Palm Oil Sludge Research Articles

Haematological indices, serum cholesterol and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets with palm oil sludge substituting maize

A 49-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of substituting 10, 20, 30 and 40% of energy supplied by maize in a control diet with energy from palm oil sludge (POS) using 200 Shaver Starbo chickens allotted at 10 birds per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment. On the 49 th day, four female birds per replicate were humanely slaughtered for haematological variables, serum cholesterol and oxidative stability of refrigerated meat. Substituting maize with POS increased dietary ether extract. Haematological variables were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by dietary treatment. Serum cholesterol contents increased from 140.32 ± 5.88 in the control to 198.00 ± 1.58 mg/dl (P<0.05) at 40% substitution (41.11% increase). Lipid contents of the meat increased with increasing levels of POS in the diets (P<0.05). Thigh, drumstick and breast muscle lipid contents were 119.9 ± 9.8, 103.1 ± 6.4 and 91.6 ± 7.1 g/kg muscle, respectively (P<0.05). Oxidative deterioration of the meat, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was lowest for meat from chickens fed the control diet and increased with increasing levels of dietary POS (P<0.05). It was concluded that even if economic returns by partial substitution of maize with POS is enhanced, the effect on meat quality in terms of elevated lipids, cholesterol and oxidative susceptibility vis-a-vis accumulation of dangerous lipid peroxidation products in/of the meat are of human health concern.

The effect of fermentation of sludge with Neorospora sp. on the egg performances and quality of laying hens.

The purpose of this research is to produce enriched eggs (high concentration in protein, amino acid and β-karoten) but law in lipid and cholesterol content. An experiment was conducted to study the utilization of fermented palm oil sludge (LSF) using neurospora sp for layer. The present study was done based on Randomized Design in which 100 layer were distributed to five treatment group as follow: Layers were fed diet with (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% LSF). Experimental results showed that LSF significantly (P 0.05). LSF reduced egg smell, improved taste of egg and yolk colur (P < 0.05). Protein and fat, contents of eggs were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) and cholesterol content of eggs was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Utilization LSF increased the content of β-karoten yolk (P < 0.01), and modified the composition of amino acid in yolk. In conclusion, utilization of LSF improved egg quality, reduced egg cholesterol dan lipid and modified the composition of amino acid in yolk. Key Words: Palm Oil Sludge, Neorospora sp, Egg Quality

Pengaruh Penggunaan Lumpur Sawit Fermentasi dengan Jamur P. chrysosporium dalam Ransum terhadap Performans Ayam Broiler

The experiment was aimed to determine the effect of palm oil sludge fermentation by P. Chrysosporium (LSFp) in ration on the performance of broiler chicken. The experiment was assigned into Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were level of LSFp into the ration (R0 : 0%, R1 : 5 %, R2 : 10 %, R3 : 15 % and R4 : 20 %). The observed variables were the feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ration, carcass percentage, the percentage of abdominal fat, meat fat, meat cholesterol. The result of this study showed that added LSFp were significantly (P&lt;0.05) body weight gain, and carcass percentage. The experiment showed the that fermentation of palm oil sludge (LSFp) could be fed to the broiler chicken up to 15 %.

Performance Characteristics And Muscle Fat Contents Of Broiler Chicken Finishers Fed Diets Containing Palm Oil Sludge In Partial Replacement For Maize

This study was carried out to asses the effect of substituting maize at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of energy supplied by maize in a control diet (500 g/kg maize based) with energy from palm oil sludge (POS) on performance, muscle fat content and cost of production of 4-week old broiler chickens. A total of 200 starter Shaver Starbo broilers were randomly allotted to the 5 diets at 10 birds per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. The feeding trial lasted 4 weeks during which weekly feed consumption and group live weights were measured. Sixteen birds per treatment were sacrificed and dissected to assess the belly fat and total lipid contents of selected muscle.Final live weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Feed intake was significantly influenced (P

Variety diversity effect on the chemical composition and dry matter degradation characteristics of residue and by‐products of oil palm fruits

