Panel Houses Research Articles

К ВОПРОСУ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ПАНЕЛЬНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ

This article discusses issues related to the overhaul of large-panel residential buildings. The authors pay attention to a key aspect of this process, namely the repair of the joints of wall panels, as well as methods to identify places where the tightness of the seams in panel houses is broken. One of the important stages of the study is thermal imaging scanning, which allows you to accurately determine areas with the greatest heat loss and identify problem areas that require immediate intervention. The article also provides a brief description of the different types of sealants and their applications in the context of wall joint repairs. This is significant because choosing the right sealants and applying them correctly can greatly improve the effectiveness and longevity of a repair. The authors of the study emphasize not only the importance of proper repair of wall panel joints, but also the need to comply with building maintenance requirements and timely major repairs using high-quality materials. This is key to ensuring the durability of wall panel joints. Effective major renovations help create a favorable indoor microclimate and reduce energy costs, which is important not only from the point of view of improving living conditions, but also from an economic point of view in the modern construction industry.

РОЗШИРЕННЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ НАВІСНИХ ВЕНТИЛЬОВАНИХ ФАСАДІВ ПРИ УТЕПЛЕННІ БУДІВЕЛЬ

The article shows that a large percentage of the housing stock of Ukraine is represented by panel houses of the mass series of construction in the 1960s-1980s, which were built with understated indicators of the normative requirements for the thermal resistance of the enclosing structures.It is shown that the underestimated indicators of the thermal resistance of the building envelope led to excessive energy consumption per m2 of the outdated housing stock, which exceeds the indicators of the EU countries by 2.0-2.5 times. The construction industry accounts for more than 30-40% of all energy sources for the maintenance of outdated housing.The article compares the growth of the thermal resistance of fencing structures in European countries and Ukraine.An important place in the protection of buildings from the influence of atmospheric phenomena of the environment, their increased energy efficiency and giving a modern appearance to outdated objects is occupied by hinged ventilated facades. Prospects for expanding the functional properties of hinged facades are shown, which provide energy generation due to their cladding with solar panels and energy savings during building cooling due to the installation of textile ventilated facades.

Modeling and calculation of panel buildings made of cross-laminated timber

Buildings made using cross-laminated timber have become widespread over the last decade. The experience of designing and operating such buildings of various functional purposes confirms the expediency of their construction and use. This article provides a solution to the problem of modeling and calculating panel houses made of cross-laminated timber using the finite element method using the given mechanical characteristics of the material. The possibility of modeling and calculating panel buildings made of cross-laminated timber using the finite element method with the use of flat finite elements, taking into account the orthotropic properties of the material, under the condition of using the reduced modulus of elasticity according to the previously proposed method and adjusting Poisson's coefficients, in such a way as to maintain the condition of existence of elastic potential. The algorithm for modeling panel buildings made of cross-laminated timber using the finite element method as a system "soil base-foundation-above-ground structure system" is given.

Study of the influence of the rigidity of the above-ground structures of the panel house on the stress-deformed state of the pile foundation

A study of the influence of the rigidity of the above-ground structures of a nine-story panel building on the stress-deformed state of its pile foundation was carried out.
 For the study, several models of the house with the same above-ground parts were created, which differed from each other in terms of the construction scheme of the basement floor: monolithic reinforced concrete or prefabricated reinforced concrete, the load-bearing walls also change: along the letter or numerical coordination axes.
 The main advantage of panel houses is that their construction (arrangement) takes significantly less time than the construction of a similar house with the same area and building volume, but with a different structural scheme (wall or with the use of a monolithic reinforced concrete frame).
 Numerical modeling of panel buildings, namely the joints in the places where prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are joined, is difficult for engineers, because numerical modeling can be performed in several ways, which were given and described in the work [1].
 The stress-deformation state of the pile foundation (longitudinal forces in the piles, bending moments in the raft) and normal stresses in the vertical load-bearing elements of the basement with different structural schemes of the basement floor and different load-bearing walls were analyzed. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the bending moments in the rat were revealed, the same differences were found in the stresses of the vertical bearing elements of the basement.
 The analysis of the bending moments in the raft made it possible to identify and investigate the influence of the stiffness of the basement floor structures on the stressed-deformed state of the pile foundation (rafts). The effect of vertical seams between wall panels on bending moments in the grid was revealed. The effect of the vertical seam between the wall panels is manifested in the fact that the values of the bending moments change both quantitatively (increased by several times) and qualitatively. The use of monolithic structures as basement walls leads to a more smooth curve of bending moments in the raft.

