Palm Oil Waste Research Articles

Factors affecting the adoption of Sustainable Waste Management Behavior measures in Palm Oil Plantation in Sabah, Malaysia

Purpose: This study will examine how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) affect sustainable waste management behaviour (SWMB) in Sabah, Malaysia's palm oil mills. Theoretical framework: This study has adopted the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) that serves as the primary theory in this research, which utilized a conceptual framework. Design/ methodology/approach: This study employed a probability sampling where a series of questionnaires has been distributed to members of the upper management of 133 oil palm mills in Sabah were used to gather the data, which was then processed using Smart-PLS V4. Findings: According to the findings of this research, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are important factors that contribute to SWMB adaptation in oil palm mills. The most significant association was found to be between subjective norms and SWMB. On the other hand, attitudes have been reported to have no substantial influence on environmentally responsible waste management behaviours. Research, Practical & Social Implications: To put it more succinctly, this study will give a framework for the regulation of palm oil waste in Malaysia through the establishment of a more effective legal and regulatory environment in this area.

The Potential of Oil Palm Plantation Byproducts as Feed for Beef Cattle

Oil palm is one of the plantation commodities that Indonesia relies on to generate foreign exchange annually. The oil palm industry generates both solid and liquid waste. Oil palm waste is a byproduct of the oil palm industry that is not reused; however, with technological advancements, this waste can be utilized as supplementary feed, especially for ruminants. The waste obtained from oil palm plantations and oil palm mills includes oil palm fruit bunches, oil palm fibers, oil palm shells, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm leaves, and oil palm sludge. Mucuna barcteata can also be used as a protein source for animal feed. Research was conducted in the Sei Mangkei plantation, and feed trials were carried out in the Bangun PTPN III Plantation (Simalungun). The methods employed included surveys and laboratory research. Proximate analysis of the suspected feed sources was conducted by PT Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor, which encompassed total energy, moisture and ash content, total fat, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, calcium, and phosphorus. The weight gain of cattle after being fed the experimental diet was observed over a three-month period. The research results indicate that oil palm byproducts can support a population of 12,365 head of beef cattle per year. Mucuna bracteata, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm fronds, and solid decanter can be used as animal feed. A feed mixture containing 30% Mucuna resulted in the highest weight gain in cattle compared to the other three treatments, with an average daily gain of 0.97.

Potential of Bio-Silica From Palm Oil Waste As a Rehabilitation of Dry Marginal Land on Corn (Zea mays L.) Planting

Potential of Bio-Silica From Palm Oil Waste As a Rehabilitation of Dry Marginal Land on Corn (Zea mays L.) Planting

Comparison Effect of Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Pellita Bark and Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm to Bio-Oil

The use of eucalyptus pelitta (EP) biomass waste and empty fruit bunch of oil palm(EFB) as raw materials for bio-oil is expected to overcome the existing solid waste problems, reduce pollution due to air pollution, and can produce gas and bio-oil which have potential. as new and renewable energy. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of raw material and temperature regulation on the results of pyrolysis products and the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. The set temperatures used were 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C with the raw materials being Eucalyptus pellita (EP) bark biomass and empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFB). Pyrolysis that occurs with the equipment configuration used a heating rate of 7-14°C/minute, where the main reaction of pyrolysis occurs at a temperature of 150°C to 270°C so that the set temperature does not have a large effect on the yield or characteristics of bio-oil. EP pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 41.64%, while EFB pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 46.72%. Bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EP has a characteristic average value for density of 1.062362 gr/mL, viscosity of 2.1749 cP, and pH 2-3. Meanwhile, bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EFB has a characteristic average value for density of 1.043146 gr/mL, viscosity of 1.3582 cP, and pH 3-4. EP bio-oil has a composition of C7-C10 carbon, while EFB bio-oil has a composition of C6-C19 carbon.

Feasibility study on formulation of cutting fluid from waste palm oil

From an industrial, environmental, and scientific standpoint, the creation of renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil fuels is an important concern in this decade. Due to the growing use of different lubricant types, the majority of which are mineral-based, there is an unavoidable flow of mineral-based lubricants into the environment. Another issue is using cooking oil that pollutes the environment when discarded. Both of these issues can be resolved by creating bio-based lubricants from discarded cooking oil. This article discusses formulating a green cutting fluid made from used cooking oil. This enables the use of waste oil as a cutting fluid while retaining its tribological and environmental characteristics. In order to compete in the market, biodegradable cutting fluid might gain from decreased costs for used natural oils. The many components and trends that make up this topic are briefly covered in this article, along with waste cooking oils’ potential application as a bio-based lubricant.