The materials palm press fibre (PPF), palm calyx (PCL) and palm oil sludge (POS) obtained from three varieties of oil palm: dura, oleifera and tenera were investigated for the effect of variety on their nutritive value. Analysis of proximate composition, cell wall fractions, some mineral concentration as well as in-situ dry matter degradation in the rumen of steers were carried out. Significant effects of materials (i.e. PPF, PCL and POS) as well as variety (i.e. dura, oleifera and tenera) were noticed in all the parameters studied except sodium (Na) and organic matter (OM) components. Crude protein (CP) values in all the varieties were lowest in PCL (3.15-5.48%) and highest in POS (9.02-10.02%), while crude fibre (CF) values were highest in PCL (33.00-46.19%) and lowest in POS (3.15-5.48%). The upper and lower values respectively for CP and CF in the materials were in most cases for the tenera variety. The cell wall fractions (NDF, ADF, Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were all higher in PCL and lowest in POS. In the three varieties, POS had highest concentration of Mg (0.117-0.231 g/100 g), K (1.21-2.33 g/100 g) and Cu (75.07-87.34 mg/kg) but lowest content of Ca (0.016-0.089 g/100 g) while PPF had lowest concentration of Mg (0.031-0.039 g/100 g) and Cu (20.96-22.28 mg/kg). Iron (Fe, mg/kg) values were generally high, but highest in PCL (2015.41-4042.16). Dry matter degradability and effective degradability values were best in POS irrespective of the variety and least in PCL. Among the three varieties, dry matter degradation characteristics of tenera were the best and oleifera the least. Generally the residue and by-products irrespective of the variety of oil palm they are obtained from can be ranked for their nutritive value as POS > PPF > PCL, while nutritive ranking based on variety is tenera > dura > oleifera. Conclusively, POS and PPF from any variety of oil palm could be adopted directly as feed resources for ruminant livestock, while PCL will require hydrolytic nutritive value enhancement treatment. Ruminant livestock will however be at an advantage if materials from tenera variety are fed.

Performance Characteristics And Muscle Fat Contents Of Broiler Chicken Finishers Fed Diets Containing Palm Oil Sludge In Partial Replacement For Maize

This study was carried out to asses the effect of substituting maize at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of energy supplied by maize in a control diet (500 g/kg maize based) with energy from palm oil sludge (POS) on performance, muscle fat content and cost of production of 4-week old broiler chickens. A total of 200 starter shaver starbo broilers were randomly allotted to the 5 diets at 10 birds per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment. the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. the feeding trial lasted 4 weeks during which weekly feed consumption and group live weights were measured. sixteen birds per treatment were sacrificed and dissected to assess the belly fat and total lipid contents of selected muscle. Final live weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds did not differ significantly (P&#61502;0.05). feed intake was significantly influenced (P

Replacing Maize with Sundried Palm Oil Sludge in Rabbit Diets 1: Effect on the Growth and the Carcass Characteristics

Palm oil Sludge (POS) was collected in a semi-solid form from an oil palm processing mill at Apoje oil palm plantation, Ijebu-Igbo, Nigeria. The POS was sundried to a constant moisture content of 8% before incorporating into rabbit diets at 0, 10, or 20% levels. In a randomised complete block design experiment, fifty four New-Zealand white (NZW). Weaner rabbits were allotted to three dietary groups such that there were three replicates of six rabbits each. At the end of eighteen weeks feeding trial, all were slaughtered, dressed, cut into prima parts and subsequently separated in certain anatomical muscle groups of hind leg, shoulder, loin, rib and flank. Inclusion of POS resulted in significant decrease in feed intake; daily weight gain was similar for both control and 20% POS diet but was higher than 10% POS ration. Including POS in rabbit diet had a significant effect on the dressing percentage of rabbit; however, when expressed as a percentage of live weight, rabbits on 20% POS diet had higher weight than the rest. The rabbit cut-up parts as absolute weight were not influenced (P

