Palm Oil Exports Research Articles

Analisis Ekspor Minyak Kelapa Sawit (CPO) Indonesia Ke Sepuluh Negara Tujuan Utama Tahun 2008-2020

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world as well as the world’s largest CPO exporter. However, Indonesia has not been able to become a peg for CPO prices and in 2020 there was a decrease in CPO export volume due to pandemic Covid-19. This study aims to: (1) analyzing the effect of Gross Domestic Product of the destination country on Indonesian palm oil (CPO) exports in 2008-2020. (2) analyzing the effect of Economic Distance on Indonesian palm oil (CPO) exports in 2008-2020. (3) Analyzing the effect of Riil Exchange Rate on Indonesian palm oil (CPO) exports in 2008-2020. (4) Analyzing the effect of palm oil export prices on Indonesian palm oil (CPO) exports in 2008-2020. This study uses secondary data related to palm oil sources from BPS, Bappepti, BI, BPDPKS, World Bank, and other related sources. The analytical tool used in this research is panel data regression analysis (pooled data) with Gravity Model. Based on the result of the analysis, it is know that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of export destination countries, Economic Distance, and Riil Exchange Rate has positive and significant effect of on CPO exports. While CPO Export Price variables have a negative dan significant effect on CPO exports.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI NILAI EKSPOR MINYAK SAWIT INDONESIA KE BEBERAPA NEGARA ASIA

The purpose this study to analyze effect of GDP, foreign exchange rates, and population simultaneously and partially on value palm oil exports to India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Singapore. The research locations in this study in several countries Asia, including India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Singapore from 2015 to 2020. The data used secondary data, analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show that GDP, exchange rates, and population simultaneously influence the value of Indonesian palm oil exports to several Asian countries. GDP partially has a negative and significant effect on the export value of palm oil, the exchange rate partially has a positive and significant effect on the export value of palm oil, and the population partially has a positive and insignificant effect on the export value of Indonesian palm oil to several Asian countries.
 Keywords: GDP, exchange rate, population, exports, palm oil
 

Crude Palm Oil Corruption: A Discourse on the Imposition of Capital Punishment

The study aims to discuss on the corruption of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) export cases that have led to the scarcity of cooking oil at affordable prices in Indonesia. It is harmful for the public as the Crude Palm Oil (CPO) has been exported without a permit and does not meet the requirements of Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) and Domestic Price Obligation (DPO). The study is a normative legal research employing descriptive-qualitative upon data collected through a library study. The study shows that the case of crude palm oil (CPO) export corruption made the supply of cooking oil disrupted that led to economic and political instability. In response to this, the government conducted an investigation and found several suspects of corruption cases. While the legal process running, the discourse on the application of death penalty arose within the society. It was so because this corruption occurred during the pandemic. However, the use of the capital punishment in cases of corruption is restricted because it can only be used in specified circumstances, especially when the funds are intended for dealing with dangerous situations, national natural disasters, social unrest, economic and monetary problems, and corruption repetition.

Technical Efficiency and Export Potential of the World Palm Oil Market

Palm oils have been proven to have the highest yield among vegetable oils, which is one of the critical factors in ensuring global food security. However, the world palm oil market has not been entirely utilised due to intervention policies that disrupt the global trade flow. Hence, this study aims to identify the technical efficiency of palm oil exports and then analyse the export potential of two leading producers and exporters of palm oil, Malaysia and Indonesia. A stochastic frontier model (SFM) has been used to estimate the level of technical efficiency across two countries for a sample of 59 major palm oil importing countries during 2009–2019. Palm oil export potential is then calculated using the value of technical export efficiency obtained from the SFM. The main findings revealed the technical inefficiency of world palm oil exports. Comparing the two countries, the Indonesian average technical efficiency value is higher than Malaysian throughout the year. Moreover, the technical efficiency estimates reveal that Malaysia and Indonesia dominate different markets, except in the Netherlands. In terms of export potential, the study found that both major exporting countries of palm oil have great potential to tap more into the same countries, namely China, India, Thailand and the United States. The policy implications of this study suggest that policymakers from both countries should set up a new combined strategy to maximise the palm oil export to their trading partners. Low technical efficiency values in several importing countries show great potential to explore further. Hence, there is a vast potential market for palm oil export to be tapped in those countries.