Building the Sociopreneurship Spirit of the Luba Hilir Hamlet Community in Koto Tinggi Village Based on E-Marketing on Handicraft Products from Palm Oil Waste Sticks

Rokan Hulu Regency is the district with the largest number of oil palm plantations in Riau Province. With the vast amount of palm oil causing palm oil waste that has an impact on environmental damage. A group of dasawisma women make handicrafts by utilizing palm oil waste. The purpose of this service is to increase the capacity of science and technology, counseling and mentoring regarding e-marketing, making a logo of the products produced. The methods used are location surveys and discussions, increasing the capacity of science and technology in the production system, training and socialization, and evaluation. The results of the service showed an increase in partner empowerment where partners understood 76% of the material presented based on the questionnaire given. Increased knowledge about digital marketing through Facebook, Instagram and TikTok platforms. The availability of stick-shaving machine facilities and increased partner knowledge in e-marketing and increasing product yields. The satisfaction survey analysis showed a very satisfied category with a value of 92.03%.

Review of: "Valorization of palm oil wastes into oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus HK-37) and biogas production"

Review of: "Valorization of palm oil wastes into oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus HK-37) and biogas production"

Isolation of xylose-utilizing yeasts from oil palm waste for xylitol and ethanol production

The energy crisis triggers the use of energy sources that are renewable, such as biomass made from lignocellulosic materials, to produce various chemical compounds for food ingredients and biofuel. The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into products with added value involves the activity of microorganisms, such as yeasts. For the conversion, microorganisms must be able to use various sugars in lignocellulosic biomass, including pentose sugars, especially xylose. This study aims to isolate xylose-utilizing yeasts and analyze their fermentation activity to produce xylitol and ethanol, as well as their ability to grow in liquid hydrolysate produced from pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Nineteen yeast isolates could grow on solid and liquid media using solely xylose as a carbon source. All isolates can grow in a xylose medium with incubation at 30 °C, 37 °C, 42 °C, and 45 °C. Six isolates, namely SLI (1), SL3, SL6, SL7, R5, and OPT4B, were chosen based on their considerable growth and high xylose consumption rate in a medium with 50 g/L xylose with incubation at 30 °C for 48 h. Four isolates tested, namely SLI (1), SL6, SL7, and R5, can produce xylitol in media containing xylose carbon sources. The concentration of xylitol produced was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 g/L. Five isolates tested, namely SLI (1), SL6, SL3, R5, and OPT4B, can produce ethanol. The ethanol content produced was determined using gas chromatography (GC), with concentrations ranging from 0.85 to 1.34 g/L. Three isolates, namely SL1(1), R5, and SL6, were able to produce xylitol and ethanol from xylose as carbon sources and were also able to grow on liquid hydrolyzate from pretreated oil palm trunk waste with the subcritical water method. The three isolates were further analyzed using the 18S rDNA sequence to identify the species and confirm their phylogenetic position. Identification based on DNA sequence analysis revealed that isolates SL1(1) and R5 were Pichia kudriavzevii, while isolate SL6 was Candida xylopsoci. The yeast strains isolated from this study could potentially be used for the bioconversion process of lignocellulosic biomass waste to produce value-added derivative products.Graphical

Utilization of Palm Oil Midrib Biochar as Soil Amendment with a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. SM11 for Growth Enhancement and Nitrate Reduction in Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia)

Biochar is a carbon-rich material that enhances nutrient availability, soil quality, and microbial activity, improving plant growth and crop productivity. In this study, the palm oil midrib biochar (POMB) was used as a soil conditioner to improve the growth of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia), together with a biofertilizer containing a newly isolated bacterial strain SM11. The newly isolated SM11 was closely related to Bacillus siamensis, with 99.77% similarity based on 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis. POMB treatment improved the fresh weight of romaine lettuce by up to 181.33 ± 1.15 g plant−1, which is equivalent to 160.27% growth enhancement compared to the control without POMB. By comparison, POMB treatment with a biofertilizer containing SM11 increased fresh weight to 275.67 ± 11.59 g plant−1 with a growth enhancement of 295.68%. The addition of SM11 biofertilizer also protected against disease during cultivation. The addition of POMB reduced nitrate accumulation in romaine lettuce from 631.38 ± 0.36 to 223.31 ± 0.20 mg kg−1 by 59.08% compared to the control. This study suggests a way to manage agricultural waste from local palm oil plantations, thereby reducing waste accumulation and adding value to palm oil waste by-products for agricultural benefit through a biotechnological process.

