Panel Data Research Articles

The impact of green finance on labor income share: Evidence from green finance reform and innovation pilot zone

Enhancing the labor income share (LIS) is essential for optimizing the income distribution structure and achieving the goals of Chinese modernization. Through the panel data of Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2013 to 2022, we construct a multi-period difference-in-differences model to evaluate the effect of the green finance reform and innovation pilot zones (GFRIPZ) on the enterprises’ LIS and its underlying mechanisms. The research results show that: (1) The GFRIPZ significantly increased the LIS of enterprises. And this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness checks. (2) Mechanism analyses indicates that the GFRIPZ primarily enhances the LIS by alleviating enterprises’ financing constraints and increasing operating income. (3) Heterogeneity analyses reveal that, compared to the eastern China and state-owned enterprises, the income effect of GFRIPZ is stronger in the central-western China and non-state-owned enterprises.

Is environmental information disclosure driving green energy development? Contextual evidence from Chinese city level data in the lens of sustainability

As an important supplement to mandatory environmental regulation, third-party participation in environmental regulation has become an important driving force for the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. Environmental information disclosure (EID) has become a widely used form of third-party participation ecological regulation, and the study of its impact on green energy development (GED) is receiving more and more academic attention. However, the research on this issue is still insufficient in academia. Based on resource-based theory and information processing theory, with IPE project of pollution information survey in China as an exogenous impact, this paper analyzes the causal impact of EID for GED using panel data of 285 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020. The findings revealed that EID is a strong driver of GED in the long run, further amplified by the smart city pilot program. Besides, industrial structure transformation (IST), substantive green technological innovation (SGTI), non-substantive green technological innovation (NOSGTI), and green finance development (GFD) are important mediating mechanisms through which EID facilitates the GED. Concerning resource endowments of different regions and cities, the heterogeneity test asserted that the promotion effect of EID for GED is best in resource-based cities and old industrial parks. These results emphasize the importance of public participation in urban sustainable development and provide new ideas for promoting green growth.

Digital agriculture’s impact on carbon dioxide emissions varies with the economic development of Chinese provinces

Digital empowerment is a dynamic process of complementary digital technology and production factors and plays a critical role in achieving the dual carbon objectives of the carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Here, we use the input-output method, employing panel data on environmental and social factors from 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2012 to 2021. We explore the impact of digital empowerment development on agricultural carbon dioxide emissions and underlying mechanisms. We found that the relationship between digital empowerment and carbon dioxide emissions is nonlinear and follows an inverted U-curve. The carbon dioxide emissions increase as digital empowerment increases and decrease when digital empowerment crosses the inflection point of 0.0862. Digital empowerment reduces agricultural carbon emissions by optimizing carbon-intensive factor inputs such as fertilizers and improving factor allocation efficiency. Our research provides evidence for policymakers to enable the promotion of digital empowerment of farmers across Chinese provinces.

Stability Of Islamic Commercial Banks In Indonesia: Company Size, Profitability, And Efficiency

This study aims to analyze the effect of company size, profitability, and efficiency on the stability of Islamic commercial banks (ICB). This study uses a quantitative approach. The population of this study is Islamic commercial banks, and the sampling technique used is purposive sampling, obtained from four ICBs. The data source used is secondary data from each ICB's financial statements. The data analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis using e-views software version 13. The results of this study indicate that company size positively affects ICB's stability. However, profitability negatively affects ICB's stability. In contrast, efficiency does not affect ICB's stability. This study can complement existing theories, especially regarding the effect of size on company stability, and can be a reference for further research. Practically, this study can be a reference for banks in maintaining the stability of company operations in terms of company size and profitability.

Unraveling the Effects of Economic Growth and Unemployment on Tobacco Use: A Panel Data Approach.

