Virus Disease Pandemic Research Articles

Comparing myocardial perfusion scan findings in patients with and without Covid-19

BackgroundCovid-19 is a pandemic viral disease that directly or indirectly affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. SPECT GATED MPI is a non-invasive nuclear imaging modality used to assess myocardial perfusion and function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on myocardial perfusion imaging in ischemic heart disease.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study of 750 patients requiring myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) who were referred to the nuclear medicine center of Kowsar Hospital, a teaching hospital in Sanandaj, the center of Kurdistan Province in north-western Iran. Data collection was performed during the Covid-19 pandemic, between 6 April 2020 and 21 March 2021. Data analysis was performed in SPSS using independent samples t-test and chi-squared.ResultsA total of 750 patients, including 328 (43.7%) Covid-19 positive and 422 (56.3%) Covid-19 negative, were included in the analysis. Although Covid-19 infected obese patients had a significantly higher rate of abnormal MPI (P < 0.0001), no significant difference in abnormal MPI was observed between the two groups (p = 0.551).ConclusionThe lack of a significant difference in the incidence of abnormal MPI between the two groups suggests that there may be Covid-19 patients with potentially abnormal MPI who have gone undetected. In addition, Covid-19 patients with pleural chest pain, myalgia or dyspnea may have been misdiagnosed as having chest pain secondary to heart disease.

Juridical Analysis of the Mandatory Vaccination Program in Combating the Covid-19 Virus

Vaccination implementation became mandatory after the issuance of Presidential Regulation no. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Combating the 2019 Coroiva Virus Dtsease (Covid-19) Pandemic. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Overcoming the Covid-19 Pandemic. this is contrary to Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Produce in Article 4. The results of the research show that the Implementation of Vaccinations is mandatory. Conflict of regulations regarding Vaccine obligations based on Presidential Regulation. In this case the Regulations President No. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Handling the 2019 Coroiva Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic, it is the opposite, however, due to the massive spread of the Covid 19 virus plus the declaration of a health emergency, it is based on the principle of Salus populi suprema est where the safety of the people is more important. What is meant in this case is that under the threat of situations and emergencies, the safety of the people must be the most important goal, including if the rule of law must be set aside.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching learning process in pre clinical medical education in selective medical college in Bangladesh

Background: The corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major disruption in educational sector including medical education. This disease outbreak has changed the medical education curriculum from traditional platform to elearning for students including Bangladesh. Objective: To observe the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching learning process in medical education in Bangladesh. Methods: This qualitative survey was done among the 68 pre-clinical students aged 19 to 23years, of a non-government medical college in Bangladesh, from march to December 2021. All study participants were first year undergraduate MBBS students from anatomy, biochemistry and physiology. Data was collected by administering pre-tested questionnaires through Google form. Results: About 75% of the participants agreed that online classes were helpful during the home stay period of COVID pandemic, but about 92.2% of them were skeptical about the success of this online system for their future medical education. About 80.9% had difficulty in keeping their concentration during online class. About 94% found difficulty to follow online practical classes. Majority of the students (82.4%) feel anxious whether they were capable of doing their job properly since this method needs technical knowledge. About 50% students had limited access to internet, there were technical issues like power cut (76.5%), and poor network of internet (69.1%) also reduced the effectiveness of online education. Online class also disrupt teacher-student relationship. Conclusion: The internet based classes served the purpose of continuation of academic activity in medical education during adverse condition of COVID . But due to uneven use of technology it had some obstacles also. Student’s ability to learning in medical education was also hampered in the absence of physical classes. This online method of education system needs much improvement to be effective in medical education. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2022;17(2): 64-71

No causal association between atopic dermatitis and COVID-19 outcomes: A Mendelian randomization study.

Frequent hand washing and disinfection during the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic may lead to skin-related disability. The causal relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease, and COVID-19 remains unclear. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal inference of atopic dermatitis with COVID-19 outcomes. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for AD, consisting of 8383 cases and 236,162 controls of European ethnicity, were provided by the FinnGen database. The GWAS outcome data were derived from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative and consisted of COVID-19 susceptibility (122,616 cases and 2,475,240 controls), hospitalization (32,519 cases and 2,062,805 controls), and very severe respiratory disease (13,769 cases and 1,072,442 controls). The inverse variance weighted with a fixed effects model (IVW (fe)) was used as the main statistical approach to assess the causality between AD and COVID-19 in this study. Several other analytical methods have also been used to complement or identify pleiotropy and heterogeneity. MR analysis showed no causality between AD and COVID-19 outcomes. The odds ratios (OR) were 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-1.02) for susceptibility, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.96-1.04) for hospitalization, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.92-1.03) for very severe respiratory disease by the method of IVW (fe). In conclusion, we found no causal relationship between AD and COVID-19 outcomes. This study provides additional ideas for the exploration of the risk factors for COVID-19.