MASS RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION AS AN ELEMENT OF CRISIS ARCHITECTURE

The world's population loses their homes due to natural disasters and wars every year, many international organizations have been created to eliminate such consequences. Architects as volunteers also make efforts to design typical low-cost mass housing., there is a concept of crisis architecture to denote this phenomenon. Its feature is the fastest possible reconstruction of housing for people in disaster zones. The next term discussed in the article is urbicide, the purposeful destruction of cities caused by wars, terrorist attacks, and other aggressive actions that we have in Ukraine today.
 The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of mass housing architecture in its relationship with crisis phenomena and urbicide in society. For this purpose, the possibility of reconstruction, reconstruction and development of the architectural and urban structure of cities in the post-crisis period is considered. The features of the crisis architecture of countries and cities affected by wars, as well as floods, fires and other natural disasters (Rotterdam, Hiroshima, Bismaya, Skopje) are analysed. Foremost, the restoration of the engineering infrastructure was observed. Work on solving the housing problem consisted in the repair of damaged buildings, the reconstruction of large apartments into small apartments and the construction of typical temporary low-rise buildings 3 available raw materials. Unified 4-5- story series of economy houses were popular in post-war France, Hungary, Slovakia and other countries. Disadvantages of such housing include chaotic construction, simplification of architectural solutions, lack of individual stylistic features. Later, the temporary residential quarters were dismantled. At the same time, a significant part of such panel houses remains inhabited even in our time. 
 Ukraine was significantly affected by the Second World War. Mass construction according to typical projects took place in the 60s, as a result of which about 23% of the country's housing stock has physical and moral deterioration. In view of the military actions, it is extremely important to use the international experience of rebuilding cities, to carefully approach the selection of projects, focusing on the economic component, the safety of residents and high-quality architectural solutions.

Ambient dose equivalent rate from <sup>137</sup>Cs and natural radionuclides in one-story residential buildings in settlements of the Bryansk region in 2020–2021

Method of in situ gamma-ray spectrometry was used to discriminate contributions of 137Cs and natural radionuclides to ambient dose equivalent rate indoors in settlements located in the zones of radioactive contamination after the Chernobyl accident. The measurements using a portable scintillation gamma spectrometer-dosimeter were carried out in 115 individual one-story residential buildings in 46 settlements of the Bryansk region of Russia in the summer period of 2020–2021. According to official data, the average density of soil contamination with 137Cs in the settlements ranged from 27 to 533 kBq/m2. Based on the type of building materials that had been used to construct the walls, the surveyed houses were divided into three large groups: wooden (walls made of logs) – 51 buildings, stone (walls built of bricks and/or concrete panels) – 34 buildings, and frame-panel – 30 buildings. The latter had walls constructed of wooden panels with the inclusion of heat-insulating material. Outside, the walls of the frame-panel houses were lined with a layer of silicate (white) bricks. 70 houses were built before the accident and 37 – after the accident. In eight cases it was not possible to reliably estimate the period of construction. The total ambient dose equivalent rate ranged from 42 to 228 nSv/h (average = 77 nSv/h). The values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides were in the range 27–122 nSv/h. The average values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides in the groups of wooden, frame-panel, and stone houses were 42, 42 and 58 nSv/h, respectively. The difference between stone houses and panel houses was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The same difference was found between stone houses and wooden houses (P < 0.01). The average values of the ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs, normalized to the density of soil contamination with 137Cs, were 0.13, 0.16, and 0.05 (nSv/h)/(kBq/m2) in wooden, frame-panel, and stone houses, respectively. The normalized ambient dose equivalent rates from 137Cs in the group of stone houses were statistically significantly (P < 0.01) lower compared to the corresponding values for the groups of wooden houses and frame-panel houses. The small differences between frame-panel and wooden houses turned out to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The median and mean values of the normalized ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs for houses built before the accident were lower compared to those for houses built after the accident. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01) for all groups of houses. The mean values of the normalized ambient dose equivalent rate from 137Cs and the ambient dose equivalent rate from natural radionuclides obtained in this study can be used to estimate the external effective dose to a person staying inside a one-story residential building. In this case, one should take into account not only the type of building materials used to construct the house, but also the time period of the construction: before or after the Chernobyl accident.