The economic situation is recognized as a significant factor influencing tobacco consumption. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, unemployment, and tobacco use. This investigation employs data from 1985 to 2019 to elucidate the relationship between economic growth, unemployment, and tobacco consumption in a select group of OECD countries. Employing Pedroni and Johansen-Fisher Panel Co-Integration Tests, we assess the co-integrating relationships. Furthermore, FMOLS and DOLS techniques are applied, complemented by the Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality Test. FMOLS and DOLS results suggest that a 1% increase in GDP leads to a 6.46% and 7.29% rise in tobacco consumption, respectively, while GDP squared results in a 0.39% and 0.43% decrease. However, both tests failed to establish a significant relationship between tobacco consumption and unemployment. Cointegration was confirmed by Johansen-Fisher and Pedroni tests. Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests revealed direction of granger causality from economic growth to tobacco consumption, but not with unemployment. Tobacco consumption declined across all countries studied. Economic growth shows a positive association, while GDP squared has a negative association, indicating an inverted U-shaped relationship. No significant relationship was found with unemployment in the employed tests. In addition to the measures implemented by countries to reduce tobacco consumption, economic factors also exert a significant relation with smoking behavior. The available results suggests that economic growth initially associated with increase in tobacco consumption but reduction in later stages indicating a long-term inverse relationship between economic growth and tobacco use.

Association between Jewish religious observance and mental health among Israeli adults: Findings from the Global Flourishing Study.

This study investigates the association between Jewish religious observance and several indicators of mental health and psychological well-being among Jewish Israeli adults. Data are from adult (18+) Jewish respondents in the Israeli sample (N = 2958) of the first wave of the Global Flourishing Study (GFS), a 22-nation population survey which will eventually consist of five annual waves of panel data. The GFS Israeli data were collected via a randomized, stratified, probability-based sampling design, and contained dozens of indicators of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, political, religious, health-related, and other constructs. Measures of Jewish religious observance, including religious service attendance, prayer, scripture reading, belief in God, and importance of Judaism, are statistically significant predictors of several single-item indicators of mental health (overall mental health, depression, anxiety) and psychological well-being (suffering, happiness, life satisfaction). Greater religious observance is associated with a higher self-rating of overall mental health, less depression and anxiety, less suffering, and greater happiness and life satisfaction. Nearly all results withstood adjusting for effects of several sociodemographic covariates. These results offer confirmation of prior studies using smaller samples or non-population-based designs and with fewer mental health and religious indicators. They suggest that evidence for a salutary association between religious observance and mental health or psychological well-being among Israeli Jewish adults is consistent with findings in this literature for adherents to other faith traditions throughout the world.

Education, Science and Technology, and Talent Integrated Development: Evidence from China

Education, science and technology, and talent are significant factors driving economic growth. Coordinating the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent is not only an important way to achieve the development of education, technology, and talent themselves, but it is also a crucial path to sustainable development. The research objectives of this paper are to explore the coupling coordination relationship among the three subsystems of education, science and technology, and talent and to investigate their spatiotemporal pattern evolution characteristics. This paper, based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2022, constructs an evaluation index system for “education–science and technology–talent” (EST) development from three dimensions: education, science and technology, and talent. It comprehensively employs methods such as spatiotemporal pattern evolution, LISA time path, and spatial transitions to evaluate the level of China’s EST. The results indicate the following: (1) During the research period, the level of China’s EST shows a significant upward trend, with the educational subsystem being the most prominent. (2) The level of China’s EST development has a significant spatial differentiation characteristic, generally showing a decreasing trend from the eastern to the central and western regions. (3) In terms of the stability of the spatiotemporal pattern, the spatial pattern of China’s EST development is relatively stable, and there is no significant spatial shift during the research period. This study provides a new method for the evaluation of complex systems and also offers a reference for the economic growth of many developing countries.

The dynamic effects of becoming disabled on work, wages and wellbeing in the UK from 1991 to 2018

Abstract Over recent decades it has consistently been shown that disabled adults in the UK fare worse in the labour market and have lower levels of wellbeing than non-disabled adults. However, this is in part due to the selection into dis-ability of those with existing socio-economic disadvantages. In this article, we use panel data from the combined British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society, covering the 27 years from 1991 to 2018, to distinguish between the effect of selection, the effect of dis-ability onset and the effect of dis-ability duration on a range of labour market and wellbeing outcomes. We show that there is important selection both into dis-ability and into longer experience of dis-ability on the basis of observable characteristics. We also show the importance of controlling for time-invariant unobservable individual characteristics that similarly affect selection into dis-ability and duration of dis-ability. Even after controlling for both forms of selection, we find significant negative effects of dis-ability onset and duration, and offer policy solutions to address them.

