Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Up-regulated Factor Research Articles

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor expression is associated with disease-specific survival in cervical cancer patients.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) is a novel soluble protein involved in tumor development and metastases. This study was to investigate the PAUF expression and its prognostic value in cervical cancer patients. The expression of PAUF was immunohistochemically determined in 345 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues and 107 normal cervical epitheliums. Subsequently, its associations with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival were assessed. PAUF protein was expressed both in cytoplasm and nucleus, and cytoplasmic expression was more frequent in cancers than normal tissues (32% versus 17%, P = .002), and the difference was prominent in glandular cells. Notably, the expression was more frequent in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma (57% versus 25%, respectively; P < .001), and the differential expression was also seen at the messenger RNA level (P = .014). Cox regression analysis showed that the cytoplasmic expression of PAUF protein was independently associated with poor disease-free (hazard ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.3; P = .008) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.5; P = .020). Detection of PAUF expression may aid current evaluation of prognosis in cervical adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF) confers resistance to pancreatic cancer cells against oncolytic parvovirus H-1 infection through IFNA receptor-mediated signaling

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF), a novel oncogene, plays a crucial role in the development of pancreatic cancer, including its metastasis and proliferation. Therefore, PAUF-expressing pancreatic cancer cells could be important targets for oncolytic virus-mediated treatment. Panc-1 cells expressing PAUF (Panc-PAUF) showed relative resistance to parvovirus H-1 infection compared with Panc-1 cells expressing an empty vector (Panc-Vec). Of interest, expression of type I IFN-α receptor (IFNAR) was higher in Panc-PAUF cells than in Panc-Vec cells. Increased expression of IFNAR in turn increased the activation of Stat1 and Tyk2 in Panc-PAUF cells compared with that in Panc-Vec cells. Suppression of Tyk2 and Stat1, which are important downstream molecules for IFN-α signaling, sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to parvovirus H-1-mediated apoptosis. Further, constitutive suppression of PAUF sensitized Bxpc3 pancreatic cancer cells to parvovirus H-1 infection. Taken together, these results suggested that PAUF conferred resistance to pancreatic cancer cells against oncolytic parvovirus H-1 infection through IFNAR-mediated signaling.

A PAUF-neutralizing antibody targets both carcinoma and endothelial cells to impede pancreatic tumor progression and metastasis

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) is expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. Here we evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody against PAUF, PMAb83, to provide a therapeutic intervention to treat the disease. PMAb83 reduced tumor growth and distant metastasis in orthotopically xenografted mice of human PDAC cells. PMAb83 treatment retarded proliferation along with weakened aggressiveness traits of the carcinoma cells. AKT/β-catenin signaling played a role in the carcinoma cell proliferation and the treated xenograft tumors exhibited reduced levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1. Moreover PMAb83 abrogated the PAUF-induced angiogenic responses of endothelial cells, reducing the density of CD31+ vessels in the treated tumors. In combination with gemcitabine, PMAb83 conferred enhanced survival of xenografted mice by about twofold compared to gemcitabine alone. Taken together, our findings show that PMAb83 treatment decreases the aggressiveness of carcinoma cells and suppresses tumor vascularization, which culminates in mitigated tumor growth and metastasis with improved survival in PDAC mouse models.

Efficient targeting and tumor retardation effect of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF)-specific RNA replacement in pancreatic cancer mouse model

The soluble protein pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) plays an important role in pancreatic tumor progression and has begun to attract attention as a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. We herein present PAUF RNA-targeting gene therapy strategies with both targeting and therapeutic function using trans-splicing ribozyme (TSR) in pancreatic cancer. We developed adenoviral PAUF-targeting TSR (Rz) containing a PAUF-specific internal guide sequence (IGS) determined by library screening. This Rz harbors suicide gene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) or firefly luciferase (Luc) as a transgene for 3′ exon replacement of PAUF RNAs. Ad-Rz-TK, Rz harboring the HSV-tk, showed significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo as well as PAUF-dependent cell death in vitro via a successful trans-splicing reaction. Selective induction of Rz-controlled transgene in PAUF-expressing pancreatic cancer was confirmed through noninvasive in vivo imaging; a luminescence signal from Rz harboring Luc (Ad-Rz-Luc) was detectable only in pancreatic tumor sites, not in normal mice. In addition, a [125I] FIAU signal reflecting thymidine kinase expression through SPECT and ex vivo biodistribution was co-localized with the tumor sites when we treated with Ad-Rz-TK in orthotopic xenograft model. Taken together, these results imply that PAUF-targeting TSR can contribute to successful targeted gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Kinesin-5/Eg5 is important for transport of CARTS from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface

