PANI Film Research Articles

Electrochemical synthesis, physical properties and corrosion behavior of electropolymerized polyaniline films developed on 316L stainless steel

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) films may be developed on metallic substrates by a variety of electrochemical techniques. In the present work, PANI films were electrodeposited on AISI 316L stainless steel substrates by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronopotentiometry (CP) with the objective of comparing the efficacy of each method, based on the integrity of the developed films. Cyclic voltammetry and anodic polarization were used to determine optimal electrodeposition parameters for the development PANI films using the CA and CP methods. The structure and morphology of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Among the evaluated techniques, CV led to the formation PANI films with the best homogeneity as well as the lowest number of defects, such as cracks or pores. Subsequently, the corrosion resistance of AISI 316L steels with and without PANI was compared in a physiological saline solution (0.9% NaCl). Potentiodynamic polarization tests indicated that the PANI‐coated samples exhibited lower corrosion current density values (0.012 vs. 0.018 μA/cm2) and lower passive current density values (0.04 vs. 0.06 μA/cm2) in comparison to the bare AISI 316L steel. Additionally, long‐term monitoring by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that PANI films consistently exhibited superior polarization resistance up to 32 days of exposure in the 0.9%NaCl solution (233,000 vs. 207,000 Ωcm2).

The role of thermal treatments in the transition from insulating to semiconducting PANI Films: For respiration monitoring applications

The role of thermal treatments in the transition from insulating to semiconducting PANI Films: For respiration monitoring applications

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid Polyaniline/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites: Electrochemical synthesis, characterization, and analysis

This study presents a focused investigation and comprehensive analysis of the synthesis of hybrid Polyaniline/Cobalt ferrite (PANI/CoFe2O4) nanocomposites using an optimized electrochemical polymerization method. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into the PANI matrix at varying concentrations (3, 6, and 12 wt%). The research examined the newly synthesized hybrid nanocomposites in terms of their structure, dielectric properties, and both linear and nonlinear optical properties. As a result of the Williamson-Hall method, the average crystallite size varied between 45 and 99 nm. Initially, adding a small quantity of NPs decreased the nanocomposite size, but further additions increased it due to aggregation. The Tauc plot showed a gradual increase in the energy band gap of the films as the concentration of CoFe2O4 NPs increased up to 12 wt%. This trend showed stronger absorption bands and higher coefficients, indicating improved light absorption compared to pure PANI films. Dielectric properties, including dielectric constants (ɛr, ɛi) and dielectric loss (tan δ), were examined as a function of frequency. The experimental results indicated that PANI/CoFe2O4 exhibited lower dielectric constants than bare PANI. Concentration-dependent optical properties, such as electronic transition excitation energies, dispersion energies, and optical conductivity, were also investigated. These properties were modeled using a single oscillator based on the Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) approach. The study revealed a reduction in key optical parameters—linear susceptibility, nonlinear third-order susceptibility, and nonlinear refractive index—as nanoparticle content increased. Conversely, increasing concentrations of CoFe2O4 NPs led to a significant increase in the ratio of free carriers to effective mass (N/m٭), from 3.89 × 10³⁶ to 4.04 × 10³⁶ m⁻³ kg⁻1. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of both PANI and PANI/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites exhibited temperature-dependent improvement, reaching maximum values. The observed findings indicate that hybrid PANI-CoFe2O4 nanocomposites possess enhanced properties, highlighting their promising potential as active materials for a broad range of optoelectronic applications.