Penerapan Analisis Data Panel Pada Suhu Udara Terhadap Perubahan Iklim Curah Hujan di Kota Padang

Climate is the average weather conditions that prevail over an extended period in a particular region. The complex climate system, comprising components such as the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, generates climate variations among different areas. Climate change has potential impacts such as changes in rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and sea level rise. Extreme weather, prolonged droughts, and heatwaves can endanger both the environment and human beings.This article aims to assist in predicting future climate patterns to prepare for their impacts using panel data analysis. A panel data regression model is employed to assess the influence of rainfall and air temperature on climate change in Kota Padang from 2018 to 2022. The analysis reveals a significant influence of air temperature, estimated at 0.08, on climate change in Kota Padang during this period. These findings provide a basis for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate challenges in the region and offer valuable insights for government policies in facing future climate-related issues.

Industrial Agglomeration, Land Consolidation, and Agricultural Energy Inefficiency in China: An Analysis Using By-Production Technology and Simultaneous Equations Model

Improving agricultural energy inefficiency is essential for achieving sustainable agricultural development and promoting major agricultural countries to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. This paper analyzes agricultural energy inefficiency in China, using panel data from 30 provinces between 2000 and 2021. The by-production technology model is employed to measure and decompose inefficiency, and the simultaneous equations model and moderating effect model are utilized to study the impact mechanism of industrial agglomeration, land consolidation, and agricultural energy inefficiency. The findings reveal several key points: First, the average inefficiency of agricultural energy in China increased from 0.370 to 0.514, with economic inefficiency rising at a faster rate than environmental inefficiency. Second, agricultural industrial agglomeration serves to inhibit both agricultural energy economic inefficiency and environmental inefficiency, which, in turn, hampers the development of industrial agglomeration. This relationship shows heterogeneity across the eastern, central, and western regions, as well as between major and non-major grain production areas. Third, land consolidation—both nationally and specifically in the central, major grain-producing, and non-major grain-producing areas—effectively mitigates the deterioration of agricultural energy inefficiency caused by industrial agglomeration. In the eastern region, land consolidation can enhance the inhibitory effect of industrial agglomeration on energy inefficiency. This paper highlights the interconnections between industrial agglomeration, land consolidation, and agricultural energy inefficiency, providing valuable policy references for the development of sustainable agriculture and the proactive and steady advancement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.

Digital Economy and Urban Carbon Emissions: A Quasi-Natural Experiment of the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone in China

In this study, we assess the impact of digital economy development on urban carbon emissions using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach based on the quasi-natural experiment of the national big data comprehensive pilot zone (NBDCPZ) policy and panel data from 168 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019. We find that the establishment of NBDCPZ has a significant carbon emission reduction effect. This finding is robust to various sensitivity tests. Further mechanism validation illustrates that the construction of NBDCPZ promotes the regional digital development level and reduces urban carbon emissions through three channels: improving energy efficiency to optimize energy consumption, increasing green total factor productivity, and promoting the clustering of high-tech industries. The heterogeneity analysis concludes that the carbon emission reduction effect of NBDCPZ policy varies with different regional locations and different city characteristics. Moreover, using spatial models, we find that the positive impact is characterized by spatial spillover effect. The findings provide detailed empirical evidence to formulate urban development strategies for enabling carbon reduction of the digital economy. JEL Classification: O30, Q53, Q55, Q58, R10

The impact of pilot policies for low carbon city construction on the development of urban circular economy multiple time-point difference-in-differences model

IntroductionAs a means of environmental regulation, the low-carbon city pilot policy aims to address climate change and alleviate environmental resource pressures in economic development. The development of low-carbon cities often requires changes to the existing industrial and energy structures, which will have a significant impact on the regional economy.MethodsThe study is based on panel data from 273 prefecture level cities in China from 2012 to 2022, and uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Comprehensive Evaluation Method to construct an evaluation index system for urban circular benefits. Finally, the multiple time point differences model and mediation effect model were used to evaluate the impact and influencing factors of policies on urban economy.ResultsThe results indicate that at the 1% level, the explanatory variable coefficient significantly improves the level of urban circular economy development after adding control variables. The construction of low-carbon pilot cities has improved the performance of circular economy development by about 6.42%. The mediating effect of industrial structure rationalization is significantly positive at the 1% significance level, indicating that the construction of low-carbon pilot cities has greatly promoted the coordinated development of industrial relations within China’s low-carbon development regions.DiscussionIt can be seen that the low-carbon city pilot policy has a significant promoting effect on China’s economic development and the development of urban circular economy. Therefore, it is recommended to further expand the pilot scope of low-carbon cities and fully leverage their promoting role.