Penggunaan Urea sebagai Sumber Nitrogen pada Proses Biodegradasi Substrat Lumpur Sawit oleh Jamur Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The research was conducted to study the biodegradation capability on palm oil sludge substrate by Phanerochaete chrysosporium with increasing urea as nitrogen source. The experiment was designed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, namely : U-0 = 0,0 % Urea, U-1= 0,5 % Urea, U-2 = 1,0 % Urea, U-3 = 1,5 % Urea and U-4 = 2,0 % Urea. The observed variables were the amount of spore, C/N ratio, pH, crude fiber, crude protein, lignin, cellulose and enzyme activities. The result of this study showed that added urea were significantly (P&lt;0.01) crude fiber, crude protein, lignin, cellulose and enzyme activities. The use of urea on the first level amounting to 1.5 % in palm oil sludge can help Phanerochaete chrysosporium to reduce crude fiber to (30,71%), lignin (29.89 %), cellulose (36.42 %) and it can increase the content of crude protein to (34.50 %), reduction sugar and enzyme activities.

Chemical composition and in sacco dry matter degradability of residue and by‐products of palm fruit processing in the rumen of steers

ABSTRACTThe nutritive value of residue (palm calyx leaves (PCL)) and by‐products (palm press fiber (PPF) and palm oil sludge (POS)) of palm fruit processing were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) in the rumen of steers. Chemical analysis showed that the materials have similar organic matter components (mean = 95.2%), while crude protein (CP, g/100 g) and metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) were highest in POS (10.02 and 9.43), followed by PPF (7.02 and 8.61) and least in PCL (5.42 and 8.04). An opposite trend of CP and ME was noticed in NDF and ADF contents, being 61.53 and 49.11% in PCL, 44.84 and 32.08% in PPF and 25.35 and 20.29% in POS. Mineral contents showed that PPF and POS had the lowest and highest concentration, respectively, of Mg (0.07 vs. 0.11%), Cu (58.5 vs. 143.9 mg/kg) and Fe (1374.5 vs. 4086.0 mg/kg). Dry matter degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05) and were consistently highest in POS and least in PCL. Results have generally shown that the residue and by‐products could be ranked for their potential feeding value as POS &gt; PPF &gt; PCL. It is concluded that POS and PPF can be harnessed directly as feed resources for ruminant animals, while PCL will require some treatments to enhance its nutritive value in ruminants.

Effect of coagulation on palm oil mill effluent and subsequent treatment of coagulated sludge by anaerobic digestion

AbstractA new effluent treatment scheme is proposed for treating palm oil mill effluent based on coagulation and anaerobic digestion of coagulated sludge. The effectiveness of anionic (N9901) and cationic (N9907) polyelectrolytes manufactured by NALCO (Malaysia) was evaluated both as coagulant and coagulant aid. The results showed that the anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes were best suited as a coagulant aid, and the cationic polyelectrolyte showed better performance than the anionic polyelectrolyte. For an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 59 700 mg L−1 at an alum dosage of 1700 mg L−1, the residual COD, suspended solid removal, sludge volume and pH were found to be 39 665 mg L−1, 87%, 260 mL L−1 and 6.3, respectively. For the above influent COD and alum dosage with the addition of 2 mg L−1 of cationic polyelectrolyte as coagulant aid, the results were 30 870 mg L−1, 90%, 240 mL L−1 and 6.2, respectively. The sludge resulting from the coagulation process using alum as coagulant and cationic polyelectrolyte as coagulant aid was tested for its digestibility in an anaerobic digester. The quantity of biogas generated per gram of volatile solids (VS) destroyed at a loading rate of 26.7 ± 0.5 and 35.2 ± 0.4 g VS L−1 d−1 was found to be 0.68 and 0.72 L g−1 VS destroyed. The anaerobic biomass when subjected to varying alum dosage in the coagulated palm oil sludge did not exhibit inhibition as the digester performance was in conformity with the regular treatment process Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Metabolisable energy values of some non-conventional feeding ingredients in poultry diets