Ekspor CPO (Crude Palm Oil) Indonesia Ke India Dengan Analisis Model Gravity

The agricultural sector is one of the sectors that takes a role in international trade. Exports are one way to increase state revenues and in turn can stimulate an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Exports are the most important part that must be considered for the achievement of sustainable economic development. In this case the progress of the export of a country that has no constraints will benefit the country itself. One of Indonesia's mainstay export commodities is palm oil (CPO). India is the main destination country for Indonesian CPO exports. The consumption of vegetable oils in India has increased over the past two decades as populations grow, incomes increase, and restaurants have sprung up to cater to crowds who start eating out more often. The Indian state's vegetable oil imports have soared to 15 million tonnes from 4 million just two decades ago, but imports fell in 2019/20 and 2020/21 after pandemic-related lockdowns that swept the world. The study aims to describe Indonesia's palm oil exports to India and to determine the factors affecting Indonesia's palm oil exports to India. This research was conducted in the destination country of Indonesia's palm oil (CPO) export to India, with the data collection time from 1992 to 2020. The palm oil commodity in this study is based on the harmonized system (HS) 151190010 published by the United Nations Commission trade (UN Comtrade). The method used in this study is time series analysis using a gravity model approach. The results of the analysis using the gravity method show that GDP per capita in Indonesia is based on constant prices, GDP per capita in India is based on constant prices, Indian tariffs and economic distance have a significant effect on the value of Indonesia's CPO exports to India.

Impact of ASEAN- India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) on Palm Oil Trade

Aims: To analyse the trade creation and trade diversion effect of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) on palm oil trade among the member countries.
 Data and Methodology: Data on palm oil exports of major Association of South East Asian countries (ASEAN) member countries such as Indonesia (64.10%), Malaysia (31.52%), Thailand (2.18%), Singapore (1.95%) and Philippines (0.25%) were collected for the period of 21 years (2000–2020) and used for the analysis. The Gravity model by Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) methods were estimated with the panel data.
 Results: As expected gravity model variables the distance had a negative impact on the palm oil trade between India and ASEAN member countries. The tariff rates and export prices had a negative impact on the palm oil trade whereas; the population of ASEAN members (exporters), GDP of ASEAN members and exchange rate were insignificant. The AIFTA had a positive and significant effect on the palm oil trade from ASEAN member countries to India which denoted the trade creation effect between ASEAN members and India.
 Conclusion: The analysis showed a pure trade creation effect of AIFTA in the time and country fixed effect model. The results suggested that the palm oil trade could be pushed for further trade liberalisation in the AIFTA.

The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia

Palm oil is one of the most traded vegetable oils in the global market due to its versatile usage and having a lower price than competitor products. Trade is related to logistics performance as it connects the exporter and importer countries; thus, improving the indicators of logistics also improves the performance of trade, especially in agricultural export. Currently, no study has revealed the effect of logistics performance on palm oil export by considering all the indicators. This study investigates the impact of all the indicators of the logistics performance index on palm oil and palm-based products. Using a panel data regression approach, the extended gravity model is applied in this study to examine Indonesia and Malaysia as the leading exporters of palm oil and palm-based products. The results reveal that all the Logistics Performance Index indicators affect palm oil and palm-based products export in Indonesia and Malaysia. The critical indicators of the Logistics Performance Index in Indonesia are timeliness and tracking and tracing. However, competence and quality of trade infrastructure are the main indicators of Malaysia’s palm oil and palm-based products. The future direction of this research is to explore other agricultural commodities and extend the period of the analysis.

Penerapan Prinsip Keberlanjutan: Strategi Negara Menurunkan Emisi Karbon?