Here we report that the kinesin-5 motor Klp61F, which is known for its role in bipolar spindle formation in mitosis, is required for protein transport from the Golgi complex to the cell surface in Drosophila S2 cells. Disrupting the function of its mammalian orthologue, Eg5, in HeLa cells inhibited secretion of a protein called pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) but, surprisingly, not the trafficking of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) to the cell surface. We have previously reported that PAUF is transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the cell surface in specific carriers called CARTS that exclude VSV-G. Inhibition of Eg5 function did not affect the biogenesis of CARTS; however, their migration was delayed and they accumulated near the Golgi complex. Altogether, our findings reveal a surprising new role of Eg5 in nonmitotic cells in the facilitation of the transport of specific carriers, CARTS, from the TGN to the cell surface.

Silencing of pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor by RNA interference inhibits the malignant phenotypes of human colorectal cancer cells

Aberrant expression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF), a novel secretory protein, has been reported in several types of cancer. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), whether PAUF also plays its oncogenic role through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its effect in regulating malignant phenotypes of CRC is unknown. In this study, we detected PAUF and β-catenin expression levels by immunohistochemical analysis and real-time PCR in CRC tissues, adjacent non-tumor tissues (NATs) and 5 CRC cell lines. The results demonstrated that the expression of PAUF and β-catenin in tumor tissues was higher than in NATs. Moreover, the expression of PAUF was correlated with the expression of β-catenin in both tumor tissues and NATs. The HCT116 cell line, which has the highest PAUF expression of the 5 cell lines, was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting on PAUF, which significantly downregulated the expression of PAUF in cancer cells. Successful transfection was confirmed by using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Further studies demonstrated that PAUF-siRNA inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells, promoted their apoptosis and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. At the same time, PAUF-siRNA inhibited the invasion, adhesion and migration of the tumor cells. In conclusion, this study suggested that PAUF was expressed in CRC at a high frequency. Interference of PAUF may be an effective strategy for regulating malignant phenotypes of CRC through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Salivary Proteome and Peptidome Profiling in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Quantitative Approach

In the present study, we applied iTRAQ-based quantitative approach to explore the salivary proteome and peptidome profile in selected subjects with type 1 diabetes, with and without microvascular complications, aiming to identify disease-related markers. From a total of 434 distinct proteins, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-like 1 and pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor were found in higher levels in the saliva of all patients while increased content of other proteins like alpha-2-macroglobulin, defensin alpha 3 neutrophil-specific, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, neutrophil elastase, plastin-2, protein S100-A8 and protein S100-A9 were related with microvascular complications as retinopathy and nephropathy. Protein-protein interaction network analysis suggests the functional clusters defense, inflammation and response to wounding as the most significantly associated with type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Peptidome data not only support a diabetes-related higher susceptibility of salivary proteins to proteolysis (mainly of aPRP, bPRP1 and bPRP2), but also evidenced an increased content of some specific protein fragments known to be related with bacterial attachment and the accumulation of phosphopeptides involved in tooth protection. Overall, the salivary protein and peptide profile highlights the importance of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and related complications. This study provides an integrated perspective of salivary proteome and peptidome that should be further explored in future studies targeting specific disease markers.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor, a novel endothelial activator, promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF) was recently reported to be a metastasis factor for pancreatic cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for PAUF as a potent endothelial activator, promoting both angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Overexpression of PAUF in a mouse pancreatic cancer model resulted in increased tumor vascularity. Recombinant PAUF (rPAUF) enhanced proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of human endothelial cells (ECs), consistently with increased neovascularization in vivo. rPAUF also increased endothelial permeability through the disruption of vascular endothelial-cadherin-facilitated cell-cell junctions in vitro and induced vascular leakage in mouse skin. These effects were attenuated upon treatment with an antibody against PAUF. Moreover, PAUF evoked a time- and dose-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, AKT and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in ECs, which are closely linked to rPAUF-induced angiogenesis. Finally, rPAUF upregulated the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in ECs and potentiated the in vitro and in vivo EC angiogenic responses to stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), a ligand for CXCR4. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PAUF has a novel function in promoting angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Our findings suggest new possibilities for PAUF's role in the pathogenesis of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

SIRT1 inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells expressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), a novel oncogene, by suppression of β-catenin

