Palm Plantations Research Articles

Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genera Associated with Date Palm in Central Iraq

A survey of plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with roots of mature date palm trees was conducted in central Iraq to study the occurrence, population density and geographical distribution. This study in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbela, Najaf, and Wasit governorates was conducted from 2019 to 2023, during the months from October to April. A total of 150 soil and root samples were gathered from 46 fields, and plant parasitic nematodes were extracted and morphologically identified to genus level. Eleven genera of plant parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp., (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala. Population density was low in Baghdad. High population density was recorded for Meloidogyne spp., (37625 J2 /1000 cm3 soil) and lowest population density occurred with Paratylenchus spp. (20 nematodes /1000 cm3 soil) in Diyala (Al-Jadidah). This appears to be the first report of occurrences of plant-parasitic nematodes of date palm in central Iraq.

A Jewish Gladiator at Pompeii: Reassessing the Evidence

Abstract This article reconsiders the iconography of a gladiator helmet found at Pompeii, which is decorated with a relief depicting a palm tree on its forehead. New evidence demonstrates that this helmet can be reasonably associated with a Jew from Judea. The first part examines the difference between the palm branch awarded to victorious athletes and gladiators as a prize and the palm tree, which in Greco-Roman art was primarily understood as a geographic indicator. Given the dating of the helmet to slightly after the end of the Great Revolt and the fact that the Iudaea Capta coinage was minted in this period in large quantities, it is quite probable that the palm tree depicted on the helmet was a reference to Judea. The second part focuses on the griffin that decorates the crest. While images depicting animals were at odds with the tendency to aniconism, which became almost dominant in late Second Temple period Judea, a passage of the Tosefta and the relief of the Triumphal Arch of Titus, which depicts similar creatures, raise the possibility that this mythological creature could be associated with a Jew from Judea after all. The third part demonstrates that the owner of this helmet was a gladiator known as a thraex, who was typically armed with the sica. This weapon, in turn, could associate the owner of the helmet with the sicarii, a rebel group active in Judea in the last years of Roman rule and during the Great Revolt. The fact that the term sicarius is associated in Roman law with crimes often related to banditry could suggest that the owner of the helmet was sentenced to become a gladiator because of his activities as a Jewish rebel.

Assessment of Species-Based Ecosystem Services and Its Usefulness in Forest-Savanna Ecological Zone

Forest ecosystems are the main species rich ecosystem on earth, having a significant role in the provision of massive benefits to the populace who depended on them for sustenance. This study aimed at assessing the forest provisioning ecosystem service and use in Ihiala Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study include the identification of forest provisioning ecosystem services and their uses, people’s dependence for livelihood and quantity of ecosystem services supplied by community forests. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 8 sampled communities while Nikolopoulou convenience sampling technique was adopted for selecting sampling size of 200 persons. Also, 31 key informants were interviewed across the study area. The responses from the entire sampled questionnaire and interview were analyzed using Microsoft excel and statistical package for social sciences. The study revealed that a good number of the forest resources such as Elaeis guineensis, Garcinia kola, Bambusa vulgaris, Azadirachta indica and Brophyllum pinnatum have multiple uses. The result also revealed that the nature of forest determines the quantity of ecosystem service benefits supplied. Hence, those community forests with weak policies supply less than 40% of resources because their traditional laws of entering and harvesting forest resources are no longer effective, while those with strong policies like restriction into their sacred groves, forest reserves and swampy forests supply above 40%. The chi-square value of 352.873 with 28 degrees of freedom (DF) proved that there is strong relationship between the nature of forest and the quantity of ecosystem services provided. This research concludes that forest ecosystem in Ihiala L.G.A, supplies a wide variety of plant and animal species to the populace, which they basically use for timber, firewood, food and medicine. Nonetheless, without alternative and diversified livelihood, the supply is becoming unsustainable. It recommends that since palm tree and its resources are averagely abundant in the study area, there is need to support the establishment of basket making training centre in various communities and as such, make it an attractive skill acquisition programme.