As one of Indonesia's leading commodities, the trend of palm oil exports is always increasing. Even so, this commodity is often subject to global market discrimination which is manifested through regulations and policies of countries consuming palm oil commodities, such as the Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) and the proposal for Regulation on deforestation-free products. The Indonesian government has filed a lawsuit against this regulation, but the WTO dispute resolution mechanism is still considered unable to resolve the problem, especially the reason that consumer countries think that Indonesian palm oil can reduce its post-2020 emission reduction commitments under the Paris Agreement through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) which needs to be fulfilled in 2030. On the other hand, the Government of Indonesia still needs to improve the governance of Indonesian palm oil in order to increase the acceptance of this commodity in the global eyes. This study aims to find a middle ground for commitments to reduce emissions from consumer countries and improve Indonesian palm oil governance through the acceptability of the palm oil market which is realized through free trade agreements. The formation of a trade agreement by including a clause on sustainability can be one solution to reconcile the acceptance of the palm oil market and global climate change commitments.

The Impact of Number of Employees, Palm Production and Export of Oil Palm on Malaysia Economic Growth

The agriculture sector in Malaysia especially for oil palm agriculture is the largest exporter and supplier after Indonesia the main source that contributes towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Growing oil palm agriculture provides the potential and opportunities to increase economic yields and create job opportunities for local people, especially those in rural areas. This study was conducted to examine the impact of the number of workers, palm fruit production and export of palm oil on GDP in Malaysia in terms of long and short term. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher has used a sample of secondary data from the Department of Statistics Malaysia from 1974 to 2019, which is 45 years using Time Series data. To identify the stationary of the variables, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was used. To identify long-term relationships, the Long Run Bound Test (LRBT) was used. Meanwhile, to identify the short-term relationship, the Error Correction Model (ECM) method also was used in this study. The results of the ADF test was found that all the variables studied: the number of workers, palm fruit production and pal oil export were stationary. The effects of the variables in the agriculture sector have been given attention by the local government. Therefore, policy makers can use the result to improve existing economic policies as a measure to expand the country’s income sources in palm oil agriculture field and serve as a reference for stimulate country’s economic.

Trade Competitiveness of Palm Oil Export from ASEAN Countries

Aims: To study the competitiveness, import intensity and structural break of palm oil exports from ASEAN member countries to the Indian market for the period 2000 to 2020.
 Data and Methodology: The relevant data was collected from UNCOMTRADE for the period of 21 years (2000 to 2020). The tools used for the analysis were Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Import Intensity Index (III) and Chow test.
 Results: The study revealed that Indonesia had lost its comparative advantage due to differential tariff rates imposed by India between Indonesia and its close competitor Malaysia. After 2011, the import intensity index clarifies that there was a gradual decrease in imports from Indonesia. However, Malaysia and Thailand showed an upward trend in import intensity index till the year 2018. After 2018, Singapore had an upward trend in import intensity. From chow test, there was a significant difference in importing palm oil from ASEAN countries to India before and after signing AIFTA (ASEAN- India Free Trade Agreement).
 Conclusion: Considering India’s demand for palm oil which is expected to double by 2030, so sustainable palm oil cultivation is recommended and a balanced approach should be taken to fix the tariff rate to protect domestic producers and refineries without compromising consumer demand.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PERKEBUNAN SAWIT TERHADAP EKSPOR MINYAK INDONESIA

This study's objective is to examine the factors that influence the quantity of oil exported from Indonesia, including the area of plantations, the price of palm oil, the exchange rate, and the amount of palm oil production. In the current study, Time Series data spanning the years 1989 to 2020 were subjected to an Error Correction Model (ECM) Test. This research was compiled using data from both the 2019-2021 National Leading Plantation Statistics book and the World Bank. In the near future, test results will be available. Price has a significant inverse relationship with Area, while Area has a significant positive relationship. Both of these connections are important. As indicated by a probability value of less than 5%, the exchange rate variable has a significant and negative relationship with the volume of palm oil exports in the long run, while the area variable has a significant and positive relationship with the volume of palm oil exports. Both of these connections are important.