Community Empowerment In Producing Catfish Food Using Maggot With Palm Solid Waste Media Efforts Of Post Covid-19 Pandemic Economic Recovery

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused an economic crisis, the price of feed is increasing so that the selling price of catfish no longer matches the price of the feed provided. The focus of community service in the Tanjung Kasau Plantation village is to assist fish farmers in managing and increasing fish farmers' income. The priority objective of this activity is efforts to improve the economy, namely increasing income in terms of production costs, both fish feed, production cost management and training in maggot cultivation by utilizing surrounding waste, namely solid palm oil waste. The implementation method is carried out in 3 stages which involve problems in the fields of production and management. This service activity uses education, training and mentoring methods. Community-Based Empowerment Activities carried out at the Tangkas Mina Jaya Group in Tanjung Kasau Plantation Village ran smoothly, marked by good community participation from the start to the end of the activity. Community-Based Empowerment Activities also provide a positive impact by increasing community knowledge and skills

Process optimization for blended waste frying oil in biodiesel production using CaO derived from African periwinkle shell catalyst through response surface methodology

Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy alternatives for fossil fuel because of its biodegradability, no toxicity, and environmentally friendly nature. Investigations have been made on transesterifying blended waste frying oil (BWFO) into biodiesel using African periwinkle shells (APS) heterogeneous catalyst. The BWFO, a mixture of 60:40 groundnut oil and waste palm oil, usually causes serious environmental problems when indiscriminately disposed. After being calcined, the non-activated APS (RAPS) was further sulphonated to create an acid-activated APS (AAPSA) catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), and other techniques were used to characterize the produced RAPS and AAPSA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the produced biodiesel. Besides, a series of physiochemical properties including acid value, density, kinetic viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, and other fuel properties of produced BWFO, were evaluated using ASTM standard methods. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for modeling and process optimization of biodiesel production from BWFO.The characterization results revealed that CaO (62.07 %) is the main constituent of AAPSA. The RPSA's pore volume and BET surface area were 0.34 cm3/g and 68.93 m2/g, respectively. BET surface area (30.9%) and pore volume (48.2 %) increased for the AAPSA. The significant increase in surface area and pore volume of AAPSA indicates an enhanced number of acid sites and catalytic activity of the acid-modified catalyst towards higher produced biodiesel yield. The optimal conditions for the reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil ratio (mtOH/oil) were 55 °C, 142.5 min, 2.5 wt%, and 14.25:1. This resulted in the maximum yield of biodiesel, which was 91.5 %. Moreover, the AAPSA catalyst performed excellently, and the resulting biodiesel fuel's properties are comparable with those of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Hence, AAPSA is a potential solid acid bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel from BWFO. Therefore, this study's novelty comprises the synthesis of solid acid bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst from giant African land snail shells and the optimization of the process variables involved in the production of biodiesel from BWFO.

Development of a Learning Unit Design for Environmentally Friendly Energy Sources Based on the Utilization of Palm Oil Waste Briquettes

Palm shell waste and empty palm fruit bunches thrown away can cause environmental pollution. This palm oil waste can be used as an environmentally friendly energy source, namely briquettes. Briquettes, as an environmentally friendly energy source, can be used as teaching material in school science learning. This study aims to design learning units for environmentally friendly energy sources based on palm shell waste briquettes and empty palm fruit bunches as teaching materials. Data collection techniques were carried out by observing the potential of palm oil waste in the North Bengkulu area and need analysis, including material analysis and interviews. The resulting analytical data were analyzed descriptively regarding the composition, texture, colour, test of briquettes used, burning time, calorific value and moisture content of the resulting briquettes. The sample of needs analysis data collection was determined by purposive sampling. The data from the analysis will be developed into teaching materials packaged in designing learning units on environmentally friendly technology materials for junior high school students

Co-production of biochar and electricity from oil palm wastes for carbon dioxide mitigation in Malaysia