Development of Large Span Curving System of Sailing Dome Structure

The article is devoted to the space-planning and structural solution of dome structures for the regions of the Far North. The article analyzes the predecessors of these design solutions, emphasizes important aspects of bioarchitecture, the possibility of widespread use of this style; disclosed existing problems. A solution for the construction of quick-assembly structures is proposed, which allows widespread use of the developed solutions for the active development of the Far North regions. The possibility of manufacturing planning and structural elements is proposed. However, in life, most of the settlements in the northern part of Russia are built up with wooden barrack-type houses, or typical dull five-story panel houses, clearly not meeting climatic conditions, which are quickly destroyed under the influence of climatic conditions. The task of our work was to develop a large-span design solution with a high bearing capacity, reducing wind and snow loads, having collapsible properties, allowing, if necessary, moving the structure, which is important for the regions of the Far North. The optimal solution for Northern construction is a dome, one of the oldest structures formed by a spherical surface of revolution.

Prospects for the renovation and modernization of urban development in the regions

The article examines the prerequisites for the organization and implementation of renovation and modernization of the urban built environment in the regions of Russia. Since the largest number of multi- apartment panel residential buildings were built in the Moscow, pilot projects for the reconstruction and renovation of residential buildings were launched here. The programs were initially aimed at the reconstruction of five-storey dilapidated panel and block residential buildings. However, over time, 9-12-16–storey panel houses appear on the queue, which expire the period of physical and moral wear and tear. The technical condition of multi- apartment panel houses in various cities of the country is characterized by a decrease in the bearing capacity and operational characteristics of building structures and in the coming decades may lead not only to a decrease in consumer characteristics of housing, but also to the emergency condition of houses. In all regions of the country, major renovation programs of apartment buildings are currently being implemented. However, carrying out only planned work on the overhaul of residential buildings cannot solve the problem of restoring load-bearing structures and internal communications completely and, moreover, eliminate the moral deterioration of buildings that has occurred. Therefore, there is a need and expediency of an integrated approach to the renewal of the built-up urban environment, renovation and further modernization of the territory, the creation of a modern architectural appearance of the city with developed infrastructure and convenient transport interchanges. Due to the transition to digital technologies in the construction industry, there is a need to modernize the built environment. In the process of carrying out measures to modernize urban development with the introduction of digital technologies, the investment attractiveness of the territory increases. And this factor is most important for the long-term development of the territory.

Footpaths of the Late-Soviet Environmental Turn: The “Forest City” of Novosibirsk’s Akademgorodok as a Sociotechnical Imaginary

Abstract The founding of Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk in the late 1950s features prominently in the historiography of the Thaw and the general turn of Soviet science to the eastern parts of the country. This article puts this story into the context of the formation of modern “green” ideas in the late Soviet Union and reconsiders the relationship between humans and nature, along with the definition of nature itself. Akademgorodok produced a telling visual perspective: the architectural plan for the city dictated that its scientific, industrial, and living zones were drowned deep in the taiga. Architects named this type of urban planning “diffusive,” and memoirists described it as a “Forest City.” Using the term of Sheila Jasanoff, we designate this “Forest City” as a sociotechnical imaginary of Akademgorodok. Our aim is to study the historical roots of the “Forest City” and how it became a collective imaginary. How did it happen that in the 1950s and 1960s, when the “faces” of Soviet cities were defined by districts of standard panel houses, that a city was built near Novosibirsk in which so much attention was given to pre-human flora, fauna, and landscapes? What ideas and intellectual contexts composed the concept of Akademgorodok as a “Forest City”? Our answer possesses two dimensions. First, the rejection of the use of decorative elements in housing construction in the post-Stalin epoch stimulated architects to pay more attention to the greening of cities. They revived the concept of a “garden city” proposed by Ebenezer Howard on a new level. Second, the evolution of the ideas of Mikhail Lavrentyev, the founder of Akademgorodok, who upon arrival in Siberia applied the productivist program manifested in the slogan “Siberia is a treasure of resources,” but later changed his opinion to more “green” views under the influence of the so-called “Baikal Discussion.” The viewpoints of Lavrentyev influenced the design of this “center” of Siberian science, and then he formulated the idea of a “Forest City.” These contexts enable the utopian horizons and the search for models of a constructed future that were typical of the Thaw era to reflect upon the important challenges of the contemporary Anthropocene.