Analisis Konsumsi Dan Produksi Minyak Kelapa Sawit Di Indonesia Dengan Menerapkan Metode Moving Average

Palm oil has become a leading commodity for economic improvement in Indonesia. Currently, many people depend on the oil palm plantation sector. In the palm oil supply chain, there are business actors from upstream to downstream. But currently, palm oil export activities in the world are increasing. Thus causing palm oil in Indonesia to be scarce and expensive. This study discusses the analysis of consumption and production of palm oil in Indonesia by using the moving average method to forecast the amount of consumption and production of palm oil in 2022. Then analyzed using descriptive analysis method. The data source in this study is based on data available from BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics). From the forecasting results, the results show that palm oil consumption in Indonesia in 2022 has increased by 10.36% or 1.643 million tons from the amount of palm oil consumption in 2021 which is only 15.857 million tons. This is a good thing because the annual consumption of palm oil continues to increase significantly

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Permintaan Ekspor Minyak Kelapa Sawit Indonesia ke India

The research objectives are (1) to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil in the international market; and (2) to analyze what factors influence the demand for Indonesian palm oil exports to India. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of time series data for the period 1995-2017. Data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics Jambi Province. The analysis tool uses multiple linear regression. The results showed that the comparative advantage of the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil as measured by the RCA Index (Revealed Comparative Advantage) over the last 23 years has an average value of 2. This proves that Indonesian palm oil exports have a comparative advantage with strong competitiveness in the international market. Demand for Indonesian palm oil exports to India is significantly influenced by export prices, exchange rates, and India's GDP.

PROTECTIONISM OR SUSTAINABILITY? QUESTIONING EUROPEAN INTENTION ON PALM OIL BAN USING TIME SERIES DATA

Palm oil is Indonesia’s competitive advantage in the international commodity market. Various derivative products are produced by palm oil. However, the European policy banning palm oil exports has become an obstacle to Indonesia’s palm oil export performance. Environmental issues are the reason for the ban on imports of Indonesian palm oil. However, in this research, we try to extend the view of sustainable issues. This study uses Indonesian palm oil exports and the European rapeseed oil trade to explain this issue. In this study, we try to explain a pure European policy of sustainability or protectionism. Based on the analysis results, it was found that this policy was strongly influenced by exports and production of European rapeseed oil. The effect of rapeseed oil production on palm oil imports proves that this policy has an element of protectionism to protect European rapeseed plants

KOMPETISI PRODUK PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA PESAING DI PASAR INTERNASIONAL

This study aimed to determine the level of competition and the similarity of the export structure of Indonesian palm oil products with competing countries in the international market. Secondary data is used in this study which includes export data from Indonesia and its competitors (Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Colombia) in 2014-2020 sourced from UN Comtrade. Methods of Analysis to measure the level of competition in the trade of Indonesian palm oil products in the international market using the Export Overlapping Index (IEO) and the Export Similarity Index (ESI) are used to measure how much similarity is in the composition of exports of Indonesian palm oil products in the international market. The results showed that trade in palm oil products before and during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant increase in the value of the level of similarity in exports from Colombia, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia. The highest level of competition for Indonesian palm oil exports is between Indonesia and Malaysia.

Performance of Membrane Bioreactor in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment: An Overview

Malaysia is amongst the biggest palm oil manufacturer and exporter in the world associated with the high discharge of effluents. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) can be employed to treat the palm oil mill effluent (POME). However, data on MBR in treating POME is quite limited and could vary across different reported works. Thus, this study aims to provide some latest updates on the MBR technology in treating the POME. Based on the evaluation, separation of POME by using MBR can produce a good quality of effluent compared to conventional POME treatment. Mixed liquor suspended solids removal for a retention time of 11 days can be improved from 57.3% to 94.5 % using the MBR. According to analyses, when the MBR operating temperature falls into thermophilic region, the separation efficiency will start to decrease. Optimization of the MBR performance based on the operating temperature could be suggested in enhancing the overall MBR performance in treating POME.

