Palm Oleic Acid Research Articles

Evaluation of a new select-breeding carp variety with high fillet quality

The morphological characters, fillet texture, and nutrient contents of the F3 generation of Barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini,BC) female × Heilongjiang carp (Cyprinus carpio,HLC, geographical population of common carp) male hybrid, which were named as High-quality carp F3 (HQC F3), were studied. The main morphological characteristics of HQC F3 were between BC and HLC, but closer to the BC. The fillet amino acids and crude protein showed significant differences between HQC F3 and BC. But, only fillet crude fat showed significant differences between HQC F3 and HLC. HQC F3's fillet had significantly different with BC's on the contents of myristic acid, linolenic acid, and stearic acid, and with HLC's on the contents of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, EPA, palm oleic acid, and 20 carbon-dilute acid. HQC F3 broodstocks were selected with high intramuscular fat and effective population size. HQC F4 were bred and showed improved intramuscular fat content compared to F3. The intramuscular fat of 2-year-old HLC F4 was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with body weight/standard length. Intramuscular fat is a stable trait that can be continuously passed on to the next generation. This study will lay a foundation for further carp selective breeding study to improve fillet quality.

Epoxidation of Palm Kernel Oil-Based Crude Oleic Acid

Most vegetable oils have high content of unsaturated bond and can be converted into epoxidized fatty acids. These days, epoxidized vegetable oils are great concern as they are obtained from sustainable, renewable natural resources and are environmental friendly. The epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by using in situ generated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized oleic acid. The degree of temperature, the molar ratio of formic acid or hydrogen peroxide and types of catalyst was considered. Epoxidation results were based on complete conversion oxirane, rate of epoxidation and stability of the oxirane. It was found that a maximum relative conversion oxirane (RCO) of epoxide is 88% at optimal condition.

Fast physical drying, high water and salt resistant coatings from non-drying vegetable oil

This paper reports fast physical drying, high water and salt resistances of coating materials from non-drying palm oleic acid. Short oil-length alkyd was synthesized and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. Three copolymers of the alkyd and methyl methacrylate with different alkyd/MMA ratios were prepared via free radical polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR and H NMR spectroscopy, and glass transition temperatures (Tg) were measured by DSC. The decreasing amount of alkyd was noticed to increasing conversion and Tg. The overall thermal stability has increased with higher amount of alkyd in the copolymer. Moreover, incorporation of alkyd has improved the adhesion and film hardness of the coatings.

Palm Oleic Acid Based Alkyds: Effect of the Fatty Acid Content on the Polyesterification Kinetics

The kinetic behavior of polyesterification of the alkyd resins synthesized using glycerol and phthalic anhydride modified with oleic acid from the palm oil at temperatures between 120 and 240 °C was studied. Three alkyds having oleic acid contents of 28, 40, and 65% were prepared by employing fatty acid method. The extent of the polyesterification reaction and average degree of polymerization were monitored by determining the acid number of the aliquot of the reaction mixture at various intervals of time and by measuring the volume of water evolved. Kinetic studies revealed that initial reaction rates followed a second-order kinetics up to certain limit and thereafter deviations were observed. The extent of reaction varied from 77.4 to 86.3% before deviation for all the three samples and exhibited a considerable degree of conversion. The second-order rate constants calculated from the linear part were found to be of the order of 10−5 g (mg KOH)−1 min−1. Molecular weight of the alkyd samples was determined by GPC; number average molecular weight of the alkyds ranged from 980 to 2,070.

Selection of Polymorphic Structure in Dihydroxystearic Acid/Octyl dihydroxystearate/RBD Palm Kernel Olein & Medium Chain Triglycerides in Cosmetic and Personal Care Formulation

Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) and octyl dihydroxystearate (DHSA‐octyl ester) have been successfully prepared from palm oleic acid. Preliminary results showed that these compounds are suitable in personal care and cosmetics products. The objective is to study the phase behaviors in ternary system of DHSA/DHSA‐octyl ester/RBD palm kernel olein (RBDPKOo) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) at 85°C. The phase changes were observed through polarizing light while the formation of texture was confirmed using polarizing microscope combination with heating. From the ternary phase diagram, results showed that all ratios of DHSA/DHSA‐octyl ester were completely in two‐phase region with various concentrations of RBDPKOo/MCT. Needles and spherulite textures were found in this system. The viscosity and thixotropy of these mixtures were also determined using rheometer. DHSA and DHSA‐octyl ester has a melting point of 84.4°C and 64.3°C, respectively.