The Hedendoa and half-weaving

The Hedendoa of Sudan produce goat-hair blankets, called shamlas, for nuptial ceremonies employing an extremely rare and labour-intensive half-weaving technique that is completely unrelated to the narrow braided sewn strips used to produce palm leaf mats that cover their tents. I hypothesize that this technique exemplifies technological transfer resultant from casual encounters and incomplete observations of the weaving techniques of the Bedouin pastoral nomads of the region.

Valorisation of Algerian agro-wastes as renewable biofuels: Impact of using microwave-assisted method on lipid extraction

Fossil fuels are the largest contributor to climate change, representing about 90% of carbon dioxide emissions. Given the environmental impact and the high prices around the world, finding an alternative solution has become necessary at the present time. Biodiesel, as a renewable energy, is considered one of the possible solutions to reduce these emissions since the CO2 emitted during combustion will be recycled again by nature for feedstock production. This process is known as a closed carbon cycle. The cost of producing biodiesel depends on the nature of the raw material and the production method which involves both oil extraction and its transformation to biodiesel. Our contribution lies in feedstocks choice and extraction method, namely, we provide a comparison between conventional extraction methods including maceration, Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction as an innovative method. The latter technique has been developed for the extraction of lipids from different agro-wastes available in Algeria. Our results show that MAE of lipid has proven its effectiveness in terms of rapid and powerful heating, particularly regarding extraction time, which was 1/6 and 2/3 of SE and ME extraction time respectively. The use of different extraction method has no obvious impact on the presence of functional groups, between dates' palm seeds and olive pomace lipids. However, it can be more significant when using ME.

Carbon accumulation in the soil and biomass of macauba palm commercial plantations

Commercial cultivation of the Macauba palm is growing due to its agro-energy potential. This study quantified carbon stock in two macauba plantations (4.8 and 9.0 years old), considering carbon stored in soil and biomass. We assessed total organic carbon (TOC) stocks in labile (EOC and LF-C) and non-labile (NL-C) soil fractions, comparing these with a forest regenerating for over 30 years. Soil samples were collected within the palm plantation (rows and inter-rows) and the forest area at five depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–100 cm). The impact of plantation age and sampling position on TOC stocks and organic matter fractions across different soil layers (0–100 cm) was assessed. The Carbon Management Index (CMI) was calculated to evaluate carbon recovery. Plantation age and sampling position influenced soil TOC stocks across all depths up to 1 m. Higher TOC and NL-C soil stocks were observed in the older plantation (9.0 years) and inter-row. EOC and LF-C fractions varied by soil layer. The inter-row region of the 9.0-year-old plantation exhibited higher carbon recovery based on the CMI. Over 4.2 years of palm cultivation (between 4.8 and 9.0 years), carbon accumulation in biomass and soil reached 75.36 Mg C ha−1. These findings underscore the potential of commercial macauba plantations to enhance soil carbon stocks rapidly, particularly in inter-row areas. Plantations younger than a decade surpassed the soil carbon stock of a forest regenerating for over 30 years, highlighting significant environmental benefits of macauba cultivation, including soil and biomass carbon sequestration.

People, Palms, and Productivity: Testing Better Management Practices in Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations

More than 40% of the total oil palm area in Indonesia is owned and managed by smallholders. For large plantations, guidelines are available on so-called ‘best management practices’, which should give superior yields at acceptable costs when followed carefully. We tested a subset of such practices in a sample of smallholder plantations, aiming to increase yields and profitability. We implemented improved practices (weeding, pruning, harvesting, and fertiliser application) in 14 smallholder plantations of 13–15 years after planting in Jambi province (Sumatra) and in West-Kalimantan province (Kalimantan) for a duration of 3 to 3.5 years. During this period, we recorded yields, measured palm leaf parameters and analysed leaf nutrient contents. Yield recording then continued for an additional two years. In the treatment plots, the yields did not increase significantly, but the size of the bunches and the size of the palm leaves increased significantly and substantially. The tissue nutrient concentrations also increased significantly, although after three years, the potassium concentrations in the rachis were still below the critical value. Because of the absence of yield increase and the additional costs for fertiliser inputs, the net profit of implementing better management practices was negative, and ‘business as usual’ was justified financially. Some practices, such as harvesting at 10-day intervals and the weeding of circles and paths, were received positively by those farmers who could implement them autonomously, and were applied beyond the experiment. It is challenging to find and implement intensification options that are both sustainable and profitable, that have a substantial impact on yield, and that fit in the smallholders’ realities. On-farm experimentation and data collection are essential for achieving sustainable intensification in smallholder oil palm plantations.