Pengaruh Pasca Pandemi Covid Terhadap Sistem Kerja, Kinerja, Dan Motivasi Pada Karyawan Swasta di Jakarta

Abstract&#x0D; The 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic is spreading throughout the region, including the work system and work motivation of private employees in Jakarta. Work systems and work motivation are the impacts that receive the most attention after COVID-19. The work system of employees or private employees in Jakarta has certainly experienced a decline due to the influence of outside or conditions in the local area. The performance of private employees after the pandemic is certainly experiencing a bit of confusion because they are used to working from home or working from home so this must be addressed immediately so that it doesn't fall further in again becomes depressed performance. Therefore, the transition of the work system from WFH to WFO must be planned immediately and started to be implemented. Through qualitative descriptive studies, this journal aims to reveals the significant impact post-pandemic has had on the work system, performance and work motivation of private employees in Jakarta to restore the work system due to Covid-19 pandemic. The existence of COVID-19 is the cause of changes to the work system, hence the strategy for restoring the work system is to rely on restarting to implement the WFO work system periodically so that private employees can adapt so that they only need to continue the work system and improve their performance and work motivation while in the office. The impact of post-COVID-19 must be handled immediately so that employees can carry out their activities in the office as usual. Keywords: Work System, Post COVID-19, Work Motivation, Performance&#x0D;

Covid 19 Pandemic : Impact and Strategies for Education Sector in India

The corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. The closure of educational institutions due to preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19 has affected the education, well-being, and functioning of all parties involved in and benefiting from the education system in the world. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is being seen in every education sector around the world.

Dental implications of COVID-19 - An insight

COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2(SARS -CoV-2). This pandemic has created a massive impact globally and is indeed a challenge to the mass healthcare management. Despite continuous, untiring efforts of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Health departments of various countries to curb this zoonotic disease, the propensity of the virus to spread through droplets, replicate and mutate has raised huge public health concerns. Oral cavity is an index of body’s health. Oral manifestations such as ageusia, angular chelitis, periodontal diseases, ulcers and fungal infections have been reported commonly in patients with COVID-19. These oral manifestations are valuable diagnostic criteria for the disease. Periodontal inflammation has been proved to increase the severity of the disease. Also, Periodontitis can present secondary to COVID-19 due to compromised immune system in this viral disease. Proper and adequate oral hygiene, appropriate use of corticosteroids and maintenance of glycemic control can reduce oral infections in COVID-19. Considering the increased risk of contracting the virus due to their proximity to the patients in the operating environment, oral health care providers must be aware of safety protocols and should strictly adhere to the recommendations by the regulatory authorities. This not only ensures higher safety, but also prevents the dental office from being a source of transmission for the virus. This review provides an overview on COVID-19 with an insight on its oral manifestations and a special emphasis on the safety protocols to be followed by dentists.

Analysis of barriers and opportunities in the transition towards sustainable electric mobility in Tunisia: An experimental survey

The road transport sector is a primary carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions contributor in Tunisia. More recently, the emerging literature has offered findings about the dynamic link between the transport sector, population growth, energy consumption, decrease in fossil energy sources, and CO2 emissions in Tunisia. It highlighted the necessity to promote new solutions and accelerate the transition from conventional technologies to electric ones towards a zero‑carbon transportation future. So far, very little attention has been paid to consumers' attitudes, intentions, and preferences on new electric technologies. In particular, this study aimed to better understand consumers' attitudes, intentions, and preferences in order to adopt the new electric vehicle (EV) technology. The current research work introduced a structured methodology based on an online survey. As an approach, the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle was applied, using the Strength-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis as a support tool. The adopted methodology was to identify the barriers towards the diffusion of EV technology, assess the risk of slow penetration, and plan for continuous enhancement policy recommendations taking into account the consumers' economic and social disturbance precisely due to the Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Thus, on the other hand, the transition project planning requires new methodologies and strategies to remain competitive in project development. Consequently, the present paper proposed the agile methodology using the scrum framework to scale up the electric technology transition process using the user's continuous feedback for an iterative improvement in a minimum period with lower financial losses.

EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI DANA DESA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 DI DESA KRUCIL KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO

The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibiting and supporting factors for the Village Fund Direct Cash Assistance program for the poor affected by Covid 19 in Krucil Village, Krucil District, Probolinggo Regency. In addition to knowing the effectiveness of the Village Fund Direct Cash Assistance program for the poor affected by Covid 19 in Krucil Village, Krucil District, Probolinggo Regency. The type of research used is a type of qualitative research. The research approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The government has designed various new policies in order to suppress the spread and deal with this virus. Among them is Law Number 2 of 2020 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for Handling the Corona Virus Disease (Covid 19) Pandemic. In addition, in order to protect the poor, the government is expanding the Social Safety Net (JPS) including what is stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Village of PDTT Number 6 of 2020 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Village of PDTT Number 11 of 2019 concerning Priority for the Use of Village Funds which among other things relates to the provision of Direct Cash Assistance sourced from the Village Fund (BLT-Village Fund).

Lingkungan Belajar, Perilaku Belajar dan Tingkat Pemahaman Pengantar Akuntansi dalam Proses Pembelajaran Daring

Changes in various aspects of activities occurred at the beginning of 2020 due to the Corona virus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic. Changes in the learning process switch to online (online). The research aims are to focus on understanding the influence of the learning environment and learning behavior on the level of understanding of introductory accounting. The sample was selected as many as 165 people through a survey with students of the Bachelor of Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University as the population. Multiple linear regression analysis was chosen to be the technique for conducting data analysis. This research found that there is a positive influence of the learning environment and learning behavior on the level of understanding of introductory accounting through online. The implications of this research finding support the attribution theory regarding the level of understanding that is influenced by various external and internal factors.&#x0D; Keywords: Learning Environment; Learning Behavior; Level of Understanding of Introduction to Accounting

Exploration of Tax Research in The Era of COVID-19

The prima donna of Indonesia's state revenue has also been affected by the Covid-19 virus. For the sake of Indonesia's economic recovery, the government issued the Minister of Finance Regulation Number PMK-86/PMK.03/2020 concerning Tax Incentives for Taxpayers Affected by the 2019 Corona Virus Disease Pandemic, Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation and Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations (UU HPP). The public, especially researchers, needs to understand the mechanism for compiling and developing research related to the latest issues in the field of taxation to produce quality research, which is the goal of implementing community service activities this time. The material to be delivered includes the preparation of research and the development of research issues in the taxation field. The expected benefits of this activity are that participants understand the preparation and research methods and explore research ideas according to the latest issues and phenomena in the field of taxation. The results showed that more than 60% of the participants felt helped by the socialization with this theme.

Hubungan Ekspansi Sangkar Thoraks Terhadap Vo2 Max Dan Kapasitas Vital Paru Pada Mahasiswa

The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia is part of the 2019 corona virus disease (covid-19) pandemic that is currently taking place throughout the world. The government's efforts in dealing with the Covid-19 Pandemic by working from home (work from home) and studying from home (study from home) which have an impact on health, one of which is a decrease in the level of physical fitness due to lack of movement. A person's fitness is closely related to aerobic capacity as measured by VO2max. VO2max is influenced by the lungs vital capacity which is also affected by the size of the expanding thoracic cavity. The purpose of this study was to determine correlation between thoracic cage expansion, VO2max and lung vital capacity. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 44 physiotherapy students who met the inclusion criteria as subjects. Data were analyzed using the Spearman test and the results obtained were ICS 3 with VO2max p=0.002, processus xypoideus with Vo2max p=0.000. While the results of ICS 3 with KVP p=0.003, processus xypoideus with KVP p =0.002. From these results it can be concluded that there is a relationship between thoracic cage expansion to VO2max and lung vital capacity.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC ON THE COFFEE CULINARY TOURISM AND COFFEE FARMERS IN CENTRAL ACEH

The potential of coffee culinary tourism and the position of gayo arabica coffee products themselves have a strong position both nationally and internationally because they have a distinctive aroma and taste. However, the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic that has occurred since March 2020 has had a huge impact on various tourism sectors in Indonesia in general and Aceh Province in particular, especially in the field of socio-cultural tourism. The corona outbreak, which has become more massive lately, has greatly disrupted the culinary tourism industry to a significant point due to the lack of visitors. This condition will cause various impacts in the realm of Gayo Arabica coffee culinary tourism itself. The various impacts felt by coffee culinary tourism in Central Aceh Regency must be known in order to prepare solutions so that they can explore more potential that has not been optimized in advancing coffee culinary tourism. This research was conducted in Central Aceh Regency. This is because Central Aceh Regency is the main production area of Gayo Arabica coffee which has many culinary tours with a concentration of coffee commodities as raw materials. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Method is a method used to research on the condition of natural objects, where the researcher is the key instrument (Sugiyono, 2005). Furthermore, according to Moleong (2005), qualitative research is research that intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the research subject. The research methods used were observation, deep interview and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). This research produces TKT 1 with output targets in the form of (1) scientific publications in crosreff or national accredited research journals with accepted status, (2) IPR of research reports with granted status, (3) publication of activities in print or online media.