The Advantages of Palm‐Based Dihydroxy Stearate in Deodorant Sticks

Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) has been prepared from palm oleic acid via catalytic reaction. An in vivo test confirmed that the use of DHSA at 5% and below is nonirritating. With two vicinal alcohol groups positioned at C9 and C10, DHSA has been found to be applicable in cosmetics as thickeners or gelling agents. Stearic acid is known to be used as a stick‐gel foaming agent. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of combining the potential stick‐forming properties of DHSA with antimicrobial properties, and at the same time to determine its key physical properties and the deodorant efficacy of this raw material. A ternary phase diagram of palm‐based dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA)/propylene glycol (PG)/sodium hydroxide was constructed at 80°C. The phase changes were observed visually through polarizer film and a polarizer microscope. The result showed that the anisotropic properties changed from isotropic, lamellar liquid crystals identified as Maltese cross patterns and 2‐phases. Deodorant sticks developed based on the Maltese cross pattern showed the most stable network. Formulae D4 (antimicrobial active and perfume), D5 (antimicrobial active), D6 (perfume), and D7 (without antimicrobial and perfume) were compared with C1 and C2, commercially available sodium stearate‐based deodorant sticks. The sticks were characterized for pH, softening point, hardness, disintegration time, syneriesis upon three months' storage and in vivo microbial test. The physicochemical properties remain unchanged after three months' storage. The screening for bacteria type was made using blood agar media and the species identified was Staphyloccocus. In manittol agar and saboroud media, it inhibited the bacteria and fungus/yeast growth for at least four to eight hours in D7. The same results were found with the rest of the samples.

Ternary Phase Behaviour of Dihydroxystearic Acid/Octyl Dihydroxystearate/Medium Chain Triglycerides

Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) and octyl dihydroxystearate (DHSA ester) have been successfully prepared from palm oleic acid. Preliminary results showed that these compounds are suitable in personal care and cosmetics products. The objective is to study the phase behaviour in the ternary system of DHSA/DHSA ester/MCT (medium chain triglycerides) at 85°C. Phase changes were observed through polarizing light, whereas the formation of texture was confirmed using a polarizing microscope in combination with heating. From the ternary phase diagram, results show that all ratios of DHSA/DHSA ester were completely in two‐phase region with various concentrations of MCT. Needles and spherulite textures were found in this system.

Shear stress tolerance and biochemical characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in quasi steady-state continuous culture in outdoor photobioreactors

A bubble column and two airlift photobioreactors (a draft-tube sparged vessel and a split-cylinder device) of the same general design (0.19 m column diameter, 2 m tall, 0.06 m 3 working volume) were evaluated for outdoor continuous culture of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum at a dilution rate of 0.03 h −1. At a daily averaged irradiance (photosynthetically active) value of 900 μE m −2 s −1, all bioreactors attained a quasi steady-state biomass concentration of ∼1 kg m −3 and a biomass productivity of ∼0.3 kg m −3 per day when the aeration velocity was 0.01 m s −1. The microalgal cells were susceptible to aeration-associated hydrodynamic stress if the superficial aeration velocity exceeded 0.01 m s −1. Supplementing the culture medium with 0.02% or more carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), allowed stable culture under conditions that had previously damaged the cells. The average elemental composition of the biomass was: 49.2% C, 6.3% H, 0.8% N, and 1.3% S. The chlorophylls, carotenoids, and pigments content of the biomass changed with irradiance within a given day. Low irradiance favored accumulation of the light capture pigments. Increasing daily irradiance led to accumulation of carbohydrates. Some of the carbohydrate accumulated during the day was consumed at night and partly converted to proteins. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) constituted between 27 and 30% of the total fatty acids present, or 2.6–3.1% of the dry biomass. The other main fatty acids present were palmetic acid (16:0), palmoleic acid (16:1n7), and myristic acid (14:0). On average, these three fatty acids constituted 16.9% (16:0), 14.0% (16:1n7) and 9.4% (14:0) of the total fatty acids present.

Characterization of dihydroxystearic acid from palm oleic acid

AbstractDihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) was prepared from palm oleic acid and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (gas chromatography, thin‐layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) as well as wet chemistry. The crude product has a melting point of 62°C, acid value of 179, saponification value of 178, and hydroxyl value of 196. The yield was about 90% based on unsaturation. The product obtained was found to contain DHSA, saturated fatty acids, and unknown products. DHSA is soluble in alcohol, and its solubility decreased by increasing the alcohol chain length. An irritancy test of DHSA indicated that purified DHSA is nonirritating.