Augmentation of room temperature gas sensing properties of PANI thin films by 100 keV Ar+ ion irradiation

Polyaniline thin films were subjected to irradiation with Ar+ ions at four different concentrations: 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015, 1 × 1016, and 3 × 1016 ions/cm2, with an energy of 100 keV to improve the sensing ability. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images revealed that the porosity as well as surface area of thin films increase significantly with the increase in fluence dose. The bandgap energy of the irradiated thin films found to decrease from 3.04 to 2.36 eV, whereas, the number of carbon atoms per cluster are found to increase from 127 to 211 atoms with increasing the Ar+ ions dose from 1x1014 to 3x1016 ions/cm2. The ratios of the areas under the curves AQ/AB are increased from 0.221 to 0.456 as the Ar+ ion fluence dose rate rose from 0 to 3 × 1016 ions/cm2. Thus, it can be assumed that the electrical conductivity of the PANI films increase with the Ar+ ion fluence dose rate via carbonaceous clustering, and the scission of polymer chains. The as-deposited PANI thin film demonstrated the lowest sensing response at approximately 33 %, while the thin film irradiated with the highest dose of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2 exhibited the highest sensing response at around 1119 % for methanol vapors at a concentration of 100 ppm.

Enhancement of electrical parameters of PANI—A conducting polymer with low concentration nanofiller for optoelectronic and electrical application

AbstractElectrical conductivity is emerging as one of the most essential material's qualities of the 21st century due to the lightning‐fast advancements in the electronics sector and the continuously improving electrical goods. As conductive materials are used in the majority of the modern items we use, including power sources, energy generating systems, electrical circuits, sensors, and many others, continuing advancement in this field is very crucial. The novelty of this work lies in the dispersion of ferrite nanoparticles, which was synthesized using egg albumen to enhance the electrical behavior of PANI polymer films. In this research work, a simple casting approach was used to ex situ polymerize aniline to fabricate ultrathin and flexible CuFe2O4 distributed PANI films for electrical conductivity applications. The combustion approach was used to produce the copper ferrite nanoparticles, while egg albumen was not only used as the fuel but also it was used a capping agent to control the size of ferrite NPs with a size much lower than that already reported. Studies on the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of pure and various weight percent of (1 , 3 , and 5 wt%) CuFe2O4 loaded PANI films were performed. Comparing the different films, the 5 wt% CuFe2O4 dispersed PANI films exhibited remarkable and greatly improved permittivity and electrical conductivity with low dielectric loss. This indicates the 5 wt% CuFe2O4 dispersed PANI films have the prospective uses in high‐tech industries where there is a need for flexible, thin, and lightweight high electrical conducting materials with lesser loss factor.

Improved Capacitance of Electropolymerized Aniline Using Magnetic Fields

With the rise in intermittent energy production methods and portable electronics, energy storage devices must continue to improve. Supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices that are known for their rapid charging and discharging, but poor energy density. Experimentally, one can improve the energy density by improving the operating cell voltage and/or improving the overall capacitance, which have traditionally been achieved using difficult, complicated, or expensive syntheses involving additional chemicals or many steps. In this work, we demonstrate a method to improve the capacitance of electropolymerized polyaniline (PANI, a conductive polymer common in supercapacitor applications) with zero additional energy input or chemical additives: the use of a permanent magnet. Using a pulsed-potential polymerization method, we show that the inclusion of a 530 mT magnetic field, placed directly under the surface of the working electrode during electropolymerization, can result in a PANI film with a capacitance of 190.6 mF; compare this to the same polymerization performed in the absence of a magnetic field, which has a significantly lower capacitance of 109.7 mF. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that PANIs formed in the presence of magnetic fields demonstrate improved capacitor behavior, as well as lower internal resistance, when compared to PANIs formed in the absence of magnetic fields. To probe the performance and stability of PANI films synthesized in the presence and absence of magnetic fields, galvanostatic charge–discharge was completed for symmetric capacitor configurations. Interestingly, the PANI films formed in the presence of 530 mT magnetic fields maintained their capacitance for over 75,000 cycles, whereas the PANI films formed in the absence of magnet fields suffered serious capacitance losses after only 29,000 cycles. Furthermore, it is shown that performing the polymerization in magnetic fields results in a higher-capacitance polymer film than what is achieved using other methods of forced convection (i.e., mechanical stirring) and outperforms the expected capacitance (based on yield) by 13%, suggesting an influence beyond the magnetohydrodynamic effect.