Assessment of COVID-19 RT-PCR Positive Symptomatic Patients With Clinical, Hematological, and Radiological Parameters Among Three Groups: A Comparative Study.

Nearly 70.1 million individuals have been infected by the pandemic viral disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first discovered in China and is caused by a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‑CoV‑2). This disease is responsible for the deaths of 6 million people. India ranks third in the total number of cases. The purpose of this study was to classify COVID-19 patients according to several criteria and to determine which clinical, hematological, and radiological indicators were most important in their care. An analytical cross-sectionalstudy was conducted on a total of 70 symptomatic patients who tested positive for COVID-19 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and were hospitalized at the Saveetha Medical College and Hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, for the duration of the study. Comorbidities and oxygen reliance were taken into consideration while classifying patients into one of three categories. Initial symptoms, as well as hematological (interleukin-6 (IL-6),erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, serum ferritin, and total cell counts) and radiographic (X-ray and computed tomography (CT) of the thorax) characteristics, were taken and analyzed among the different groups. According to our research, the symptom of fever was the most common, accounting for 84.3% of all cases. This was followed by breathlessness (55.7%), myalgia (31.4%), dry cough (27.1%), sore throat (24.3%), cough with expectoration (20%), loose stools (12.9%), loss of taste (12.9%), and smell (11.4%). Although there was a large amount of variation in D-dimer, with Category C having the highest values, there was only a minor amount of variation in ESR and CRP. The X-ray and CT scans of the chest showed substantial differences between the groups, with CT findings such as COVID-19 Reporting and Data System(CO-RADS)and CT severity score, consolidation, crazy paving pattern, and vascular dilatation showing a wide range of differences between the groups. To facilitate easier treatment and place more attention on radiological characteristics using D-dimer, treating physicians are required to categorize COVID-19 patients into several groups. Patients who need oxygen support were included in this category.

The Influence Of Strategic Orientation Dimensions On Market Performance During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study Of Culinary Business In Kendari City, Indonesia

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the strategic orientation dimension on the culinary business market performance in Kendari City during the Corona Virus Disease Pandemic. The method used was descriptive quantitative with a non-probability sampling approach with purposive sampling technique. The population was culinary business actors who still survive and have been running for the business more than 2 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample in this study only obtained 38 respondents. The data analysis technique in this research was path analysis using SmartPLS VS 3.0. The results showed an analysis of the strategic dimensions that have an aggressive attitude and had significant effect on market performance so that culinary business actors can improve their market performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Role Of Market Performance Studies With A Strategic Orientation

In Southeast Sulawesi, during the Corona Virus Disease Pandemic, this study sought to examine the impact of the strategic orientation dimension on the market performance of the culinary industry. The descriptive and quantitative methods used non-probability sampling and a purposive sample technique. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the population was made up of actors in the food industry who had managed to survive and run their companies for more than two years. Only 38 people responded to the survey's sample, which was small. This study used Smart-PLS 3.0's route analysis for data analysis. To help culinary business actors perform better in the market during the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis of the strategic aspects that have an aggressive attitude and significantly affect market performance were presented.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Financial Reports

Abstract The Corona Virus Disease pandemic has significant adverse effects on the economy, health, and society that have hampered global economic growth. Taiwan is one of the countries impacted by this pandemic. The pandemic had an enormous influence on the world economy, making the role of financial report quality an even more critical issue. This study aims to examine and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of financial reports. Additionally, it intends to examine and evaluate the differences between the impact of audit opinion and audit quality on the quality of financial reports before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study adopts secondary data, i.e., annual financial reports and audit quality data of public listing firms on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE). Furthermore, this study selected data from 2016 to 2021. This study proves that the COVID-19 pandemic affects the quality of financial reports. Furthermore, this study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic strengthens the negative impacts of audit opinion on the quality of financial reports using accrual earnings management proxies. However, it also shows that the audit quality did not impact the quality of financial reports proxied by accrual and real earnings management at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. JEL classification numbers: G32, M41, O06, Q56. Keywords: The Quality of Financial Reports, COVID-19 Pandemic, Audit Opinion, Audit Quality.

