Panel Arrangement Research Articles

A comprehensive review on architectural design and development of flexible photovoltaic solar panel

This review article aims to investigate the potential of flexible solar panels to revolutionize building and vehicle roofing design. The study explores the technology, its advantages over conventional panels, and architectural design considerations for seamless integration into curved surfaces. Flexible solar panels represent an emerging technology with the potential to transform the aesthetics and functionality of buildings and vehicles. Unlike rigid panels, flexible solar cells can conform to curved surfaces, offering new possibilities for architectural design and energy generation. This review comprehensively explores the technology behind flexible solar panels, comparing their characteristics to conventional flat panels. It delves into architectural design considerations, examining various methods and tools employed for optimizing panel shape, arrangement, and integration within the built environment. The findings of this review highlight the significant advantages of flexible solar panels in terms of aesthetic appeal and design flexibility. The ability to seamlessly integrate these panels into curved surfaces opens up new possibilities for architectural innovation. Flexible solar panels have the potential to become an integral component of future building and vehicle design. By overcoming the limitations of traditional solar technology, these panels can contribute to sustainable energy generation while enhancing the visual appeal of structures. Further research and development are necessary to optimize the efficiency and durability of flexible solar panels for extensive adoption.

Study of Partial Shading Effect on the Different Photovoltaic Array Arrangements and their Shade Resilience

Due to its ability to directly and cleanly convert solar radiation into electricity, the use of photovoltaic (PV) technology is rapidly increasing. Solar PV panels are connected in various series and parallel configurations to achieve the necessary output voltages and currents. They perform optimally when completely unshaded, but when a series connection is partially shaded (PS), bypass diodes activate and the overall voltage drops, resulting in reduced power generation. The location of bypass diodes, series-parallel combination types, and shading patterns all impact the output power. Therefore, selecting the appropriate PV panel arrangement can potentially increase output under these conditions. This study analyzes the shade resilience ability of series-parallel (SP), Total cross-tied (TCT), Bridge-linked (BL), and Honeycomb (HC) configurations.

Estimation of Photovoltaic Potential of Urban Buildings Considering a Solar Panel Arrangement Using a 3D City Model

Estimation of Photovoltaic Potential of Urban Buildings Considering a Solar Panel Arrangement Using a 3D City Model

Development of a Digital Twin Framework for a PV System to Resolve Partial Shading

Digital twin (DT) is a prolific buzzword in this era, where digitization plays a significant role. The perception of solar energy harvesting has been gaining popularity with the advent of solar panels. Solar asset maintenance is a need of the hour for investors because of the smart city scheme and green building certificate evaluation for all industries, educational institutions, etc. Among the list of factors that reduce PV system efficiency, the issue of partial shading is a vital distress that must be resolved. This paper focuses on the development of a digital twin framework that is proactively driven by shading patterns and a proposed optimization-based reconfiguration embedded controller that electronically relocates the panel in the physical world. The real-time system has been created for a three-by-three series parallel panel arrangement. The proposed switching matrix controller achieves the maximum power, i.e., 40% of increased power output, row current difference is made almost zero from 3 to 4 A, and fill factor increases by 20% by reconfiguring the solar array. It is done based on a decision taken by a nature-inspired (equal irradiation distribution algorithm) or puzzle-based (skyscraper) optimization algorithm. Switching matrix controllers overcome the disadvantages of physical relocation. The users can query the digital twin build to know the historical performance and current operating conditions of the system. It can trigger alarms as early warnings and make predictions about possible system anomalies, if and when they occur using a digital twin.

Combining photovoltaic modules and food crops: first agrovoltaic prototype in Belgium

Agrovoltaic systems (combination of biomass production and electricity production by photovoltaics (PV)) are typically installed in locations with high insolation and/or arid climates in order to protect the crops against drought and sunburn. However, even in Belgium with a temperate maritime climate, summers are getting warmer and dryer, with reduced crop yields as result. This paper describes the first agrivoltaic prototype in Belgium. By use of a coupled simulation program developed in Python, a checkerboard panel arrangement was selected as an initial validation, in order to have a homogeneous ground radiation and crop growth. Potatoes were grown below the PV modules and the microclimate was measured. Results show lower temperatures below the PV modules and less transpiration and evaporation from crop and soil. The leaf area of the potatoes was larger below the PV modules which indicates an adapted light harvesting capability. Night-time temperatures were not seen to be improved under the agrivoltaic checkerboard structure, which indicates that this arrangement may not provide much protection against frost.