Power and heat production is the leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia, contributing to over 30% of total emissions. The transition from fossil to biomass resources in the power industry is an essential step towards achieving carbon neutrality in Malaysia. Oil palm wastes are the most abundant biomass resources in Malaysia because of the thriving oil palm industry. Consequently, two scenarios: (1) co-production of biochar and electricity, and (2) electricity generation, were proposed and simulated in Aspen Plus. A comprehensive evaluation system for mass and energy balances, techno-economic analysis, and life-cycle assessment was established to assess the two scenarios quantitatively. The results indicated that Scenario 1 achieved better economic and environmental benefits, the payback period was 6.12 to 8.89 years, and the global warming potential ranged from −885.23 to −1311.95 kg CO2-eq/t. The state-level spatiotemporal trajectory of oil palm waste resources and CO2 emission reduction potentials and economic benefits were analyzed. Theoretically, fully utilizing oil palm wastes in Scenario 1 would create economic benefits of 35.36 billion USD and mitigate CO2 emissions by 131.97 million tons in 2021. This study provides useful guidance for exploiting oil palm wastes to achieve carbon neutrality in Malaysia.

Sustainable oil palm biomass waste utilization in Southeast Asia: Cascade recycling for mushroom growing, animal feedstock production, and composting animal excrement as fertilizer

Palm oil production has increased greatly due to its high stability and growing global population, causing the waste generated by the palm oil industry to grow rapidly. Research utilizing palm oil waste as a substrate for mushroom cultivation is currently ongoing in palm oil-producing countries. This research explores the possibility of utilizing oil palm waste-based mushroom cultivation medium as feedstock for goats and further extends the experiment to the use of excrement as compost material for B. campestris. In this research, we report that oil palm trunk (OPT) and fermented empty fruit bunches (FEFBs) as mushroom cultivation substrates produce yields of 98.3 and 97.2 g/bottle, respectively, while the conventional substrate produces 96.6 g/bottle, showing similar yields but with reduced cultivation time. The in vivo digestion experiments showed no significant differences in the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content between the control group and the group that used fermented total mixed ration (TMR) feed containing 10% palm biomass spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Although the plant height and fresh and dry weights of B. campestris were higher in the excrement-treated groups than in the control group, the germination rate was lower, although the difference was not significant. Based on these results, it was shown that palm biomass could be used in cascade recycling through edible mushroom substrates to livestock feed and compost, thereby adding value to palm biomass.

Karakteristik sirup glukosa berbahan dasar umbut kelapa sawit dengan variasi konsentrasi enzim α-amilase dan suhu gelatinisasi

Oil palm plants must be replanted every 25-30 years, resulting in waste of oil palm stems which can be taken for the stems. Palm sheaths have not been widely used even though they contain starch which is quite high at around 4.7%. Given the high starch of palm sheath, it can be used as a raw material for making glucose syrup. The aim of this research was to study the effect of α-amylase concentrations and gelatinization temperature on the characteristics of glucose syrup made from sheath palm oil. The randomized complete block design used as experimental design with two factors. The first factors were gelatinization temperature, consist of 3 levels (80°C, 90°C, and 100°C), The second factors were α-amylase concentration, consist of 3 levels (0,3%, 0,6%, and 1% w/w). The experiment using two replications. The analysis carried out were reducing sugar, total sugar, total solids, viscosity and organoleptic preferences (color, aroma, taste). The results of this study indicate that variations in gelatinization temperature have no significant effect on reducing sugar, total sugar, viscosity, total solids, organoleptic preferences (color, aroma and taste). The α-amylase concentration has a significant effect on reducing sugar, total sugar, viscosity and color, but had no significant effect on total solids, organoleptic preferences (aroma and taste). Based on the overall organoleptic preference, the best treatment is glucose syrup with a gelatinization temperature at 100°C and 1% w/w α-amylase concentration.

Waste Utilization Potential of Oil Palm Industry in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

This research is aimed to identify the potential economic value of oil palm waste utilization and to construct an environmentally friendly business model based on oil palm waste utilization for the context of North Kalimantan Province. Method of research is descriptive using both quantitative and qualitative specifications. The results of research showed that plantation enterprises and farmers do not yet optimally utilize and manage oil palm waste into economically valuable products. The population around oil palm plantation perceive that oil palm waste from oil palm enterprises is safe and never bringing negative impact on environment. Economical value potential from oil palm waste utilization has been calculated and the number is positive and profitable. Other result indicated that the construction of a business model regarding oil palm waste management involves a collaboration between plantation enterprises, farmers and Village Enterprise (Bumdes-Badan Usaha Milik Desa) as the representative of community around the plantation. The expectation is that the utilization of oil palm waste will improve the welfare of farmers and community members, protect the environment and prevent social conflict concerning waste from happening.

