and inhibiting cellulose accumulation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01389-x.

Morphological characterization of sweet sorghum lines which has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol

Sweet sorghum is a potential plant as a raw material for bioethanol. This plant has the potential to be developed in tropical, semi-tropical and arid climates. To obtain information on elite lines as raw material for ethanol, it is necessary to characterize qualitative and quantitative traits. This study aims to obtain information about the quantitative and qualitative characters of several sweet sorghum lines that have the potential as raw materials for bioethanol. The research was carried out from August to December 2019 on the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI), at Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The genetic materials used in this study were ten sweet sorghum lines, namely 15020B, 1115-C, 4-183ABEOTO, AB-6-1-1, EA-13-1-1, KL2, 10 (1-1), 23 (1-1), Buleleng Abang and WR2 and two varieties as check, namely Super-1 and Super-2, using a randomized block design in which genotype was the treatment factor. Qualitative data is explained by a descriptive method which refers to UPOV. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative characters. Significantly different characters quantitatively were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, day to flowering, panicle length, and weight of 1000 grains. While the significant qualitative data are green leaf intensity, leaf bone color, pistil color, pistil length, dry stamen color, panicle shape, panicle density after pollination, self-pollination, husk color, husk length, grain color, seed shape, and endosperm texture. Based on morphological data, the promising elite lines as raw material for bioethanol were EA-13-1-1, KL2, WR2, Buleleng Abang, 61 (1-1) and 15020B. However, other scientific supporting data are needed to recommend superior sweet sorghum lines as raw material for bioethanol.

Purification of local upland rice seeds based on morphological characteristics

This research is directed to overcome the problem of upland rice seeds that are no longer pure, because they have been mixed with other types of rice seeds, which can result in a decrease in the quality or nature of superior upland rice which is already favorable by the community. Seed purification is needed to restore the purity of the seeds of superior local upland rice lines. Another target of this research is to produce basic seeds of pure local upland rice lines (without mixture), which are needed for further breeding programs, or for the purpose of releasing varieties, as well as for production purposes for consumption. This study aims to select and detect the same/uniform morphological characteristics of local upland rice in each seed lot and to find out which seed lots show high uniformity. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 20 seed lots as treatment and each seed lot was made into a so-called “grid” (replication) of 3 grids. This research was conducted at the Field Laboratory, Experimental Garden II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. Observational data were analyzed with variance and qualitative characters were converted to binary data and analyzed by the NTSYS program. If there is a significant effect, then proceed with the Scott Knott group test (α = 0.05). The results showed a very significant effect on the variables of flowering age, productive tillers and flag leaf angle, and no significant effect on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, harvest age, panicle length, flag leaf area, total grain per panicle and percentage of grain. per panicle.

Increasing growth and productivity of several rice varieties in new opening rice fields by using soil organic amendment

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of soil amendment on the growth and productivity of several varieties of rice in newly opened rice fields. This research was conducted in Montasik District, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province from June to September 2021. A factorial randomized block design consisting of three rice varieties Inpari 42, TG/IRBB27, and Koshihikari was set up as the first factor. Whereas the second factors consist of two levels of organic amendment by using manure 20 tons ha−1 and biochar 20 tons ha−1. The results showed that the TG/IRBB27 was the best variety by producing plant height at harvest reaching 120.81 cm, the number of tillers 16.03 tillers, panicle length of 28.74 cm, grain weight per hill of 98.86 g, with yield potential reached 12.70 tons ha−1. The best soil amendment was found with Biochar 20-ton ha−1 amendment that caused an increase in the number of tillers to 14.37 tillers and yield potential reached 9.82 tons’ ha−1.

PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSES OF INTRODUCED RICE VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING DISTANCES

Five rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (N22, Amber, Moroberekan, Kinandang Patong, and Azucena) underwent path coefficient analysis across three plant spacings (15 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 20 cm, and 25 cm× 25 cm) in the summer of 2017 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Iraq. The experiment proceeded in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots included three planting distances, and the subplot comprised five varieties. The traits studied were plant height, flag leaf area, number of tillers, panicle number, length and branches, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and the percentage of unfilled grains. The results showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between direct and indirect and total effects. The studied traits provided negative values for the total effects except for the number of tillers and the number of panicles per plant, as these two traits reached 1.0938 and 1.0798, respectively. With the second plant spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm, the traits: plant height, number of tillers, number of panicles, and panicle length, showed the total positive effects, ranging from 0.2803 to 0.6606, with the remaining traits enunciated negative values. For the third plant spacing of 25 cm × 25 cm, the traits: panicle length, number of tillers, grains per panicle, and 1000- grain weight, exhibited positive values for the total effects, ranging from 0.623 to 1.1593.