Impact of solar panels on runoff generation process

AbstractBecause of the benefits of solar energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is being deployed at an unprecedented rate and the number of photovoltaic panels is sharply increasing. Agrophotovoltaic systems (solar farms) seem to be the most sustainable tools to create renewable energy without compromising agricultural production. However, utility‐scale solar energy development is land intensive and its large‐scale installation can have negative impacts on the environment. Moreover, its impacts on soil and on relative hydrological processes have been poorly studied. This article aims to evaluate the impact of solar panels on the runoff generation process, which is directly linked to the soil erosion process. Using a rainfall simulator, runoff measurements for a rainfall intensity equal to 56 mm/h were carried out by assuming different panel arrangements with respect to the maximum slope direction of the field (cross slope and aligned slope). Results were compared to a control reference of the same plot, with no panels (bare soil). Physical models found in the literature were then applied and calibrated, to upscale the models to a much higher hillslope length. Results showed that solar panels increase the peak discharge by about 11 times compared to the reference hillslope. A moderate effect of PV panel arrangement was observed on the peak discharges (11.7 and 11.5 times higher, for cross slope and aligned slope panels, respectively), whereas the time to runoff was the lowest for aligned slope panels (0.3 h), higher for cross slope panels (0.62 h), and the highest (1.2 h), for the bare soil hillslope. As it would be expected, upscaling the models to longer hillslopes resulted in increases in outlet discharges, and in the time to runoff, with an exception for aligned slope panels.

Sustainable solar energy potential on marine passenger ships of Bay of Bengal: A way of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and disaster risk reduction

In Bangladesh, there are roughly 31 marine passenger ships that are in operation. These ships might be a good location for solar photovoltaic (PV) plants since solar energy is the best renewable energy to replace the fossil fuel used in the ships. A “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” system of PV panel arrangement—just looks like a “sunflower,” is proposed in this research. To harness maximum power, solar towers are designed in such a way that they may be freely rotated on their vertical axes and that the tilt angles of their solar panels can be adjusted from 0° to 50° on their horizontal axes freely. The “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” architecture of the PV array atop a maritime vessel is presented in this research along with a unique method for calculating the PV system's anticipated energy production. Finally calculated the realistic CO2 emission reduction by using this approach for a sustainable future. Applying globalsolaratlas (for horizon and sun's path estimation); PVsyst 7.2, HOMER Pro, and NREL's PVWatt calculator (for solar radiation calculation); vesselfinder (for the number of vessels analysis); shiptraffic (for vessels path analysis), this research suggests that marine passenger vessels are one of the best places to construct a proposed “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” power plant. According to estimates, 17 passenger ships can produce roughly 1240 MW of electricity per year and may save approximately 325.56 tons of CO2 gas emissions annually to the environment per year as compared to using fossil fuel-based power plants to produce electricity.

Crack Detection in Photovoltaic Panel Electroluminescence Image Using Matched Filter for Performance Loss Estimation

The long-term use of renewable energy investments which have gained importance in recent years, can be realized by tracking errors and malfunctions. It is very important to determine the cracks, microcracks and flaws that occur especially during the production and use of solar energy panels. Errors in the panels can seriously affect the energy production performance of the installed system. According to the panel arrangement in the power plant, flaws in any panel not only affect the energy production of a single panel, but also reduce the production of the entire series to which it is connected. Cracks and faults in solar panels cannot be seen with the naked eye, but can be determined by electroluminescence images. However, detecting these errors requires special expertise and a long examination time. In this study, fractures, microcracks and connection errors are detected automatically from electroluminescence images taken from photovoltaic panels. Before analyzing the images taken with the electroluminescence device, some preprocessing is required. Since the images taken from the installed power plants are not standard in terms of layout, background removal, size and perspective correction are required. In the study, the panels are not examined as a whole, but cell-based examination is carried out. For this reason, the panels are divided into cells. By applying the Matched filter to the dividing cell images, the fractures and cracks are highlighted and the features are extracted. The obtained features are evaluated statistically and the cell status is determined. An accuracy of 98.6% is achieved in determining cell damage status. The losses in the power generation performance of the panel are calculated according to the status of all cells on the panel. The calculated values are compared with the measured I-V values. As a result, efficiency loss was calculated with an accuracy rate of 96.2%.