Green Marketing Analysis on Oil Palm Plantation Industry

Palm oil is one of Indonesia’s important export commodities as a foreign exchange earner besides oil and gas. Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. As the largest foreign exchange earner, the palm oil industry should also be able to maintain its superiority in various sectors, hopefully in the future it can continue to contribute to the development of the industry, especially oil palm. This study aimed to analyze the role of Green Marketing in oil palm plantations. The essence of competition lies in how a company can implement processes to create products or services that are cheaper, with better quality, and produced faster (cheaper, better and faster) than the other business competitors which can increase the influence of the green marketing concept as well as the profits. This research was conducted on oil palm companies that have been certified by ISPO or other certifications (related to the Quality/Environmental Management System), while the sample in this study were managers at oil palm companies located in North Sumatra as many as 45 people. The results of the research showed the effect of green marketing on marketing performance in the oil palm plantation industry and this research provided a scenario that could give the most significant impact on increasing marketing performance in the oil palm plantation industry.
 Keywords: Green Marketing; Oil Palm; Product Quality; ISPO

Identification of potential application of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB): a review

The palm oil industry is one industry that significantly contributes to the Indonesian economy. Indonesia’s palm oil exports keep increasing every year. In addition to producing CPO, the palm industry also produces solid, liquid and gaseous waste. The resulting waste can pollute the environment. Solid waste from the palm industry consists of oil palm empty fruit bunches, fruit juice fiber, palm kernel cake, shells and other solid waste. Of the various types of solid waste produced, oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) is the largest waste. The comparison of EFB waste management is presented in this paper. In recent years, various kinds of EFB handling have been implemented by researchers in order to increase the usefulness and added value of EFB. These range from simple technologies to advanced technologies. EFB has been used as a potential source of raw materials, such as raw materials for biofuels, mulch, papermaking materials, compost and agricultural biochar production. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and new technology proposals.

Komparasi Metode Regresi Linier, Exponential Smoothing dan ARIMA Pada Peramalan Volume Ekspor Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia

This study aims to compare several methods to get the best methods on forecasting the volume of Indonesian palm oil exports. In addition, this study also aims to estimate the volume of Indonesian palm oil exports for the next five years. Some of the forecasting methods used in this study are linear regression, exponential smoothing, and ARIMA. The data used is historical data on the volume of palm oil exports from 1981 to 2020. The results of calculations and analysis show that the exponential smoothing model of the damped trend method produces the smallest error value compared to other methods, the MAD value is 860,353, the MSE value is 1,707,738,707,222, the RSME value is 1,306,805, and the MAPE value is 20.6%. This method has chosen to be the best forecasting method for the next five years. The forecast results obtained that the volume of Indonesian palm oil exports for the next five years are28.864.223,31 tons, 28.967.062,92 tons, 29.064.976,80 tons, 29.158.200,89 tons, and 29.246.959,81 tons.

Export Demand of Palm Oil in Malaysia: Analysis using ARDL Approach

The growth of the palm oil industry in Malaysia has established a demand for exports among trading partners worldwide. As a result, Malaysia has gained a reputation as the world's largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Crude palm oil production in 1980 was 2.50 million tonnes; however, by 2019 it had increased to 19.86 million tonnes due to the high export demand for oil palm products. This study studies the export demand for palm oil in Malaysia from 1991 to 2019 by adopting autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) for cointegration to analyze the export demand determinant, weighted average trading partner income, Malaysian export price, competitor export price, world export price of palm oil, world export price of soybean oil, and real effective exchange rate. The main findings reveal that the factors that determine Malaysian export demands for palm oil are palm oil price changes and trading partner income. In addition, the study also finds that European restrictions on unsustainable palm oil consumption hurt Malaysia’s export demand for palm oil.