ЖЕСТКОСТЬ НАРУЖНОЙ СТЕНОВОЙ ПАНЕЛИ С ПРОЕМОМ ЖИЛОГО ДОМА СЕРИИ I-515/5 ПРИ ПЕРЕКОСЕ

There were a number of characteristic damages and defects in typical panel houses when examine, one of which are tilts and biases of wall panels. The stiffness of the wall panel with the opening of residential building I-515/5 series has been determined at a given bias in its plane. The panel was calculated numerically using a nonlinear deformation model by the finite element method and analytically. The software package, LIRA-SAPR 2017, was used in this investigation. The calculation was carried out taking into account the nonlinearity and material creep. As a result, the fields of normal and shear stresses in the panel were obtained and the shear rigidity was calculated. The analysis of the obtained results showed that a possible decrease of the actual stiffness of the panel should take into account against the calculated stiffness was obtained according to the standards.

Radon concentration in conventional and new energy efficient multi-storey apartment houses: results of survey in four Russian cities

During last decades, energy saving in new buildings became relevant within the energy efficiency strategies in various countries. Such energy efficient building characteristics as air tightening and low ventilation can compromise indoor air quality, in particular, increase radon concentration. In Russia, a significant part of the new buildings is the energy efficient multi-storey apartment houses. The aim of this study is to assess the significance of possible radon concentration increase in new energy efficient buildings in comparison with typical conventional multi-storey houses of previous periods. Radon surveys were conducted in Russian cities Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Saint-Petersburg and Krasnodar. The radon measurements were carried out in 478 flats using CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Energy efficiency index (EEI) was assigned to each house. All buildings were divided into six main categories. The smallest average radon concentration was observed in panel and brick houses built according to standard projects of 1970–1990 (four-city average 21 Bq/m3). The highest average radon concentration and EEI were observed in new energy efficient buildings (49 Bq/m3). The trend of radon increase in buildings ranked with high EEI index is observed in all cities. The potential increase of radiation exposure in energy-efficient buildings should be analyzed taking into account the principles of radiological protection.

Investment planning of measures for rehabilitation of industrial residential buildings in Berlin based on simulation models

Introduction. The article examines the German experience of the investment policy of rehabilitation of industrial panel residential buildings. Based on scientific research, the Senate of Berlin decided on the need for rehabilitation of panel housing of the city. German scientists developed an investment policy for supporting the programme of panel housing rehabilitation. Special attention was paid to investment planning and analysis of investments in the programme. Materials and methods. Investment planning of measures for rehabilitation of industrial residential buildings in Berlin carried out from 1990 to 2000 was analysed in the course of the study. The classification of investment payback procedure was investigated. The profitability of investment projects is determined by well-known methods of investment accounting: static and dynamic ones. The German concept of integrated investment analysis system through SIB simulation model programmes is studied. Results. The SIB simulation model is a part of the general investment analysis system. The selection criteria identified in the model should promote investment analysis and facilitate the search for solutions. The OSIM programme performs the actual simulation of solvency and investment accounts. The SOSIM programme specifies the data to control the OSIM simulation programme. Control data are entered and stored in the SAUS programme. The programmes aim at their systematic application to make the considered investments transparent and explainable. Conclusions. The profitability of the rehabilitation programme was determined using well-known methods of investment simulation. When rehabilitating the panel houses, the following parameters were obtained: restoration of physical and moral deterioration of the housing stock, reduction of operating costs, providing people living quality, criteria of demand for housing services and acceptable rent cost, satisfaction of tenants in terms of price-to-quality relation, location and social facilities, employment opportunities, identifying demand for affordable housing. The positive results of the applying investment modeling methods can be used to calculate the profitability of budget investments in the state programme of renovation in Moscow.