Photovoltaic panels have altered grassland plant biodiversity and soil microbial diversity.

Human concerns about fossil fuel depletion, energy security and environmental degradation have driven the rapid development of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Most of the photovoltaic power generation plants are concentrated in desert, grassland and arable land, which means the change of land use type. However, there is still a gap in the research of the PV panel layout on grassland plant species diversity and ecological function. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the effects of PV panel arrangement on grassland plant species diversity and soil microbial diversity. In view of the differences in the microclimate at different sites of the PV panels, quadrates were arranged in front edge (FE), beneath the center of each panel (BP), back edge (BE), the uncovered interspace adjacent to each panel (IS) and the undisturbed grassland around the PV panels (Control), respectively. PV panels (especially FE) significantly increased the total aboveground productivity (total AGB) and plant species diversity in grasslands. FE increased precipitation accumulation and plant species diversity directly and indirectly changed the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities. PV panels decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, while increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Methylomirabilota. EC, Margalef' s richness and total AGB were the main factors affecting the composition of bacterial communities, while alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were the main factors affecting the composition of fungal communities. In conclusion, the arrangement of PV panels increased the plant species diversity and soil microorganisms in grassland. This study provides important information for further understanding the impact of PV panels on grassland ecosystem function and is of great significance for maintaining grassland ecosystem function.

Hysteretic model and resilient application of corrugated shear panel dampers

In this study, corrugated steel shear panels were applied to a metallic shear panel damper (SPD) to improve its seismic performance. The seismic performance tests and analysis of eight specimens were performed for different corrugated steel panel directions, arrangement forms, and material strengths. The results showed that the metallic corrugated shear panel dampers (CSPDs) exhibited remarkable plastic deformation and plump hysteretic loops. The direction of corrugated shear panels had the most significant influence on the energy dissipation performance, and the results of the horizontal corrugated direction exhibited the great performance. Then, the improved Bouc–Wen model was used to predict the hysteretic behaviour of the CSPDs, and the universal global optimization algorithm was applied to identify the model parameters. Additionally, a typical 12 storey benchmark steel frame structure was retrofitted with the CSPDs to verify the application effect of the CSPDs on structural vibration control. And the seismic fragility analysis was implemented to quantify the exceeding probabilities of different damaged states for the original structure and the damper improved structure. Compared with the benchmark frame, the performance level of the damper improvement frame in operation, immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention increased by 1.51%, 11.50%, 45.59%, and 81.19%, respectively, under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE) level. The analyses showed that the CSPDs could significantly improve the seismic resilience performance of the structure.

Gutter politics: Graphic novels in the age of Trump

This article explores the ways in which US graphic novels have responded to, narrated and politically framed the Trump presidency. Analysing a generically diverse range of texts from non-fiction to science fiction, I argue that comics artists were quick to mobilize the medium’s unique qualities in the service of ideological critique. The article offers a detailed account of how publications such as Sabrina (2018), The Hard Tomorrow (2019), LaGuardia (2019) and Welcome to the New World (2020) were developed, shaped and reshaped against the backdrop of Donald Trump’s election victory and presidential term. Through an assortment of formal and stylistic devices – spatial and temporal jumps and juxtapositions afforded by panel arrangement, a weaving together of historical and contemporaneous iconography, the interplay of various textual cues and registers – these graphic novels offered complex portrayals of the impact of Trump and ‘Trumpism’ on various individuals, groups and communities. In different ways, they evidence the medium’s ability to intervene in wider political discourse, construct challenging historical and speculative narratives and offer fresh, resonant engagements with pressing issues of the day.

Nonlinear supersonic post-flutter response of two-bay composite laminate curved panels

Aeronautical external structures are typically composed of multiple curved panels connected by reinforcement elements that allow structural interaction between the bays. In this context, the present study performs a numerical investigation on the nonlinear aeroelastic behavior of multibay composite laminate curved panels exposed to cross-stream supersonic flow. The post-flutter behavior of thin cylindrical shallow shells with H/h=1 and H/h=2 curvature ratios is examined for symmetric and asymmetric cross-ply laminates. Different from the majority of the studies, the nonlinear panel flutter assessment was not exclusively based on oscillation amplitudes but also energy quantification. Results have shown that the interaction between adjacent bays leads the system to a more complex behavior with higher energetic LCO compared to the widely used single panel approach. Additionally, the mechanical energy discretization concerning the fluttering two-bay panel arrangement exhibited how each bay operates with remarkably distinctive amounts of mechanical energy, which may be used as a direction in the design of active and passive control techniques for flutter suppression.