Because we found in a recent study that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), a novel oncogene, induces a rapid proliferation of pancreatic cells by up-regulation of β-catenin, we postulated that β-catenin might be a target molecule for pancreatic cancer treatment. We thus speculated whether SIRT1, known to target β-catenin in a colon cancer model, suppresses β-catenin in those pancreatic cancer cells that express PAUF (Panc-PAUF). We further evaluated whether such suppression would lead to inhibition of the proliferation of these cells. The ectopic expression of either SIRT1 or resveratrol (an activator of SIRT1) suppressed levels of β-catenin protein and its transcriptional activity in Panc-PAUF cells. Conversely, suppression of SIRT1 expression by siRNA enhanced β-catenin expression and transcriptional activity. SIRT1 mutant analysis showed that nuclear localization of SIRT1 is not required for reduction of β-catenin. Treatment with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, restored β-catenin protein levels, suggesting that SIRT1-mediated degradation of β-catenin requires proteasomal activity. It was reported that inhibition of GSK-3β or Siah-1 stabilizes β-catenin in colon cancer cells, but suppression of GSK-3β or Siah-1 using siRNA in the presence of resveratrol instead diminished β-catenin protein levels in Panc-PAUF cells. This suggests that GSK-3β and Siah-1 are not involved in SIRT1-mediated degradation of β-catenin in the cells. Finally, activation of SIRT1 inhibited the proliferation of Panc-PAUF cells by down-regulation of cyclin-D1, a target molecule of β-catenin. These results suggest that SIRT1 activation may be a therapeutic strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer cells that express PAUF via the down-regulation of β-catenin.

An RNA aptamer that specifically binds pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor inhibits migration and growth of pancreatic cancer cells

Previously, we reported that a novel secretory protein, pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), which is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and mediates the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we generated and characterized a 2′-fluoropyrimidine modified RNA aptamer (P12FR2) directed against human PAUF. P12FR2 binds specifically to human PAUF with an estimated apparent K D of 77 nM. P12FR2 aptamer inhibits PAUF-induced migration of PANC-1, human pancreatic cancer cells, in a wound healing assay. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of P12FR2 decreased tumor growth by about 60% in an in vivo xenograft model with CFPAC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, without causing a loss of weight in the treated mice. Taken together, we propose here that PAUF-specific RNA aptamer, P12FR2, has the potential to be effective in the therapy of human pancreatic cancer.

PAUF promotes adhesiveness of pancreatic cancer cells by modulating focal adhesion kinase.

Pancreatic cancer is a notorious disease with a poor prognosis and low survival rates, which is due to limited advances in understanding of the molecular mechanism and inadequate development of effective treatment options over the decades. In previous studies, we demonstrated that a novel soluble protein named pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) acts on tumor and immune cells and plays an important role in metastasis and progression of pancreatic cancer. Here we show that PAUF promotes adhesiveness of pancreatic cancer cells to various extracellular matrix (ECM). Our results further support a positive correlation of activation and expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key player in tumor cell metastasis and survival, with PAUF expression. PAUF-mediated adhesiveness was significantly attenuated upon blockade of the FAK pathway. Moreover, PAUF appeared to enhance resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to anoikis via modulation of FAK. Our results suggest that PAUF-mediated FAK activation plays an important role in pancreatic cancer progression.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) enhances the expression of β-catenin, leading to a rapid proliferation of pancreatic cells

It is not yet understood how the enhanced expression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF; a novel oncogene identified in our recent studies), contributes to the oncogenesis of pancreatic cells. We herein report that PAUF up-regulates the expression and transcriptional activity of β-catenin while the suppression of PAUF by shRNA down-regulates β-catenin. The induction of b-catenin by PAUF is mediated by the activities of Akt and GSK-3β, but inhibition of downstream ERK does not reduce β-catenin expression. To test whether PAUF emulates either the Wnt3a-mediated or the protein kinase A-mediated signaling pathway for the stabilization of β-catenin, we examined the phosphorylation status of β-catenin in the presence of PAUF compared with that of β-catenin during treatment with Wnt3a or dibutyryl cAMP, a cell permeable cyclic AMP analogue. PAUF expression induces phosphorylation at Ser-33/37/Thr-41 and Ser-675 of β-catenin but no phosphorylation at Ser-45, indicating that a unique phosphorylation pattern of b-catenin is caused by PAUF. Finally, the expression of PAUF up-regulates both cyclin-D1 and c-Jun, target genes of β-catenin, leading to a rapid proliferation of pancreatic cells; conversely decreased PAUF expression (by shRNA) results in the reduced proliferation of pancreatic cells. Treatment with hexachlorophene (an inhibitor of β-catenin) reduces the proliferation of pancreatic cells despite the presence of PAUF. Taken together, we propose that PAUF can up-regulate and stabilize β-catenin via a novel pattern of phosphorylation, thereby contributing to the rapid proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor promotes metastasis by regulating TLR/CXCR4 activation