Innis Lecture: The time of your life: The mortality and longevity of Canadians

AbstractI develop and implement a methodology for cohort life expectancy using a panel of administrative tax data on a large sample born between 1930 and 1964. Over these 35 years, cohort life expectancy after age 54 grew by five years for women and seven years for men. The income–longevity gradient for the top 5% vs. bottom 5% of incomes is nine years of post‐54 life for men and seven years for women. The life expectancy improvements arise across the income distribution in Canada, unlike the United States. Large differences across neighbourhoods emerge that cannot be explained by income differences alone.

The effect of board of directors attributes, environmental committee and institutional ownership on carbon disclosure quality

AbstractThis study assesses the effect of the board of directors' attributes, environmental committee (EC), and institutional ownership (IO) on carbon disclosure quality (CDQ) from the perspectives of legitimacy and agency theories in Malaysia. This study collects and analyzes data based on 1000 observations of firms from carbon‐intensive industries from 2015 to 2019. The effect of the board of directors' attributes, EC, and IO on the CDQ was observed using a panel data regression model. The study revealed a significant positive relationship between board independence, board size, female representation, EC, IO, and CDQ. These findings suggest that carbon disclosure awareness is rising in Malaysia as firms have gradually integrated corporate governance (CG) best practices into their business strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the factors that influence CDQ in Malaysian businesses. This study identified firms with a higher CDQ using a new global reporting initiative‐based carbon reporting index. This expands the literature on carbon disclosures. This study focuses on carbon‐intensive industries, which might not reflect Malaysia's current CDQ situation. Thus, future research should focus on other sectors to fully grasp the current state of the CDQ in Malaysia and offer new perspectives on emerging markets. The findings may benefit a vast group of regulatory bodies in assessing Malaysian firms' responses to local and international carbon guidelines.

The Impact of Digitalization on Agricultural Green Development: Evidence from China’s Provinces

Agricultural green development is crucial for achieving the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, with the digital technology revolution acting as a catalyst for both China’s green agricultural transformation and global sustainable development efforts. This study utilizes panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2012 to 2022 to assess the digitalization level and agricultural green development through a combined entropy weight and TOPSIS method. It also investigates the spatial agglomeration of agricultural green development using Moran’s I index and empirically evaluates the impact of digitalization on agricultural green development through OLS and spatial Durbin models. The findings reveal that, while China’s agricultural green development has progressed slowly yet steadily during the study period, it demonstrates significant spatial agglomeration, driven primarily by agricultural production efficiency and resource recycling. Notably, a non-linear U-shaped relationship exists between digitalization and agricultural green development, suggesting that digitalization fosters agricultural green development only after surpassing a certain threshold. Additionally, digitalization has spatial spillover effects: advancements in neighboring provinces correlate with local agricultural green development in a U-shaped manner, with an initial “siphon effect” followed by a “trickle-down effect.” These insights inform policy recommendations aimed at optimizing the use of digital technology to facilitate green agricultural transformation, offering valuable guidance for policymakers.

Evaluation of long-term care expenditures from the silver economy perspective

Silver economics is a field of science that evaluates the long-term care needs that develop because of aging from the economics perspective within the supply and demand framework. The expenditures and investments made to meet long-term care needs constitute the main subject of long-term care expenditures. This study empirically tested the relationship between long-term care expenditures and life expectancy. Expenditures on long-term care facilities (LTCFE) were taken as the dependent variable, and life expectancy at birth (LEAB) and life expectancy at 65 years and over (LEO65) were taken as independent variables. The analysis included data from 25 countries with regular LTCFE from 2004 to 2020. The variables were analyzed using the econometric model established within the framework of panel data analysis. According to the least squares analysis results, a 1% increase in LEAB increased LTCFE by 2.1%, while a 1% increase in LEO65 decreased LTCFE by 0.54%. Moreover, a unidirectional causality relationship was found between LTCFE and LEAB and LEO65. The empirical evidence suggests that life expectancy impacted LTCFE. According to the findings, they emphasize the importance of aligning policy frameworks with demographic changes to ensure sustainable long-term care systems in aging societies.