Enhancing the power output of partially shaded PV array using column shift right‐left panel arrangement based array reconfiguration technique

Array reconfiguration techniques applied for partially shaded photovoltaic array yield maximum power output via row current minimization and shade dispersion. Both static and dynamic reconfiguration techniques are utilized for power maximization. Noticeable advantages like one time rearrangement, effective shade dispersion, and easy steps made physical or static more popular. With profound necessity to simplify the mathematical procedure and reduced complexity, in this work, a highly competent Column shift Right-Left panel arrangement based array reconfiguration technique is proposed. It follows simple relocation steps to disperse even complex shade occurrences. To justify the versatility of the method, three different shade cases together with economy analysis and qualitative comparative study with five different existing methods including Total Cross Tied, Su Do Ku, Column method, Dominance Square, Improved Su Do Ku and Sky Scrapper methods are analysed. As a result of its implementation, power generation has aroused to a maximum of 13.47%, 4.35%, 14.01%, 9.97%, 3.45%, and 2.43%, for Top Left Corner shade case compared to conventional techniques. Further, economy analysis indicates that a maximum revenue is generated with proposed work. To strengthen the performance analysis, an experimental study on 3 × 3 PV array based on six performance metrics is carried out. For all the test cases conducted, an effective shade dispersion with the proposed method is achieved with the highest power output.

Analisis Struktur Penceritaan Webtoon Horor Creep Episode 11

Webtoon is a form of graphic narrative that interweaves words and images through panel arrangement like a printed comic. However, webtoon’s vertical orientation is one of the few differing factors that excludes webtoon from the printed comic category. Like other genres in fictional graphic narrative, horror webtoon also adjusts its narrative structure through some of webtoon’s building aspects. This research aims to find out how the horror atmosphere is built in a popular Indonesian horror webtoon titled Creep created by Ino Septian by examining one of the representative episodes. This analysis is conducted by applying Zpalanzani's triangulation analysis model perfected by adding the structural affect theory of stories by Brewer and Lichtenstein. The results of this study indicate that some building aspects of webtoon such as the gutter space, the vertical orientation of the canvas, and the arrangement of the text that connects each panel are utilized to build the horror narrative and atmosphere. These three aspects provide the readers with a more emotional experience of the horror itself.
 Keywords: horror; webtoon; visual narrative

An evaluation of optimal PV panel arrangement to mitigate the Duck-Curve phenomenon.

An evaluation of optimal PV panel arrangement to mitigate the Duck-Curve phenomenon.

Nonlinear supersonic post-flutter motion of panels with adjacent bays and thermal effects

Aerospace vehicle structures in the supersonic regime flight have their outer skin subjected to unsteady aerodynamic and thermal loading, which may lead to aeroelastic instability. Typical aerospace structures are built as multiple adjacent panels, the so-called multi-bay configuration, but early efforts to predict the supersonic flutter were based on a single panel arrangement. This work evaluates the aeroelastic behavior of supersonic multi-bay fluttering panels under thermal effects, aiming to improve the understanding of adjacent panels interaction in the nonlinear regime. The aeroelastic model is established by using the first-order quasi-steady piston theory in conjunction with isotropic panel model using the von Kármán’s assumptions to account for geometrical nonlinearities. The Newmark time-integration method is used to evaluate the resulting equations of motion. The Hopf bifurcation behavior that determines the flutter onset, thermo-buckling loading, phase portrait plots, and bifurcation diagrams for two adjacent panels are presented. The numerical results show the detrimental aspect of thermal loading in the aeroelastic behavior of fluttering panels, and the new findings corroborate with some recent studies that highlight the difference in the nonlinear flutter behavior between a single panel and multi-bay panels. Moreover, the existence of limit cycle oscillations amplitude jumps from a certain level of flow dynamic pressure is also observed. The multi-bay panels configuration also shows the anticipation of the buckled to the limit cycle oscillation solutions, when compared with a single panel analysis. Results indicate that simplified single bay panel assumptions can underestimate the post-flutter oscillations amplitudes of the adjacent bay. Such dynamic behavior may lead to a negative impact on aircraft structural design and fatigue life estimation.

