Panama City Research Articles

Acoustical properties of undisturbed sands from the West Florida sand sheet

Eight undisturbed large-diameter (10.1-cm) gravity cores, ranging in length from 13.5 to 50.5 cm, were collected at the CBBL-SRP study site southeast of Panama City, FL. The recovered sediments varied from coarse sand and shell fragments near the surface to fine/medium sand at depth. The Multi Sensor Core Logger was used to measure compressional wave velocity, density, and attenuation as a function of depth in each of the unsplit cores in two mutually perpendicular directions. Two spring-loaded compressional wave transducers operating at 500 kHz, mounted on the outside of the liner, were used to measure velocity and attenuation, and a Cs-137 gamma ray source with scintillation counter were used to measure bulk density. In the longest of the cores, PC-GC-623, compressional wave velocity varied between 1700 and 1730 m/s in the upper 10 cm and between 1650 and 1700 m/s below that depth. Attenuation decreased slightly with depth, with most values falling between 0.3 and 0.5 dB/kHz/m (with reference to core liner filled with water). Density was relatively depth-independent and ranged between 1.8 and 1.9 g/cm3.

Evaluation of Inoculative Releases of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Urban Environments in Florida

Inoculative releases of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) were conducted of the cities of Sarasota, Tallahassee, Panama City, and Panama City Beach, FL, in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, painted 473-ml little black jars were used to monitor T. splendens oviposition. T. splendens larvae were found in 88–100% of the jars within 3 wk of release periods but were never recovered at longer intervals. Significantly fewer eggs of pest mosquitoes were recovered from a site receiving both ultralow volume (ULV) applications of malathion and T. splendens than the site receiving ULV alone. In 1990, although 45% of the artificially placed jars were colonized by T. splendens at both sites following releases, natural container colonizations were below 10%. Apparent predation of resident pest mosquitoes by T. splendens within the little black jars over the entire 1990 study was not statistically significant.

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis in a developing Latin American country.

In a retrospective study at Hospital del Niño in Panama City, Panama, 577 neonates with culture-proved sepsis and/or meningitis were identified during an 18-year period (1975 to 1992). Overall there was an incidence of 3.5 cases/1000 live births. Three hundred thirty-three patients (58%) were of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and 260 (45%) were premature. Gram-negative bacilli, particularly species of Klebsiella and Escherichia coli, were responsible for 61% of infections, whereas Gram-positive isolates (especially staphylococci) and Candida strains accounted for 37 and 2%, respectively. The patterns of predominance among bacterial pathogens, however, changed during the period of study. In the later years of this study the frequency of Gram-negative bacteria declined whereas those of staphylococci and Candida increased. Likewise systemic infections caused by Group B Streptococcus organisms appeared recently. The case-fatality rate was 32%. Mortality was greater in infants with early onset sepsis than in those with late infections (44% vs. 22%, P < 0.0001; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 4.1) and lesser in neonates infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci than in those infected by any other pathogen (12 vs. 39%, P < 0.001; odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.4). These findings provide guidelines for the selection of empiric antimicrobial agents in our country and possibly in other Latin American countries and suggest that a continued thorough epidemiologic evaluation is needed to anticipate bacteriologic changes over time.