Organic mixed ion-electron conductive composite films based on polyacrylic acid/polyaniline

Composite materials of polyacrylic acid complexed with polyaniline (PAA/PANI) can be used to form organic mixed ion-electron conductive (OMIEC) films. These are promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic and energy storage applications. PAA/PANI composite films are connected by blending the amine (NH) groups in PANI with carboxylic groups (COOH) in PAA by an acid-base reaction via strong electrostatic interactions with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. PAA/PANI composite films show that a PAA-rich matrix separates PANI-rich domains. The electrical conductivity of pure PAA film is 0.58 mS cm−1, which is attributed to negatively charged COO− groups, allowing for ion transfer inside the polyelectrolyte. The electrical conductivity of PANI film is 3.56 mS cm−1, which is attributed to the weakly bound electron conductions of the polaron states along delocalized π-orbitals. PAA/PANI composite films with 33 wt% of PANI have higher electrical conductivity (6.57 mS cm−1) due to the high ionic-electronic coupling through the polymer matrix at the interface between phase-separated regions.

Polyoxometalate/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposites enabling visualization of energy storage status in multicolor electrochromic supercapacitors

Electrochromic supercapacitor devices (ESDs), which integrate electrochromism and energy storage functions, have garnered considerable attention in recent years. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are regarded as promising materials for electrochromic energy storage due to their intriguing structures and high electrochemical activities, while relatively low optical modulation limits their widespread application. Significant efforts have been dedicated to improve the electrochromic properties, with one of the most promising approaches being the combination of POMs with conducting polymers to harness the synergistic effect that enhances electrochemical performance. In this study, a novel K12.5Na1.5[NaP5W30O110]⋅15H2O/TiO2@Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (P5W30/TiO2@PEDOT) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using a combination of screen-printing and electrochemical deposition methods. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between P5W30/TiO2 and PEDOT, the as prepared nanocomposites exhibit enhanced transmittance modulation (74%), shorter switching time (＜4.6 s) as well as higher areal capacitance (47.9 mF cm−2 at 0.1 mA cm−2) than pure P5W30/TiO2 film. Additionally, a multicolored ESD was demonstrated by integrating P5W30/TiO2@PEDOT film with an electrochemically polymerized PANI film. Furthermore, this ESD enabled an intelligent visual monitoring of the energy storage status and powered LED bulb after charging. This work holds great significance in developing electrode materials based on POMs for bifunctional ESDs while providing new possibilities for electronic display applications.

Tungsten oxide nanowires and polyaniline hybrid film-based electrochromic device with multicolor display and enhanced capacitance

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have exhibited promising applications in the fields of energy-saving intelligent buildings and next-generation displays because of their simple structure, low power consumption, and multicolor displays. W18O49/polyaniline (PANI) hybrid films are prepared and assembled to ECDs. Compared with pure PANI and W18O49 films, the hybrid film exhibits superior electrochemical and electrochromic performance, including high optical modulation (70.2%), large areal capacity (79.6 mF/cm2), and good capacitance retention. The excellent electrochemical and electrochromic performance is ascribed to the formation of the donor (PANI)-acceptor (W18O49) pair, the porous structure in the nanowires, and the large surface area, which enhance electron delocalization of the W18O49/PANI, improve the ion diffusion rate, and increase the charge storage sites. Furthermore, benefitting from the outstanding optical, electrical, and multifunctional properties, the W18O49/PANI hybrid film-based ECD platform is expected to play an important role in electrochromism and energy storage.