Net‐Zero Transition Pathways in Belt and Road Economies: Insights From Threshold Effects and Heterogeneous Analysis

ABSTRACTGiven the pressing need for economies to mitigate climate change and champion carbon neutrality, this study investigates the threshold effects of financial development and foreign direct investment (FDI) on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) bloc, taking into account the moderating role of the regulatory environment. Drawing on the environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis, the study utilizes the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) modeling, proposed by Arellano and Bover, to analyze panel data from 37 SSA countries spanning 1990–2022. The findings reveal that financial development in the banking, financial, and private sectors, along with FDI outflows, is associated with a reduction in CO₂ emissions. Conversely, FDI inflows are linked to increased CO₂ emissions. A curvilinear relationship is observed, where initial increases in financial development and FDI correlate with higher emissions, which decline beyond a certain threshold. Stronger regulations enhance the positive impact of financial development on reducing CO₂ emissions. Finally, the findings show a significant heterogeneous effect across the SSA regional blocs. These findings underscore the critical need for implementing stringent environmental regulations and promoting sustainable financial practices to mitigate negative environmental impact. This research provides both theoretical and practical insights into fostering a carbon neutrality agenda and advancing Sustainable Development Goal 13.

Relationship Corruption and Economic Growth ASEAN Countries

Corruption is a detrimental act for many people, especially related to the economy. Various groups widely discuss corruption and economic growth from academia, government, and the private sector. This is even more complex when coupled with competitiveness between countries and democratic systems. So this study aims to analyze the influence of global competitiveness, corruption and democracy on economic growth in ASEAN countries. This study used panel data analysis methods in 7 ASEAN countries from 2014-2019. The seven countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. It is related to economic growth, corruption, and competitiveness in ASEAN countries. The results of this study show that corruption brings mudhorot but has yet to be significant to economic growth. Another interesting finding is that democracy negatively affects global competitiveness and increases economic growth. This research can be one of the government's policy recommendations by increasing economic growth through strict enforcement against corruption and increasing global competitiveness. To realize economic growth that prospers society requires the role of the government through increasing human and institutional resources to support other competitiveness factors that focus on technological, environmental, and innovation aspects

Female leadership and financial sustainability of MFIs: the moderating role of female borrowers

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether the percentage of female borrowers moderate the effect of female leadership on financial sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs).Design/methodology/approachThe study collected an unbalanced panel data of 821 MFIs between 2007 and 2018 from the Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX). MFIs’ financial sustainability was measured as operational self-sufficiency (OSS). The data were analyzed using the fixed effect regression model.FindingsThe study found that having women participation in managerial and board positions has a positive effect on OSS. The results further demonstrated that the proportion of female loan officers and female borrowers had a negative effect on OSS. In addition, the study’s findings revealed that the percentage of female borrowers moderated the relationship between female board members, female managers, female loan officers and OSS.Practical implicationsThese findings may offer important insights to policymakers and practitioners in formulating strategies to improve financial inclusion for women by examining the inherent link between female borrowers and women’s participation in leadership roles within MFIs, which affects the financial sustainability of these entities.Originality/valueThis study is among the few that have examined the interaction between the proportion of female borrowers and other forms of female participation, including loan officers, managers and board members, and its effect on the financial sustainability of MFIs.

Developmental patterns of athletic performance and physical fitness in youth baseball players: A longitudinal analysis

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate developmental patterns in athletic performance during youth and determine their association with changes in physical fitness. The testing included three athletic performance (i.e. ball speed in pitching, swing velocity in batting, 30-metre sprint time) and two physical fitness tests (i.e. medicine ball [MB] back throw and modified star excursion balance test [SEBT]). Data from 235 players (557 measurements) aged 6 to 14 were eligible for a longitudinal evaluation. The statistical analysis was based on the latent growth curve models of the athletic performance development process and the random-effect panel data multivariate regression analysis for ball speed, swing velocity, and 30-metre sprint time. The 30-metre sprint time showed a small curvature but an accelerated increase around 12‒13 years old. However, the ball speed, swing velocity, and modified SEBT demonstrated a slower or less accelerated change in the developmental pattern starting around 12‒13 years old. Multivariate longitudinal analysis revealed that developmental change in athletic performance was positively associated with age and MB back throw. Our findings highlight the developmental patterns of athletic performance associated with baseball exhibiting stagnation as well as acceleration, which may help develop effective age-appropriate strategies for improving performance in youth baseball players.