A metabolism trial was designed to evaluate dietary energy values (AME, AMEn, TME, TMEn) of eight readily available non-conventional feeding ingredients viz: cassava root meal (CRM); cassava leaf meal (CLM), mango leaf meal (MLM), shrimp waste meal (SWM), full-fat soyabean (FFSB), palm oil sludge (POS), corn cob (CC), and sawdust (SD), as influenced by type of basal diets (low or high protein maize-containing diets, LPM & HPM; and low or high protein cassava root and leaf meal containing diets LPC & HPC) and level of inclusion of some of the test materials. Twenty-eight (28) experimental diets resulted from the four basal diets and eight test ingredients each evaluated at either 400 and/or 200 g/kg level of inclusion in the basal diets employing 15 months old Black Anak layers which were already 10 months in lay. Employing maize or cassava basal diet generally had no significant (P>0.05) effect on AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values of CLM, MLM, CRM, POS, FFSB. For FFSB, however, AME value from maize basal was significantly lower than for the cassava basal diet (13.42 vs. 13.84 MJ/kg). The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values of CC & SD were significantly influenced by the nature of basal diet employed in the evaluation with higher values obtained using cassava basal diet. In addition, energy values of CLM, MLM, CC and SD were generally depressed with increased rate of inclusion. These two factors should be considered if these feed ingredients are to be used advantageously in poultry ration formulation. Keywords : metabolizable energy, unconventional feed ingredients, poultry Moor Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(1) 2004: 33-40

Response of broilers on the diet containing fermented palm oil sludge stored at various length of time

An experiment was conducted to study the response of broilers on the diet containing fermented palm oil sludge with Aspergillus niger stored at different length of time. The research was carried out in Research Institute for Animal Production Ciawi, Bogor. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design using 245 day old broiler chicks with 5 replicates. They were allotted to 7 diets containing one control without palm oil sludge (R0), 5 and 10% of fresh-fermented palm oil sludge (LSF) (R1 and R2), 5 and 10% of LSF stored at room temperature for 2 months (R3 and R4) and stored for 3 months (R5 and R6). Diets were fed ad libitum for 5 weeks. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass yields were observed as parameters. Results showed that no parameters were significantly affected by the treatments. It is concluded that 10% of fermented palm oil sludge could be included in diet of broilers even after three months storage at room temperature. Key words: Broiler, fermented palm oil sludge, storage period

Effect of Varying Levels of Palm Oil Sludge in Broiler Finisher Rations

(2003). Effect of Varying Levels of Palm Oil Sludge in Broiler Finisher Rations. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 213-216.

Increasing the fertilizer value of palm oil mill sludge: bioaugmentation in nitrification

Malaysia is essentially an agricultural country and her major polluting effluents have been from agro-based industries of which palm oil and rubber industries together contribute about 80% of the industrial pollution. Palm oil sludge, commonly referred to, as palm oil mill effluent (POME) is brown slurry composed of 4-5% solids, mainly organic, 0.5-1% residual oil, and about 95% water. The effluent also contains high concentrations of organic nitrogen. The technique for the treatment of POME is basically biological, consisting of pond systems, where the organic nitrogen is converted to ammonia, which is subsequently transformed to nitrate, in a process called nitrification. A 15-month monitoring program of a pond system (combined anaerobic, facultative, and aerobic ponds in series) confirmed studies by other authors and POME operators that nitrification in a pond system demands relatively long hydraulic retention time (HRT), which is not easily achieved, due to high production capacity of most factories. Bioaugmentation of POME with mixed culture of nitrifiers (ammonia and nitrite oxidizers) has been identified as an effective tool not only for enhancing nitrification of POME but also for improving quality of POME as source of liquid nitrogen fertilizer for use in the agricultural sector, especially in oil palm plantations. Nitrate is readily absorbable by most plants, although some plants are able to absorb nitrogen in the form of ammoniun. In this study, up to 60% reduction in HRT (or up to 20% reduction in potential land requirement) was achieved when bioaugmentation of POME was carried out with the aim of achieving full nitrification.