Logan Martin dam deep grouting program: hydrogeologic framework in folded and faulted Appalachian karst : Redwine, J C Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P243–254. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Logan Martin dam deep grouting program: hydrogeologic framework in folded and faulted Appalachian karst : Redwine, J C Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P243–254. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Ground stabilization for foundation and excavation construction in Florida karst topography : Almaleh, L J; Grob, J D; Gorny, R H Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Skinholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P235–241. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Ground stabilization for foundation and excavation construction in Florida karst topography : Almaleh, L J; Grob, J D; Gorny, R H Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Skinholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P235–241. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Engineering characteristics of the pinnacled surface of the Ketona dolomite in the Birmingham Valley of Alabama : Cooley, T L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P207–213. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Engineering characteristics of the pinnacled surface of the Ketona dolomite in the Birmingham Valley of Alabama : Cooley, T L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P207–213. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Influence of the holbox fracture zone on the karst geomorphology and hydrogeology of northern Quintana Roo, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico : Tulaczyk, S M; Perry, E C; Duller, C E; Villasuso, M Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P181–188. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Influence of the holbox fracture zone on the karst geomorphology and hydrogeology of northern Quintana Roo, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico : Tulaczyk, S M; Perry, E C; Duller, C E; Villasuso, M Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P181–188. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Dispersion/velocity-rated groundwater sensitivity : Ray, J A; O'Dell, P W Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P189–198. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Dispersion/velocity-rated groundwater sensitivity : Ray, J A; O'Dell, P W Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P189–198. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Foundation engineering practice for bridges in karst areas in Pennsylvania : Knott, D L; Newman, F B; Rojas-Gonzales, L F; Gray, R E Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P225–230. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Foundation engineering practice for bridges in karst areas in Pennsylvania : Knott, D L; Newman, F B; Rojas-Gonzales, L F; Gray, R E Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P225–230. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Roadway design in karst : Firscher, J A; Greene, R W; Fischer, J J Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P219–223. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Roadway design in karst : Firscher, J A; Greene, R W; Fischer, J J Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P219–223. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Assessment of ground water withdrawal impacts in a karst area : Destephen, R A; Benson, C P Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P157–165. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Assessment of ground water withdrawal impacts in a karst area : Destephen, R A; Benson, C P Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P157–165. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Methods for predicting the directions of contaminant transport in flat-lying and folded carbonate rocks : Ogden, A E; Redman, R K Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P175–179. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Methods for predicting the directions of contaminant transport in flat-lying and folded carbonate rocks : Ogden, A E; Redman, R K Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P175–179. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Effective geophysical methods for Virginia karst terrains : Erchul, R A Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P131–134. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Effective geophysical methods for Virginia karst terrains : Erchul, R A Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P131–134. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems : Benson, R C; Yuhr, L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P99–113. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems : Benson, R C; Yuhr, L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P99–113. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Abandoned mine detection and stability assessment: similarities to subsidence prediction for dissolution cavities : Smith, D L; Randazzo, A F Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P135–142. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Abandoned mine detection and stability assessment: similarities to subsidence prediction for dissolution cavities : Smith, D L; Randazzo, A F Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P135–142. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Location and delineation of karst and solution collapse features by acoustic tomography : McDowell, P W; Hope, V Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P123–129. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Location and delineation of karst and solution collapse features by acoustic tomography : McDowell, P W; Hope, V Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P123–129. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Pollution of limestone aquifer due to urban waste disposal around Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, India : Bodhankar, N; Chatterjee, B Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P73–77. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Pollution of limestone aquifer due to urban waste disposal around Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, India : Bodhankar, N; Chatterjee, B Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P73–77. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Groundwater investigation to determine contaminant movement in the karst aquifers of Lewisberg, Tennessee area : Crawford, N C; Ulmer, C S Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P79–87. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Groundwater investigation to determine contaminant movement in the karst aquifers of Lewisberg, Tennessee area : Crawford, N C; Ulmer, C S Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P79–87. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Electromagnetic induction and seismic refraction surveys to detect bedrock pinnacles : Jansen, J; Anklam, J; Goodwin, C; Roof, A Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P115–122. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Electromagnetic induction and seismic refraction surveys to detect bedrock pinnacles : Jansen, J; Anklam, J; Goodwin, C; Roof, A Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P115–122. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Bellechester Minnesota lagoon collapse : Alexander, E C; Broberg, J S; Kehren, A R; Graziani, M M; Turri, W L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P63–72. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993

Bellechester Minnesota lagoon collapse : Alexander, E C; Broberg, J S; Kehren, A R; Graziani, M M; Turri, W L Proc 4th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Panama City, Florida, 25–27 January 1993P63–72. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1993