The effect of dispensing biochar of palm oil empty bunches and palm oil fronds on the population of soil organisms

Palm oil waste can be utilized as biochar. This was aimed to examine the effect of giving biochar empty palm bunches (EPB) and palm fronds (PF) on soil organism populations for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks. This research was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV Bah Jambi unit plantation with Inceptisol soil type. This research used a randomized design of non-factorial groups with treatment without biochar, biochar EPB, and biochar PF. The results showed that the highest population of organisms was found in the PF biochar, followed by biochar EPB the treatment without biochar had the lowest population. The population of bacteria and macro fauna above ground level on treatment with biochar increased from the 2nd to 6th week, and fungi populations decreased on biochar treatments from 2nd to 6th week of observations. The population of subsurface soil macro fauna increased from the 4th to the 8th week on treatment with biochar. Meanwhile, without biochar, the growth of soil organisms didn’t show significant changes. The highest soil respiration was obtained in the EPB biochar treatment, followed by PF biochar and subsequently without biochar treatment. Soil respiration increased every week until the 8th week.

A preliminary study of pyrolysis kinetics among various types of oil palm wastes

Oil palm waste such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fibre (MF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) are some of the abundant wastes produced by oil palm mills which have great potential to replace fossil fuel through the application of thermochemical processes like torrefaction which produces solid biofuel and pyrolysis that produces bio-oils. The study of the kinetics of a reaction indicates the activation energy and frequency factor of the reaction are often applied in the design of a reactor. In this study, the kinetics of pyrolysis of oil palm wastes were investigated with the aid of a derivative thermogravimetric graph (DTG) using thermogravimetric analyzers. Model-fitting methods including Arrhenius, Coats-Redfern (CR) and Kennedy-Clarke (KC) models were applied to obtain the kinetic parameters which are activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A). To determine the best model-fitting methods, a reaction order mechanism was applied. For the best model, by comparing how fit is the model to the data, the highest regression coefficient was achieved by the CR model for EFB, MF and PKS. Therefore, it is clear that the CR model provides the most accurate estimates of the kinetics of the pyrolysis of oil palm wastes.

Effect of carbon composition on permittivity performance of dielectric material from agricultural waste

Agriculture in several nations, including Malaysia, yields abundant waste like timber, oil palm waste, rice husks, coconut fibers, municipal waste, sugarcane residues, and pineapple byproducts. Fabricating a dielectric material from agricultural waste could curtail waste, offering an eco-friendly option for non-recyclable dielectrics in electronics devices such as PCBs, antennas, and sensors, for example. This research highlights the development of a new dielectric material using agricultural waste sourced from pineapple leaves. Pineapple leaves are selected as the primary raw material due to their abundant waste, which is often underutilized, particularly in Malaysia. The dielectric material is fabricated by incorporating pineapple leaves as the base formulation. Then, the fabricated material is characterized by its permittivity value and loss tangent. The permittivity value signifies the material's capacity to absorb or store electromagnetic waves. The analysis includes carbon composition and permittivity values to assess the dielectric potential of these raw materials. Elemental carbon composition is determined through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The fabricated dielectric material achieves its highest permittivity value at 3.31, with a carbon percentage of 78.05% and an oxygen percentage of 21.95% within 16 runs of the two-level factorial analysis (TLFA) method. These findings indicate that an increased carbon element content enhances permittivity as carbon effectively absorbs and stores electromagnetic signals. Conversely, an increased oxygen element content reduces permittivity due to expanded void space (porous structure), diminishing the material's absorbent or storage capacity for electromagnetic signals. In conclusion, this initial experiment demonstrates that the carbon content of the fabricated dielectric material, derived from waste pineapple leaves, significantly influences its permittivity value.

Bio-failure or Bio-fuel? Economic Feasibility of Converting Palm Oil Waste to Biogas

This study aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of using an Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor to convert liquid waste from palm oil processing plants into biogas containing methane. The study examined total capital investment (TCI), working capital investment (WCI), and production costs at different capacities (3, 30, and 300 liters per day) to determine if the process could generate a profit. The results showed that the biogas production from palm oil industrial liquid waste using the UASB reactor did not result in a profit due to the large capital costs and low biogas production. The implication of this study is that further research is needed to find ways to reduce the capital costs of the process and increase biogas production to make it economically feasible.