Nutritive value of palm oil sludge fermented with Aspergillus niger after stored in different packing materials

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effect of type of packaging and time of storage on fermented palm oil sludge. The palm oil sludge was fermented with Aspergillus niger , dried, kept in differentpackaging materials (plastic bags, feed bag, and paper bag) and stored under room temperatures for 12 weeks. The experiment was assigned in a split plot design (3x7). The parameters measured were water content, crude protein, soluble nitrogen, true protein, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and true protein digestibilities (IVTPD), total in vitro digestible protein, and the activities of mannanase and cellulase. Results showed that fermented palm oil sludge stored for 12 weeks increased the water content, decreased the true protein and fiber contents, and also reduced the activity of mannanase and cellulase and in vitro dry matter digestibility but no changes on the crude protein content, protein digestibility, and total digestible protein. It was concluded that fermented palm oil sludge should be kept in feed bag under room temperature if to be stored for 12 weeks. Key words : Palm oil sludge, fermentation, nutritive value, storage

Rumen microbial degradation of full-fat and defatted palm oil sludge (POS) in a consecutive batch culture system

In Indonesia the production of POS increased rapidly as the areas of palm oil plantation increased. The POS contains high protein (15%), fibre (18%), and fat (20%) and thus likely to have the potential to provide high levels of protein and carbohydrate supplements for ruminant. However, the fast development of POS production in Indonesia is not supported by good researches to examine its nutritive value. High fat content in the diet of steers (Mooreet al, 1986) has been found to depress the fibre digestibility; it is thought that high fat content in POS could be the limiting factor for the utilisation of the POS by ruminant. Therefore, an experimentin vitrowas conducted to examine the degradation and fermentation of full-fat and defatted POS by rumen micro-organisms.

Utilization of palm oil sludge in poultry diet: 2. Dried palm oil sludge and its fermented product for growing drakes

Inclusion limit of palm oil sludge (POS) in poultry diet varies according to processing, and species or strain of the animal. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the utilization of fermented (FPOS) and non-fermented palm oil sludge (POS) for growing drakes. A number of 224 one week-old male ducklings were randomly distributed into 7 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates and 8 ducklings for each replicate. The dietary treatment consists of 2 kinds of feedstuffs (POS and FPOS) with 3 levels (5, 10, and 15%) and one control diet consisting neither POS nor FPOS. All diets were formulated with similar nutrient contents and meet the requirement of growing duckling and fed to 8 weeks old. The results showed that at the first week of the trial, feeding of POS or FPOS significantly (P 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that it is safe to include POS or FPOS up to 15% in the diet of growing ducklings. Key words: Palm oil sludge, fermentation, ducks, growth

Utilization of palm oil sludge in poultry diet. 4. Inclusion of fresh or dried fermented palm oil sludge in native chicken's diet

Fermentation processes increase the protein of palm oil sludge and produce some useful enzymes. However, drying process, especially with heating often affects the nutritive values of feed ingredients and the enzymes activity. Therefore, this experiment was designed to study the responses of native chickens when fed ration containing fresh or dried fermented palm oil sludge (FPOS). Experimental diets with different levels of fresh or dried FPOS (5, 10 and 15% equal to dried FPOS) were formulated with similar nutrient contents. A control diet with no FPOS was also included. Each treatment was replicated 5 times for 12 weeks. Performances (body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion and mortality) of chickens were recorded. Carcass yield, abdominal fat content, weight of liver and gizzard were measured at the end of feeding trial. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and different between means were tested by orthogonal procedures. Results during the starting period showed that, chickens fed FPOS diet gain more weight significantly than the control birds (298.1 vs . 264.7). The dry matter intake of the dry FPOS diet was significantly better than the fresh FPOS diet (2.88 vs . 3.32). The FPOS dietary levels did not affect body weight gain and dry matter intake of native chickens, significantly. However, increasing the FPOS levels worsen the dry matter conversion (DCR) significantly. Data during 12 weeks trial showed mat the body weight gain was not significantly affected by treatments. The dry matter intake of the FPOS diets were significantly higher than the control diet (3469 vs . 3065 g/bird), hence the DCR of the control diet was significantly better than the FPOS diets (3.28 vs . 3.62). Feeding dry FPOS resulted in a better DCR as compared to fresh FPOS (3.48 vs . 3.76), but not affected the dry matter intake. The FPOS dietary levels did not affect body weight gain and dry matter intake of native chickens, significantly. However, inclusion of 5% FPOS in me diet gave better DCR significantly, as compared with 15% FPOS (3.51 vs . 3.83). Feeding dry or fresh FPOS (5 - 15%) did not significantly affect the mortality, carcass yield, abdominal fat levels, weight of liver and weight of gizzard of native chickens. It is concluded that dry FPOS was better than the fresh FPOS and could be included in me native chickens diet up to 10%. Key words : Palm oil sludge, fermentation, native chickens