Impact of Rolled Graphene Oxide Grown on Polyaniline for Photodetection: Future Challenging Opto-Device

Rolled graphene oxide (roll-GO) with anew morphological properties than normal graphene is synthesized using modified Hummer. Then, the roll-GO/PANI composite is prepared through the adsorption of roll-GO on the surface of the PANI film, that performed through the oxidative polymerization method. The developed composite displays a small bandgap of 1.9 eV and shows a high optical property extends through a wide optical region from UV to IR regions. The chemical structure and function groups are confirmed using the XRD and FTIR. The roll-GO/PANI composite was investigated as a photodetector. The effects of different irradiation light conditions and the monochromatic wavelengths were tested through the measurements of the produced current density, Jph. The optical photon response exhibited excellent light sensitivity of the photodetector. The Jph enhanced highly under light (0.34 mA·cm−2) compared to dark conditions (0.007 mA·cm−2). Jph reached 0.24, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.09 mA·cm−2 under 340, 440, 540, and 730 nm, respectively. The photodetector detectivity (D) and photoresponsivity (R) are found to equal 0.45 × 109 Jones and 2.25 mA·W−1, respectively.

Thin Films of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposites with CeO2 and WO3 Metal Oxides Applied to the Impedimetric and Capacitive Transducer Stages in Chemical Sensors.

There is a recognized need for the development of cost-effective, stable, fast, and optimized novel materials for technological applications. Substantial research has been undertaken on the role of polymeric nanocomposites in sensing applications. However, the use of PANI-based nanocomposites in impedimetric and capacitive electrochemical sensors has yet to be understood. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the sensitivity and linearity of electrochemical pH sensors and the composition of nanocomposites. Thin films of PANI/CeO2 and PANI/WO3 were deposited via spin coating for characterization and application during the electrochemical impedance and capacitance spectroscopy (EIS and ECS) transduction stages. The findings showed that the optimized performance of the devices was extended not only to the sensitivity but also to the linearity. An increase of 213% in the ECS sensitivity of the PANI/CeO2 compared to the metal oxide and an increase of 64% in the ECS linearity of the PANI/WO3 compared to the polymeric sensitivity were reported. This study identified the structure-property relationship of nanocomposite thin films of PANI with metal oxides for use in electrochemical sensors. The developed materials could be applied in devices to be used in different fields, such as food, environment, and biomedical monitoring.

Acid-assisted polymerization: the novel synthetic route of sensing layers based on PANI films and chelating agents protected by non-biofouling layer for Fe2+ or Fe3+ potentiometric detection.

A new synthetic method for the fabrication of a sensing layer is presented. PANI films as an ion-to-electron transducer were prepared via acid-assisted polymerization in concentrated formic acid (HCOOH) in the presence of ethanol and ammonium persulfate (APS, as the initiator). The ratio of monomer to ammonium persulfate was 1 : 0.1. 2,2-Bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthrolin-5-amine, and 8-hydroxyquinoline were used as chelating agents that can complex Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions. The proposed sensors demonstrated an appropriate reproducibility with a rapid response to the presence of Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions, even at T ∼ 37 °C. It was revealed that the method of deposition of a chelating molecule affects the response of sensors. The in situ deposition during acid-assisted polymerization leads to a fast response compared to the layer-by-layer deposition. PMeOx/X1-PANI@FTO and PMeOx/Z1-PANI@FTO sensors exhibit rapid response and are considered a promising detection layer for Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions respectively. We envision that this system can contribute to the next generation of advanced bio-sensors for the potentiometric detection of iron.

Fabrication and characterization of a flexible and disposable impedance-type humidity sensor based on polyaniline (PAni).

This work presents a highly sensitive, economical, flexible, and disposable humidity sensor developed with a facile fabrication process. The sensor was fabricated on cellulose paper using polyemaraldine salt, a form of polyaniline (PAni), via the drop coating method. A three-electrode configuration was employed to ensure high accuracy and precision. The PAni film was characterized using various techniques including ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The humidity sensing properties were evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a controlled environment. The sensor exhibits a linear response with R 2 = 0.990 for impedance over a wide range of (0%-97%) relative humidity (RH). Further, it displayed consistent responsiveness, a sensitivity of 1.1701 Ω/%RH, acceptable response (≤220 s)/recovery (≤150 s), excellent repeatability, low hysteresis (≤2.1%) and long-term stability at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the sensing material was also studied. Due to its unique features, cellulose paper was found to be an effective alternative to conventional sensor substrates according to several factors including compatibility with the PAni layer, flexibility and low cost. These unique characteristics make this sensor a promising option for use in specific healthcare monitoring, research activities, and industrial settings as a flexible and disposable humidity measurement tool.