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF) is overproduced in certain types of cancer. However, little is known of the tumorigenic function of PAUF. In this study, we report the X-ray crystal structure of PAUF and reveal that PAUF is a mammalian lectin normally found in plant lectins. We also identify PAUF as an endogenous ligand of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 by screening extracellular domain receptor pools. We further confirmed the specificity of the PAUF-TLR2 interaction. PAUF induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and activates the IKK-β-mediated TPL2/MEK/ERK signaling pathway through TLR2. In agreement with the result of TLR2-mediated ERK activation by PAUF, PAUF induces increased expression of the protumorigenic cytokines RANTES and MIF in THP-1 cells. However, PAUF does not fully activate Iκ-B-α signaling pathways in THP-1 cells, and fails to translocate the p65 subunit of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) complex into the nucleus, resulting in no NF-κB activation. Surprisingly, we found that PAUF also associated with the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR4)-TLR2 complex and inhibited CXCR4-dependent, TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation. Together, these findings suggest that the new cancer-associated ligand, PAUF, may activate TLR-mediated ERK signaling to produce the protumorigenic cytokines, but inhibits TLR-mediated NF-κB signaling, thereby facilitating tumor growth and escape from innate immune surveillance.

Abstract 4406: A monoclonal antibody targeting PAUF inhibits metastasis of pancreatic cancer

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest human tumors and, due to lack of effective therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools, has a poor prognosis with approximately a five-year survival rate of less than 5%. This disease is characterized by early metastatic spread but the process of tumor cell dissemination is largely unknown. Recently, we have shown that a novel soluble protein named PAUF (Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Up-regulated Factor) plays an important role in the metastasis and progression of the disease. The expression of CXCR4 is induced by PAUF, implicating a role of PAUF in the organ specific metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The tumorigenic and metastatic activity of PAUF suggests that PAUF could be a target for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. To examine the therapeutic potential of PAUF, a human monoclonal antibody against PAUF (8F3) has been generated. The 8F3 antibody exerted inhibition of migration, invasion, adhesion and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. In combination with gemcitabine, 8F3 showed additive effect on reduction of cell growth. In orthotopically xenografted mouse model, these anti-tumor activities of 8F3 converted to growth retardation and repression of metastasis. The level of PAUF in tumor and serum from 8F3 treated mouse was lower than that of control mouse. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the treatment of 8F3 inhibited the proliferation and CXCR4 expression in both primary and metastasized tumors. The 8F3 antibody also alters intracellular signaling which was induced by PAUF. We will also discuss about the effect of 8F3 in tumor microenvironment, especially recruitment of immune cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that PAUF has a therapeutic potential for treatment of human pancreatic cancer and the 8F3 antibody can be developed for therapeutic agent for this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4406.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up‐regulated factor (PAUF), a novel up‐regulated secretory protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

The identification of novel tumor-specific proteins or antigens is of great importance for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pancreatic cancer. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we identified a broad spectrum of differentially expressed pancreatic cancer-related genes. Of these, we selected an overexpressed expressed sequence taq and cloned a 721-bp full-length cDNA with an open reading frame of 196 amino acids. This novel gene was localized on the Homo sapiens 16p13.3 chromosomal locus, and its nucleotide sequence matched the Homo sapiens similar to common salivary protein 1 (LOC124220). We named the gene pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor. The pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was secreted into the culture medium of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells, had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa, and was N-glycosylated. The induction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in Chinese hamster ovary cells increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of mice with Chinese hamster ovary/pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor cells resulted in 3.8-fold greater tumor sizes compared to Chinese hamster ovary/mock cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor antibodies confirmed that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was highly expressed in six of eight pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of human pancreatic cancer tissues also showed pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor overexpression in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Transfection with pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-specific small-interfering RNA reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Treatment with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in vitro and in vivo reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenic ability. Collectively, our results suggest that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor is a novel secretory protein involved in pancreatic cancer progression and might be a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.