Association of SARS-COV-2 viral RNAemia, IL- 6 gene polymorphism, serum IL-6 and peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes with disease severity in COVID-19 patients

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a fatal pandemic viral disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this study is to observe the associations of IL-6, SARS-COV-2 viral load (RNAemia), IL- 6 gene polymorphism and lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood with disease severity in COVID-19 patients.This study was carried out from March 2021 to January 2022. RT-PCR positive 84 COVID-19 patients and 28 healthy subjects were enrolled. Blood was collected to detect SARS-COV-2 viral RNA (RNAemia) by rRT-PCR, serum IL-6 level by chemiluminescence method, SNPs of IL-6 by SSP-PCR, immunophenotyping of lymphocytes and monocyte by flow cytometry. Serum IL-6 level (pg/ml) was considerably high among critical patients (102.02 ± 149.7) compared to severe (67.20 ± 129.5) and moderate patients (47.04 ± 106.5) and healthy controls (3.5 ± 1.8). Serum SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive cases detected mostly in critical patients (39.28%) and was correlated with extremely high IL-6 level and high mortality (R = .912, P < 0.001). Correlation between IL-6 and monocyte was statistically significant with disease severity (severe group, p < 0.001, and 0.867*** and critical group p < 0.001 and 0.887***).In healthy controls, moderate, severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients, IL-6 174G/C (rs 1800795) GG genotype was 82.14%, 89.20%, 67.85% and 53.57% respectively. CC and GC genotype had strong association with severity of COVID-19 when compared with GG genotype. Significant statistical difference found in genotypes between critical and moderate groups (p < 0.001, OR-10.316, CI-3.22–23.86), where CC genotype was associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality.The absolute count of T cell, B cell, NK cell, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased in critical group compared to healthy, moderate and severe group (P < 0.001).Exhaustion marker CD94/NKG2A was increased on NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell among critical and severe group. Absolute count of monocyte was significantly increased in critical group (P < 0.001).Serum IL-6, IL-6 174 G/C gene and SARS-CoV-2 RNAaemia can be used in clinical practice for risk assessment; T cell subsets and monocyte as biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity. Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6 receptor and NKG2A for therapeutics may prevent disease progression and decrease morbidity and mortality.

Pokdakan Mino Ngremboko's Business Recovery Strategy: Resilience Analysis and Supply Chain Integration

Mino Ngremboko Fish Cultivator Group (or Pokdakan Mino Ngremboko) is the pioneer of fish cultivation, which has been developing rapidly since its establishment in April 1987 until now (the beginning of 2021). Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic has been attacking Indonesia violently (since March 2, 2020), disrupting the supply chain of the fish cultivation business. The negative impact is a decline in revenue significantly. Mino Ngremboko Cultivator, for instance, has been affected by the pandemic with an average revenue (demand) loss of 50-70 percent. In addition, business resilience becomes very crucial which comprises business continuity that represents the ability of businesses to rapidly adapt and respond to the pandemic crisis (EIB, IBRD, 2022). The objective of the study is to assess the resilience and supply chain integration of the Mino Ngremboko Cultivator in facing the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. Method this study uses the inductive-qualitative approach through a case study of Mino Ngremboko Cultivator. Data was collected through unstructured interviews and observation from November 2020 to March 2021. The study results provide three constructive insights, especially for managing Mino Ngremboko Cultivator and Fish Cultivator Group in general for sustaining their businesses. (1) Supply chain resilience is relatively good, which was shown by the average of productivity 1,10 from March 2019 to March 2021; (2) supply chain integration of fish cultivation business was not optimally implemented yet, and (3) Pokdakan Mino Ngremboko's business recovery strategy to optimise the practices of supply chain integration based on the digital marketing as well as downstream and commercialisation the output of fish cultivation. These recovery strategies require the support of improving organisation capability and stakeholder alignment to contribute to sustainable development (benefits for the social and ecological environment) in 2022 and beyond.

The diagnostic accuracy of currently available laboratory tests compared to PCR test for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV-2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal and pandemic viral disease that is of great global public health concern and high transmutation rate and mechanisms. A comprehensive systematic search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to find articles published until March 30, 2020. All relevant articles that reported clinical characteristics and laboratory result information of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis. Based on our analysis, however, articles not used RT-PCR and CT as were excluded all of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) were homogeneous (I2=94.58% and p≤0.001) statistical tests showed no publication bias/small study effect. Accordingly, the result of meta-analysis illustrated that RT-PCR increased cases of laboratory confirmation by more than 99% (95% CI: -1.3.0; 4.74) than other laboratory tests. As a result, this finding, is recommended to pilot and scale-up well and accurate laboratory techniques is used in developing countries, and is essential to prevent and control the pandemic diseases with spread in the world. However, it is recommended to further investigate the adverse effects of Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before fully implementing the confirmation.