A light-weight, thin-thickness, flexible multifunctional electrochromic device integrated with variable optical, thermal management and energy storage

Multifunctional electrochromic devices with diversified functions are highly desirable for intelligent electronic systems compared to conventional electrochromic devices with sole applicability. Herein, a multifunctional electrochromic device integrated with variable optical, thermal management and energy storage is realized by preparing nanowire‐structured coral-like PANI films on a flexible gold-plated membrane through the combination of galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric electrodeposition techniques. The multifunctional electrochromic devices achieve reversible color changes between brownish-yellow, green and dark-green. The maximum emissivity changes of the multifunctional electrochromic device in the ranges of 3–5 μm, 8–14 μm and 2.5–15 μm are 0.42, 0.49 and 0.47, respectively. Moreover, a specific capacitance of 355 F g−1 is obtained for the multifunctional electrochromic devices at a current density of 1 A g−1. The multifunctional electrochromic devices also have such advantages as light-weight, thin-thickness, flexible and can be fabricated in a multipixel and large area. With versatility characteristics, the multifunctional electrochromic devices are highly promising for intelligent electronic systems in electronic clothing, military camouflage and thermal control system of spacesuits.

Structural characteristics and opto-electrical properties of in-situ synthesized polyaniline films

In the present study, polyaniline (PAni) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by in-situ chemical polymerization method using simple dip-coating technique and their opto-electrical properties have been studied. The structure of deposited films have been analysed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques to investigate the effect of deposition times on the conjugation length, polaron/bipolaron concentrations and other molecular structure conformations. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy studies reveal increase in both the conjugation length and the polaron/bipolaron carrier concentration with increasing deposition time of the prepared PAni films. The optical properties and optical band-gap of the deposited films have been estimated through UV–visible spectroscopy. The optical band-gap of the deposited films has been found to decrease from 3.31 eV to 3.13 eV with increase in deposition time from 1.5 h to 2.5 h, and further it has been increased slightly to 3.19 eV for the PAni film deposited for 3 h. The electrical conductivity of the deposited films has been found to increase with decrease in optical band gap. The parameters estimated from FTIR, Raman, UV–visible spectroscopy and electrical measurements are in good agreement with each other. It has been observed that the optical and electrical properties of the deposited films depend on the conjugation length of PAni. The polymerization time of 2.5 h has been found to be optimum for obtaining PAni thin films with good electrical conductivity and low optical band gap.

Spray-Assisted Interfacial Polymerization to Form CuII/I@CMC-PANI Film: An Efficient Dip Catalyst for A3 Reaction.

A novel and interesting method for the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose–polyaniline film-supported copper catalyst (CuII/I@CMC-PANI) has been developed via spray-assisted interfacial polymerization. Using copper sulfate as an initiator, spraying technology was introduced to form a unique interface that is perfectly beneficial to the polymerization of aniline monomers onto carboxymethylcellulose macromolecule chains. To further confirm the composition and structure of the as-prepared hybrid film, it was systematically characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The Cu content in the fresh CuII/I@CMC-PANI film was determined to be 1.805 mmol/g, and spherical nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 10.04 nm could be observed in the hybrid film. The CuII/I@CMC-PANI hybrid film was exerted as a dip catalyst to catalyze the aldehyde–alkyne–amine (A3) coupling reactions. High yields of the products (up to 97%) were obtained in this catalytic system, and the catalyst could be easily picked up from the reaction mixture by tweezers and reused for at least six consecutive runs, without any discernible losses in its activity in the model reaction. The dip catalyst of CuII/I@CMC-PANI, with easy fabrication, convenient deployment, superior catalytic activity, and great reusability, is expected to be very useful in organic synthesis.

Towards skin-acetone monitors with selective sensitivity: Dynamics of PANI-CA films.