Innovative Energy-Saving Sandwich-Panels for Industrial Construction

Today, large-panel housing construction occupies a leading position, both in terms of construction speed and sales, which contributes to an increase in the volume of precast concrete housing construction. Outdated series of large-panel houses do not meet modern requirements. Old faceless panel houses are gradually replaced by beautiful housing complexes with different types of facades. At present, in the technology of construction of panel houses from sandwich-panels, the relevant trend is to reduce the standard thickness of the facade layer of a three-layer sandwich-panel (GOST 31310–2015 “ Three-Layer Reinforced Concrete Wall Panels with Effective Insulation. General Technical Conditions”) from 70 mm to 40 mm or less. Panel houses require a reduction in metal consumption, material consumption and improvement of thermal characteristics. This requires the development and implementation of new materials. The use of such construction products made of composite materials as diagonal flexible composite connections, flexible mounting loops and composite reinforcement mesh will make it possible to reduce the thickness of the protective layer of concrete without compromising the stability of the structure under the influence of the external environment due to the high corrosion resistance of the composite, reduce the weight of the panel, reduce the cost of manufacturing a unit of panel, increase the energy efficiency of the panel, ensure long-term strength of enclosing structures – create an innovative energy-efficient reinforced concrete sandwich panel of the XXI century.

Modular panel house design with prefabricated production technology

The purpose of this study is to get efficient home needs from modular panel houses at low cost and have a comfort factor and describe the design of the modular panel type house. This research method used the descriptive quantitative method, with research subjects describing the modular panel house design with its criteria. With the modular panel house building method would be easier with low costs compared to conventional because the industrial process was carried out with prefabrication, and pay attention to ecological factors in the building. Designed houses of modular panel house are built at low cost, taking into account thermal comfort factors and have eco-architectural values so that they can influence people’s interest in this type of house.

Modern Panel Houses in Nizhny Novgorod

Modern Panel Houses in Nizhny Novgorod

Low-rise house of plywood honeycomb panels

One of the current problems of the countries of the post-Soviet space is the low availability of housing. A rather large number of houses annually become obsolete, destroyed as a result of disasters. The global all-Russian modern trend of housing construction is its reorientation to the market of low-rise construction. Low-rise construction can be one way to increase the number of square meters per person. Russia is the largest producer of industrial wood and plywood in the world. Therefore, it is proposed to consider wooden house-building. There are different types of wood houses: traditional log construction; panel-house; frame house.The authors of the article suggest to consider a new type of the plywood honeycomb panel, which help to solve this problem. It has a patent. The main problem of panel houses is the connections between panels. The article is devoted to assessing, various nodes of the combination of panels. Advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods of connecting panels are considered. The report also suggested possible practical ways to constructing panel: ordinary panel-floor and ordinary panel-wall according to requirements of woodworking production. In conclusion, it is proposed an example of structural solution of linking of ordinary wall panels, floor covering panels and foundation for mass-market building.

Structural changes in wooden floor panels during the construction of waiting rooms for railway stations

Mass migration of the urban population to the suburbs forces the producers of wooden panel houses, which are considered to be the most economical options for detached house, to constantly modify their products. Over the past 50 years, manufacturers have significantly improved the wooden panel walls. At the moment, work on improving the efficiency of such structures is in progress. However, according to the authors, the floor structure is given undeservedly little attention. In this paper, the process of testing and modifying of a standard floor slab panel, which has not changed in recent years, is described. The authors propose to increase the efficiency of the floor slab panel by adding a drop-beam, which allows not only reducing the prime cost but also to increasing the durability of the panel.