Effect of Potassium Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of HomWarin Rice Variety in Low Fertility Sandy Soil

The objective of this research was to study the effect of potassium (K) fertilizer rate on growth, yield and yield components of HomWarin rice variety grown in low fertile sandy soils. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and five rate of K treatments comprising 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 kg K2O per rai. Each treatment was applied with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at 12 (N) and 8 (P2O5) kg per rai, respectively. Split fertilizers were established in three application timings. The first application was applied 15 days after transplanting with 40 percent of total fertilizer established in treatments. The second and third applications were applied at tillering (40%) and booting stages (20%), respectively. The results revealed that the potassium application at the rate of 18 kg K2O per rai significantly caused the longest panicle length, number of seeds per panicle and the 1,000 grain weight of HomWarin rice variety (p<0.05). Different rates of the potassium application displayed no significant effects on height, number of tillers per culm, number of panicles per culm, shoot dry weight, filled grain percentage, unfilled grain percentage and grain yield. Nevertheless, potassium fertilizer at 18 kg K2O per rai tended to produce the highest grain yield of HomWarin (927.56 kg per rai).

Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Agro-climatic Zone of Prayagraj, India

A field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Naini Agriculture Institute, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Kharif, 2022 on sandy loamy soil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, replicated thrice, consisting of ten hybrids i.e., R-205, R-210, R-212, R-218, R-242, R-248, R-256, R-300, R-305, R-311. The field experiment result revealed that R-305 has significantly increased the growth parameters viz., Plant height (125.87 cm), Number of tillers (16.30), Plant dry weight (47.60 g/plant), Tillers/m2 (388.10), Panicle length (29.34 cm), Grain yield (6.95 t/ha) and Straw yield (12.80 t/ha). Maximum gross return (INR 200625/ha), net return (INR151579/ha), and highest B:C ratio (3.09) was also in recorded R-305.

Влияние хелатных микроудобрений на элементы семенной продуктивности сортов зернового сорго в Поволжье

As a result of the research, the effectiveness of leaf treatment of crops with chelated micro fertilizers in the formation of productivity elements of grain sorghum varieties selected by RosNIISK "Rossorgo" in the conditions of the Lower Volga region was revealed. The complex of agronomic features included the following elements of the productivity of grain sorghum: grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, panicle length, grain weight from one panicle, number of grains from one panicle. A significant effect of chelated micronutrients on the increase in the size of the signs of inflorescence length, grain weight from one panicle in the varieties Assistant, RSK Cascade and Prince was revealed. There is also a tendency to increase the number of grains from one panicle and the mass of 1000 grains of the Garant variety when spraying crops with all doses of chelated micronutrients. Leaf treatment of vegetative plants of grain sorghum with chelated micro-fertilizers had a significant effect on grain yield. The greatest increase in grain yield was revealed when processing crops of the RSK Cascade variety with zinc fertilizer up to 5.93-6.28 t/ha, as well as with a preparation with calcium up to 6.03-7.65 t/ha. The grain yield of the Assistant variety increased to 4.95-6.80 t/ha (21.3-66.7% higher than the control), the Garant variety when treated with both preparations increased to 7.43-9.85 t/ha, the excess of the control variant was 15.7-53.4%. Keywords: SORGHUM, VARIETY, CHELATED MICRO FERTILIZERS, BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD, MASS OF 1000 GRAINS, INFLORESCENCE LENGTH, GRAIN WEIGHT AND NUMBER OF GRAINS FROM ONE PANICLE, GENERATIVE SIGNS

Performances of Transplanted Spring Rice Under Different Weed Management Techniques in Kapilbastu, Nepal

At Banganga, Kapilbastu, Nepal, a field experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 to determine the performances of transplanted spring rice under different weed management techniques. With five treatments and four replications, the experiment was structured as a single-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide, Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT, Hand weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT, Cono-weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT and control. The plots treated with Pretilachlor plus hand weeding recorded a significantly higher plant height (99cm), higher number of effective tillers per meter square (11.97), higher panicle length (26cm), and higher number of grains per panicle (200.60) at 90 DAT. The sterility percentage and the no. of grains per panicle were not affected by the weed management practices. Cono-weeding was found statistically superior in terms of grain yield (6.09 Mt ha-1) and harvest index (42.10 %). The experiment concluded that the weed management practices affect the grain yield of transplanted spring rice.

Effect of Nitrogen and Iron on Growth and Yield of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

The field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2022 at the experimental field of Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj and Uttar Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.3), low in organic carbon (0.48%), available nitrogen (230 kg/ha), available phosphorus (13.60 kg/ha) and available potassium (215.4 kg/ha). The treatments consist of 3 levels of Nitrogen (40 Kg, 50 Kg and 60 Kg/ ha) as a basal application and Iron (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 %) as foliar spray along with control. The experiment was layout in Randomized Block Design with Ten treatments each replicated thrice. Growth attributes namely higher plant height (101.57cm), maximum dry weight/plant (14.83 g), more number of tillers/hill (8.87) and yield attributes namely higher panicle length (18.61 cm), grains/panicle (1389.30), grain yield (1.79 t/ha) and straw yield (2.53 t/ha) were observed with application of nitrogen 60 Kg/ha and iron 0.6%.