Psychological Characteristics of Explication of Narration and Time in Graphic Novels

The purpose of our article is to describe various narrative devices of the comicbook which can also enable the reader to identify to the characters in a newway by concretely positioning the reader inside the point of view of a certaincharacter, and, on its basis to propose psycholinguistic aspects of narrativediscourse.Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the researchwere used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method,structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization,modeling, generalization.The results of the research. It was underlined that the important part ofcomic book narration was also the point of view: who was watching and whatwas the object of this gaze; if a character was following something and in thenext panel we were shown this object of the gaze, the reader would be positionedas this character. This type of positioning is essential in comic book narration, asit has the possibility of affecting the meanings linked with the reading of thecomics.It was described the role of visual images, which helped the reader tounderstand the textual information. Through repetition the visual imagesbecome symbols, which mean that they begin to represent something elsethrough a rule or a shared agreement. These symbols become narrative, andact as parts of the narrative by the way of integrating the symbolic meaningslinked to them to new contexts. The symbols can even turn into metaphors, as forexample the recurring image of the Comedian being flung through the window,which may be interpreted as speaking of the violence hidden in all of us.It was shown that the type of transformation of visual information wasfamiliar from film studies, and it was a clearly visual way of narrating the pastprivate experiences of the character through external focalization, showing whatthe character had experienced in the past but from outside the character. Still,while reading the novel it is easy to notice how the use of visual elements toprovide smooth transitional moments in space and time is a practical advantageof a rich visual style that exceeds the content of the words. This playing withtemporal levels and transitional moments in time and space is in fact an essential quality of the narrative of «Watchmen», leading to the interpretation thatalongside power, time is one of the crucial overall themes of the graphic novel.Conclusions. Analyzing «Watchmen», the author of this article proposedsuch psycholinguistic aspects of narrative discourse, as: visual emphasis;focalization of information; epigraphs’ emphasis; meta-narrative presentationof the text; contrasting visual linkings; actualization of narrative potential.It was shown that the panel arrangement can deceive the reader, too.Various types of temporal situations that bear on our judgments of causalitymay be created through the juxtaposition of spatial fragments from differentshots. In several storylines within «Watchmen», two parallel narratives arepresented to the reader in juxtaposition, happening simultaneously, so that aparallel is drawn between them like in many other instances in the comic.

Two-dimensional multicolor (RGBY) integrated nanocolumn micro-LEDs as a fundamental technology of micro-LED display

The development of high-productivity microLED (μ-LED) pixel panels is crucial as a key technology for next-generation displays. To provide a fundamental approach to this end, in this study, multicolor (red, green, blue, and yellow; RGBY) nanocolumn (NC) μ-LED pixels with 5 × 5 μm2 emission windows were monolithically integrated to exhibit electroluminescence spectra with peak wavelengths of 478, 512, 559, and 647 nm, respectively. The NC μ-LED pixels, which were two-dimensionally arranged with a 10 μm period, were individually driven by the matrix wiring p- and n-electrodes, exhibiting a μ-LED pixel panel arrangement.

Structural And Mechanical Design Of Solar Tracking System

This project deals with the PV Panel arrangement and its moving technique, auto tracking elements and its design. Domestic and commercial sectors are using battery backup system to challenge the power cut. Power demand is drastically increasing unproportionally to the supply. Hence, tapping of electricity from sun is mandatory requirement. A set of PV modules are integrated to the battery backup system. The charge mode selector will assign priority to use solar energy for battery charging / usage. In this system, the sunny days are used to tap out the energy. The efficiency of the PV cells are small only but by using auto tracking system the maximum possible energy can be tapped.Worm gear configurations in which the gear can not drive the worm are said to be self-locking.In this tracking arrangement,the worm gear riveted with PV array tracks the solar radiation.

Designing and Modeling of Solar Panel with Dish Reflector for Productive Improvement by Optimum Utilisation of Plant Area

In this paper, we propose a conceptual design to reduce the solar power plant area by using dish reflector and solar panel arrangement by placing the solar panel at 90° angle. The solar rays get redirected into the box with the help of parabolic dish reflectors which results reduced size requirement for the panel installation. The reflective surface increases both light intensity as well as power generation by the solar panel. Also, the usual factors associated with general installation method like dust or snow formation and bird dropping over the panels that affect the efficiency of solar panels are avoided in this light box concept.