Influence of the drop-beam on the floor slab panel in the construction of waiting rooms for railway stations

The aim to improve the efficiency of wooden panel houses led to a significant improvement in the design of vertical enclosure structures. However, the structure of the floor slab panel was left unchanged. The authors of this work guessed that it is possible to reduce the cost of panel-wooden individual houses without reducing the strength characteristics by increasing the efficiency of the floor structure. With this purpose, drop-beams were introduced, which proved their effectiveness by trial and error method. To determine the influence of the drop-beam on the floor structure, this article presents the calculation of the structure in the first-order approximation according to Hooke's law, and a positive effect on the panel with a span of up to six meters was revealed. Additional research is needed for the panels spanning more than six meters.

Hygrothermal Analysis of Indoor Environment of Residential Prefabricated Buildings

Recent studies show that the relative humidity and the indoor air temperature constitute an important determinant of the quality of indoor air. Hygrothermal microclimate has a significant impact on occupant’s health and their comfort. The study presents the results of experimental measurement of indoor air temperature and relative humidity in selected apartment in prefabricated panel house situated in Ostrava, Czechia. The contribution describes and analysis the relation between indoor air temperature [°C] and relative humidity [%] in this apartment. The experimental object is selected with respect to the housing stock in the Czech Republic. A third of the housing stock in the Czech Republic is composed of prefabricated panel houses. Regeneration and revitalization of these buildings were in the focus of interest during recent years. Building modifications, such as thermal insulation of building envelope or window replacement, lead to a significantly higher level of airtightness of these objects. Humidity and indoor air temperature are measured in 10-minute cycles for two periods. The values of temperature and humidity are measured for the non-heating and the heating season. The length of each experimental period is 30 days. The mean value of indoor air temperature is 22.21 °C and average relative humidity is 45.87% in the non-heating period. The values of 22.62 °C and 35.20% represent average values for the heating period. A slight increase of the average temperature of the indoor environment (+1.85%) is observed. The decrease of the relative humidity is evident at first glance. The relative humidity of the internal environment is approximately 10% lower in the heating period. Long-term decline of relative humidity below 30% brings many problems. It is necessary to take measures to increase of relative humidity in residential prefabricated building. The aquarium appears to be ineffective. The solution may be forced artificial ventilation or humidifiers.

Метод оценки требуемых объемов теплопотребления жилищного фонда субъектов РФ

The relevance of carrying out work on predicting the necessary amounts of heat consumption in the Russian Federation (RF) entities (cities, regions and districts) for their heating systems is stemming from the extremely important necessity of determining the amounts in which fuel-and-energy resources shall be produced and how they shall be distributed among the districts, regions and cities. These predictions are also used to plan the necessary amounts of heat consumption in the RF entities, taking into account the dynamics of their development, i.e., the increase of these amounts due to commissioning of new areas/facilities in the RF entities. The complexity of applying the existing methods to determining the heat consumption for heating and ventilation in a district (e.g., in the Central Federal District) lies in ensuring the accuracy of determining the number of buildings and their specific heat losses. To this end, aggregated indicators of specific design amounts of heat expenditure in residential buildings per capita for cities have been proposed, which are calculated on the basis of specific heat losses specified for typical buildings and old houses (4–5-storey brick houses, 5–9-storey block and panel houses, and 9–12-storey panel houses). The approach to determining predicted estimates of the necessary amounts of heat consumption in the housing stock of RF entities (cities, regions and districts) for their heating systems is proposed. This approach is based on the following two methods: (1) the adapted method for analyzing statistical data on the amounts of heat consumption in the housing stock of RF entities for their heating systems, which is used to determine the statistical data; (2) the method for determining predicted estimates of necessary heat consumption amounts in the housing stock of RF entities for their heating systems. The proposed approach has been approbated taking as an example the case of determining predicted estimates of the necessary heat consumption amounts in the housing stock of the Central Federal District for its heating systems. This approbation justifies the applicability of the proposed approach to settling matters concerned with planning the amounts of heat consumption in the housing stock of RF entities for their heating systems and with supplying fuel-and-energy resources to them with due regard of the anticipated future development of the RF entities.