Most research aimed at measuring biomarkers on the skin is only concerned with sensing chemicals in sweat using electrical signals, but these methods are not truly non-invasive nor non-intrusive because they require substantial amounts of sweat to get a reading. This project aims to create a truly non-invasive wearable sensor that continuously detects the gaseous acetone (a biomarker related to metabolic disorders) that ambiently comes out of the skin. Composite films of polyaniline and cellulose acetate, exhibiting chemo-mechanical actuation upon exposure to gaseous acetone, were tested in the headspaces above multiple solutions containing acetone, ethanol, and water to gauge response sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability. The bending of the films in response to exposures to these environments was tracked by an automatic video processing code, which was found to out-perform an off-the-shelf deep neural network-based tracker. Using principal component analysis, we showed that the film bending is low dimensional with over 90% of the shape changes being captured with just two parameters. We constructed forward models to predict shape changes from the known exposure history and found that a linear model can explain 40% of the observed variance in film tip angle changes. We constructed inverse models, going from third order fits of shape changes to acetone concentrations where about 45% of the acetone variation and about 30% of ethanol variation are captured by linear models, and non-linear models did not perform substantially better. This suggests there is sufficient sensitivity and inherent selectivity of the films. These models, however, provide evidence for substantial hysteretic or long-time-scale responses of the PANI films, seemingly due to the presence of water. Further experiments will allow more accurate discrimination of unknown exposure environments. Nevertheless, the sensor will operate with high selectivity in low sweat body locations, like behind the ear or on the nails.

Self-assembly polyaniline films for the high-performance ammonia gas sensor

Developing a sensor with high selectivity and fast response-recovery time for detecting ammonia gas in complex environments is a challenging task. However, recent polymer-based ammonia gas sensors often suffer from low sensitivity and long response-recovery time. In this work, with the assistance of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), and lauryl amine (LA), the PANI films were prepared by interfacial synthesis to obtain the ordered polymer chains and applied to NH3 sensors. At room temperature, the SDS-functionalized PANI film-based sensor shows a good response to NH3 (5.4 for 40 ppm NH3), the detection limit is 0.1 ppm, and the recovery time is 12 s, which is better than that similar base on PANI. The functionalized PANI film has an ordered structure to accelerate the electron transport rate and the protonation/deprotonation properties, which make the sensor have excellent gas sensing performance. In addition, the sensor has good reproducibility, moisture resistance, and long-term stability. This result provides important opinions for realizing polymer materials with high gas-sensing properties to NH3.

Variable infrared emittance mechanisms of electrochromic film based on poly(aniline) under various doping concentrations of camphorsulfonic acid

Poly (aniline) (PANI) is considered an ideal material for the modulation of infrared (IR) radiation due to its excellent electrochromic properties. However, the camphorsulfonic acid doping mechanism which results in emittance modulation is not clearly understood. With the goal of enhancing the IR emittance variation (Δε), a PANI film was synthesized by a chemical oxidation and spraying method, and the doping mechanism of CSA concentration effect on Δε was studied by combining Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectra and density functional theory calculations. The results demonstrate that with increasing camphorsulfonic acid concentration, the effect of the doping concentration on the emittance of PANI/Au films can be divided into two stages: (1) the change in the emittance is mainly caused by the shortening of optical penetration depth either under the state of dopant free (non-doped) or a low CSA doping concentration; (2) the change in emittance is mainly caused by the increase in reflectivity of the PANI layer under the increased doping. Due to the joint action of the two factors, the emittance of the PANI film first increases and then decreases with increasing concentration of CSA, and the maximum Δε (0.45) is realized at 1 M. This paper clarifies the mechanism of PANI films with different CSA dopant concentrations and could provide a way to increase the emittance modulation range by adjusting the concentration of the dopants.

Effect of Hofmeister ions on the spectro- and electrochemical performance of PANI

PANI nanofibrils were electrochemically synthesized in the presence of Hofmeister ions and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were studied in 1 M Al(ClO4)3 aqueous solution. PANI film has coloration efficiency of 102.7 cm2 C−1 at 633 nm.