Dual-strategy approach for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus control: Endophytic Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis topical application

In an innovative approach to biological pest management, the entomopathogenic efficacy of endophytically colonized Beauveria bassiana and topically applied Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated against various larval instars (2nd, 4th, and 6th) of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Initially, date palm leaf petioles were inoculated with five distinct isolates of the fungus to ascertain their endophytic potential over two years. Subsequently, the most proficiently colonized fungal isolate was selected for subsequent experimentation. During individual entomopathogen applications, larval instars of RPW were presented with plant petioles and colonized with fungus at 30 days post-inoculation or immersed in bacterial inoculum. Ιn combined treatments, larvae were exposed to both entomopathogen-treated plant petioles concurrently. The tested bacterium was administered at three concentrations (30, 40, and 50 μg/ml). Larval mortalities were markedly lower in treatments involving individual entomopathogens, whereas integrated applications yielded higher mortalities. Treatments associated with heightened larval mortalities corresponded to diminished pupation, adult emergence, and egg eclosion rates. Furthermore, the simultaneous application of both entomopathogens bolstered larval mortalities of RPW both additively and synergistically, with concentration also playing an important role. Similarly, the developmental periods of various insect stages were substantially influenced by combined entomopathogen applications. The inherent prevalence of these pathogens and their ability to colonize crop plants internally for extended periods render them promising agents against cryptic-feeding insects like RPW. However, further evaluation of suitable entomopathogen strains and optimal doses under field conditions is imperative before formulating concrete recommendations for date palm growers.

Natural fibers for performance boosting of BaTiO3-PDMS flexible piezoelectric composite generators

Among biobased materials, date palm leaf fiber (DPLF) is a cellulose-rich fiber with considerable potential for use in sustainable composites, where it can improve mechanical properties and reduce weight. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (PEG) composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer, lead-free barium titanate (BaTiO3), and DPLF are presented. A comparative analysis assessed the impact of incorporating DPLF through morphological, mechanical, and electrical evaluations. The results indicate that DPLF improves the performance of the PEG while maintaining desirable mechanical properties, such as flexibility and durability. The improved performance can be attributed to the enhanced dielectric properties, robustness, and distribution of the piezoceramic particles. PEG (5 wt% DPLF + 15 wt% BaTiO3) exhibits a maximum open-circuit voltage twice that of 15 wt% BaTiO3 PEG (6 V) and an eightfold higher power density (8 μW/cm2). These findings result from an increased dielectric constant of 6.8 and a favorable capacitance of 30 pF. Incorporating cellulose-rich DPLF significantly impacts the electromechanical performance of the PDMS/BaTiO3-DPLF composite due to several beneficial effects, including good particle dispersion, sustainability, improved homogeneity, and improved dielectric properties.

Optimization of Supply Superior Oil Palm Seeds Using Artificial Pollination to Support Sustainable Palm Plantations

Seeds as planting material play an important role in agricultural development. The length of seed germination is an obstacle to meeting the high demand for oil palm seeds. This research determines the effect of pollen variety and dosage on the production of superior oil palm seeds. The study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with two factors, namely pollen source (V1: Yangambi; V2: PPKS 540) and pollen dose (gr) (D1: 0.25; D2: 0.12; D3: 0.06; D4: 0.04; and D5: talk/blank (control). There were 10 treatment combinations (V1D1, V1D2, V1D3, V1D4, V1D5, V2D1, V2D2, V2D3, V2D4 and V2D5) so that there were 30 experimental units (oil palm trees); if they are significantly different, a further 5% DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test) is carried out. The parameters observed were the number of seeds (grains), number of good and rejected seeds (grains), bunch weight (kg), and seed germination. The results showed that the Yangambi variety produced superior oil palm seeds. The V1D4 treatment showed the best results with the highest number of good seeds produced (2,302 seeds/bundle. The best results were 2,302 items. Treatments V2D2, V2D3, and V2D4 showed the best viability with the same results (81.65%. The treatments did not significantly affect bunch weight.

Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia

As the world’s second-largest palm oil producer, Malaysia heavily depends on its extensive oil palm cultivation, which accounts for nearly 90% of the country’s lignocellulosic biomass waste. Approximately 20–22 tonnes of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) can be derived from an initial yield of 100 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) from oil palm trees. The average annual amount of EFBs produced in Johor is 3233 tonnes per day. Recognising that urban areas contribute significantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and to support Malaysia’s transition from fossil fuel-based energy to a low-carbon energy system, this research employed HOMER Pro software 3.18.3 to develop an optimal hybrid renewable energy system integrating solar and biomass (EFB) energy sources in Johor, Malaysia. The most cost-effective system (solar–biomass) consists of 4075 kW solar photovoltaics, a 2100 kW biomass gasifier, 9363 battery units and 1939 kW converters. This configuration results in a total net present cost (NPC) of USD 44,596,990 and a levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of USD 0.2364/kWh. This system satisfies the residential load demand via 6,020,427 kWh (64.7%) of solar-based and 3,286,257 kWh (35.3%) of biomass-based electricity production, with an annual surplus of 2,613,329 kWh (28.1%). The minimal percentages of unmet electric load and capacity shortage, both <0.1%, indicate that all systems can meet the power demand. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the economic viability and technical feasibility of powering the Kulai district with a solar–biomass system.

Association between the visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and tree families in a Brazilian tropical urban area

BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease endemic to many tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. The geographical variation in the incidence of the disease in certain urban areas of Brazil suggests a possible association with features of the urban landscape. The objective of this study was to verify the association of urban tree families with the presence of the vector Lu. longipalpis.MethodsThe study area of the municipality of Teresina, capital of the State of Piauí. The sand flies were captured using CDC light traps—one placed close to the houses, on a tree in the backyard, less than 5 m from the house, and another in the living room. The traps remained three consecutive nights, or, at the most, alternating days, working 12 h a night (from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.), during 2016 and 2017.ResultsTree species were identified in an area of 100 m radius around CDC-type traps for capturing Lu. longipalpis installed in household backyards. Association between tree families and the occurrence of Lu. longipalpis was evaluated using the Fisher exact test and multiple correspondence analysis. Both Anacardiaceae (represented by mango and cashew trees) and Meliaceae (neem) families were more commonly found around sand fly traps capturing fewer Lu. longipalpis. Conversely, Fabaceae (several species of legumes) and Myrtaceae (guava) trees were associated with traps capturing higher number of VL vectors. In multiple correspondence analysis, the presence of trees from the Myrtaceae, Combretaceae (Almond), Fabaceae and Arecaceae (different species of palm trees) families were grouped with traps capturing high number of insects.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that trees from the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Combretaceae, and Arecaceae families might potentially attract sand flies, and Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae families may have a repellent effect. Finer analyses to distinguish the specific effects from the different species of the Anacardiaceae (mango and cashew), Arecaceae and Fabaceae families are still needed. The manipulation of urban landscaping might be a useful and clean alternative to help in the control of urban VL.

Controllable Synthesis of Manganese Organic Phosphate with Different Morphologies and Their Derivatives for Supercapacitors.