Utilization of palm oilsludge in poultry diet: 3. Inclusion of fresh or dried fermented palm oil sludge in broiler’s diet

Drying proces, especially with heating often affects the nutritive values of feed ingredients. Therefore, this experiment was designed to study the responses of broiler chickens when fed with ration containing fresh or dried fermented palm oil sludge(FPOS). Experimental diets with different levels of fresh or dried FPOS (5, 10, and 15% equally to dried FPOS) were formulated with similar nutrient contents. A control diet with no FPOS was also included. Each diet was fed to 30 broiler chickens (5 replicates of 6 birds) for 5 weeks. Performances (body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, and mortalities) of chickens were recorded. Carcass percentage and abdominal fat content was also measured at the end of feeding trial. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design and different between means were tested by orthogonal contrast procedures. Results of the experiment showed that body weight gain (BWG) of control birds was not significantlydifferent with BWG of birds fed with FPOS. Birds fed with dried FLS gain more weight than those fed with fresh FPOS (1048 vs 981 g/bird). Increasing of dietary FPOS levels decreased BWG, but 10% inclusion was still tolerable. Feed consumption of control diet was significantly (P 0.05). Conversion of feed dry matter to body weight gain of control diet was not significantly (P>0.05) different with those diets with FPOS. However, dry matter conversion of dried FPOS was significantly better than the fresh FPOS. Increasing levels of FLS from 5 to 15 significantly worsen the feed dry matter conversion but not with inclusion of 10% FPOS. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no superior advantage of feeding fresh FPOS as compared with dried FPOS. Inclusion of 10% dried or fresh FPOS in the diets did not affect growth performances of broiler chickens. Key words: Palm oil sludge, dried, fermented, broilers

Utilization of palm oil sludge in poultry diet. 1. Dried palm oil sludge and its fermented product in broiler’s diet

Palm oil sludge a by product of palm oil industry is not commonly used in poultry feed due to some limiting factors such as low protein and amino acids content and high fiber content. These limiting factors were expected to be reduced by fermentation technology. Therefore an experiment was conducted to study the use of fermented (FLS) and non-fermented palm oil sludge (LS) for broiler chicken feed. Two hundred and ten day-old broiler chicks were used for this study. The birds were allocated into 35 cages with 6 birds in each cage. Each 5 group of birds were fed with one of 7 experimental diets. All diets were formulated with similar nutrient contents containing either LS or FLS at 3 different levels (5, 10 and 15%) and a control diet with no LS or FLS. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks and the performances were observed. Carcass yield, abdominal fat, weight of liver and gizzard were also measured at the end of the trial. The results showed that LS or FLS can be included in broiler’s diet, since the mortality, carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver and gizzard were not significantly affected. Best level inclusion of LS was 5%. Although inclusion of 10-15% LS did not affect growth and feed conversion significantly, the feed intake was significantly depressed. The best level inclusion of FLS was 10%, since higher level (15%) caused growth depression. Key words: Palm oil sludge, fermentation, broilers