Morphological control of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) at the micro/nanoscopic scale is critical for optimizing the electrochemical properties of them and their derivatives. In this study, manganese organic phosphate (Mn-MOP) with three distinct two-dimensional (2D) morphologies was synthesized by varying the molar ratio of Mn2+ to phenyl phosphonic acid, and one of the morphologies is a unique palm leaf shape. In addition, a series of 2D Mn-MOP derivatives were obtained by calcination in air at different temperatures. Electrochemical studies showed that 2D Mn-MOP derivative calcined at 550 °C and exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 230.9 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 in 3 M KOH electrolyte. The aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor and the constructed flexible solid-state device demonstrated excellent rate performance. This performance reveals the promising application of 2D Mn-MOP materials for energy storage.

Optimal Control Techniques in Managing Red Palm Weevil Infestations: A Mathematical Approach

This article introduces a mathematical analysis of the red palm weevil (RPW) model that incorporates optimal control techniques. The investigation delves into the dynamics among date palm trees, the RPW, and tree micro-injection. The analysis assesses the impact of sex pheromone traps and tree trunk injections on the RPW population. Sufficient constraints are identified to provide both local stability and global stability analysis of equilibrium points. The paper uses Sotomayor’s theorem as a guide to compute local bifurcations near equilibrium points. The study concludes that adopting control strategies shows to a substantial decline in the RPW population, ultimately resulting in extinction. Numerical simulations are employed to visually illustrate and support the theoretical findings.

Investigations on the Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Degradation Properties of Alkali-Treated Polymer Composites Reinforced with an Areca Palm Leaf Stalk Fibers

Investigations on the Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Degradation Properties of Alkali-Treated Polymer Composites Reinforced with an Areca Palm Leaf Stalk Fibers

Sustainable gelatin-kappa carrageenan active packaging with Mekwiya date seeds to enhance goat meat quality and shelf life

This research aimed to elaborate a gelatin-Kappa carrageenan-based packaging with 0.22 %, 0.44 %, and 0.88 % w/v of Mekwiya date palm seeds extract (DSEMK). This extract improved the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the films. Moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were reduced from 17.54 ± 0.02 to 12.18 ± 0.02, from 77.61 ± 0.02 to 25.35 ± 0.29 %, and from 5.28 ± 0.29 to 1.69 ± 0.03 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1 × 10−10, respectively. During thermal degradation, DSEMK4 film had a residual weight of 27.99 %, compared to 20.67 % for the control. Despite a decline in the film's tensile strength from 24.19 to 8.94 MPa with the incorporation of DSEMK, elongation at the breaking point increased from 37.66 ± 0.16 to 46.17 ± 0.25 %. The film containing DSEMK4 displayed the highest phenolic contents and illustrated the best antioxidant effects in DPPH and FRAP assays, with IC50s of 756 and 1445 μg/mL, respectively and inhibited pathogen growth on the meat surface. Over storage at 4 °C, monitoring of pH, lipid and protein oxidation parameters, microbial spoilage, optical properties, and sensory attributes disclosed that the DSEMK-films successfully enhanced the meat quality and safety. These findings were supported by principal component analysis and heat maps.

Evaluation of the Effect of Soil Water Conditions on the Development and Water Requirements of Adult Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in the Northern Region of Colombia

Sustainable water management is a key approach for enhancing the productivity of oil palm trees while addressing the impacts of climate change and variability. Determining the water needs of a crop is crucial for the appropriate application of water. This research was carried out in two plantations in Agustín Codazzi, Colombia, using a completely randomized design. This study involved examining the impacts of five different water conditions (50, 150, 300, 450, and 600 L per day) on the growth and yields of mature oil palm trees (aged 10–17 years), and their water consumption was calculated using the water balance method. The results indicated that the crop was negatively affected by daily water applications of 300, 150, and 50 L per day, showing statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) when compared to the 450 and 600 L per day treatments, particularly in terms of leaf emergence, leaf area index, and yield (tons per hectare). The 50 L per day treatment resulted in the most substantial decrease in yield (around 26%), primarily attributed to a reduction in the number of bunches. The most favorable crop responses were observed with water applications of 450 and 600 L per day, aligning with the crop’s potential evapotranspiration values (ranging between 5.4 and 5.7 mm per day) and yielding crop coefficients of 0.88 and 0.9, respectively. Notably, these values varied between dry and rainy seasons, peaking between December and March.

Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Sustainable Natural Dye (Date Leaves) and Bio-Mordants

This study on natural dyes has been chosen for a sustainable dyeing method on textile through the using of 99% cotton 1% spandex woven fabric. The dye was produced from the Date Palm Leaf (Phoenix dactylifera L) using Soxhlet machine through continuous extraction method and dyed using natural bio-mordant eucalyptus, guava leaf. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was carried for nanoparticle characterization along with color measurements with specular and UV include mode. The dyed fabrics were also assessed for wash fastness, fastness against perspiration, dry rubbing and wet rubbing property. In most of the cases the fastness property of sample without mordant is better than with mordant. Cotton fabric is used for dyeing to make it sustainable and to reduce the dependency on synthetic dyes; the natural material can also reduce the pressure on synthetic material.

Preferences of Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes sp) for Monocotyledonous Plants and Dicotyledonous Plants on Mineral Land

Subterranean termites are recognized for their capacity to damage various plant species, regardless of their productivity. These termites can launch attacks with varying degrees of intensity, targeting both trees and living plants, particularly in agricultural settings such as oil palm and rubber plantations, as well as in industrial forests comprising species like pine and eucalyptus. Characterized by its tropical climate, Indonesia exhibits high levels of environmental humidity, warmth, and organic matter in the soil, which further supports termite activity in a study conducted in the Tj. Keliling Village Plantation area of Salapian District, Langkat Regency, ten bait woods were randomly planted in a rectangular plot measuring 12 meters in length and 7 meters in width. The spacing between the rows of bait wood was set at 30 cm, while the distance between individual bait wood columns was 60 cm. A descriptive method was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed varying percentages of damage among different types of bait wood: 10% for Pinang wood, 5% for coconut wood, 18.3% for oil palm wood, 33.3% for durian wood, 73.3% for teak wood, and the highest damage percentage of 77.3% for kapok wood. The attraction of termites to plants situated on mineral soil is attributed to the latter's role in enhancing humidity, which is a critical factor facilitating the rapid growth and proliferation of subterranean termites. Consequently, the intensity of their attacks can occur at any time until appropriate management measures are implemented.

Recent Advances in Magnetic Feˣ⁺/TiO₂ Microfibers for Wastewater Treatment as Climate Change Mitigation

Chemical dyeing and finishing processes used in the clothing and textile industries are among the main contributors that can increase the impact of climate change. Photocatalysis using nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been continuously developed as a promising technology for purifying dye wastewater into simpler and environmentally friendly components. In addition, the decoration of iron cations (Fe2+) and (Fe3+) increases the reusability of the photocatalyst due to their magnetic properties, which are easy to collect for the recycling process. Magnetic Fex+/TiO2 microfibers have been successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method using titanium dioxide in an alkaline solution. Cations were added into the solution with the different molar ratios of Ti/Fex+ to produce Fe2+/TNW and Fe3+/TNW, respectively. Photocatalysis activity test using magnetic Fex+/TNW was carried out using methylene blue in a reactor equipped with an incandescent bulb lamp representing solar light. The results showed that adding the cations resulted in a new shape of palm tree leaves, like titanate microfibers. Controlling the cation’s molar ratio produces the magnetic Fex+/TNW with a 50-150 µm length. SEM images of each material presented the uniformly elongated shape and aggregated on one side morphology. In addition, paramagnetic properties indicate that magnetic Fex+/TNW can be easily separated from the dispersion in less than 1 minute using an external magnet. A photocatalysis activity test of magnetic Fex+/TNW was performed by calculating the percent degradation of methylene blue with variations in irradiation time in visible light conditions. The result showed the effectiveness of photodegradation of methylene blue was significantly increased in materials with 3.3 molar ratios of both Ti/Fe2+ and Ti/Fe3+ with a percent degradation reaching 79% and 70%, respectively, in 5 hours. In conclusion, magnetic Fex+/TNW is introduced as an alternative dye wastewater treatment technology that has reusable properties and works well on sustainable energy sources of solar light.