Palm Kernels Research Articles

Synthesis of bio-hydrocarbon fuel using Ni and Co based catalyst on Indonesia natural zeolite

Abstract Through a deoxygenation reaction, fatty acid-containing biomass resources including palm fruit, palm kernels, and soybeans can be converted into green diesel (bio-hydrocarbon). In this study, low-cost Indonesia natural zeolite was utilized as catalyst support for nickel, cobalt and a nickel/cobalt mixture. All prepared catalysts were used as catalyst for bio-hydrocarbon production via deoxygenation of fatty acid. The catalytic activity of each catalyst in the production of bio-hydrocarbon from fatty acid was investigated. Selectivity of each catalyst to hydrocarbon products, heptadecane, heptadecene, octadecene, and octadecane was studied as well. The results showed all prepared mono- and bi-metallic catalyst exhibited high conversion of fatty acid, more than 90% with a different yield of biohydrocarbon.

Dress as the Agency of Power: Ozioma Onuzulike’s Ceramic Art

This study examines the ceramic works of a Nigerian artist, Ozioma Onuzulike, which vividly illustrate dress as an agency of power. His oeuvre features among other things the agbada, an extra-large clothing style prevalent in contemporary Nigeria, especially in elitist socio-political and cultural contexts. Over 25 years of Onuzulike’s ceramic art practice have consistently showcased modernist works that challenged conventional ceramic art and socio-political norms. His innovative use of clay and palm kernels to depict power dynamics in Nigeria has attracted some scholarly attention. This study employs compositional interpretation and contextual analysis to explore the visual, sociocultural, and political impact of Onuzulike’s hybrid ceramic art that depicts agbada. An iconological approach reveals the formal elements, historical, political, and social nuances embedded in the works. The concept of dress of power is used to unravel the multifaceted political significance of Onuzulike’s representations. Unpacking the visual vocabulary and metaphor of power in the works provides insights into the agbada as a status symbol in modern Nigeria. This artistic representation typifies a trend in contemporary African and diasporic art, where textile materials, forms, and ideas are central.

An experimental batch study on separation of palm kernel and palm shell with salt solution

Abstract The effectiveness of the palm kernel separation process is of paramount significance, as it directly influences the quantity of palm kernels obtained. This efficiency forms the core of the decision-making process when considering how to best use palm kernel shells, which are a byproduct of the palm oil industry. These versatile shells have various applications, including their role as a fuel source, their use in producing activated carbon, and their utility as an alternative material in lightweight concrete. The primary aim of this investigation is to examine and enhance the efficiency of this innovative segregation technique, with a specific focus on identifying the optimal conditions for achieving effective segregation, particularly the ideal concentration of salt (NaCl) in a batch process. The research methodology comprises a wellstructured series of steps designed to systematically evaluate the segregation process. In the initial stages, samples of palm kernel and shell were collected from a local palm oil industry and meticulously prepared for experimentation. Subsequently, salt solutions with varying saturation percentage of salt solution beetwen 12 g/L and 380 g/L were prepared. As the samples were immersed in the solution, the denser palm kernel shells settled at the base, whereas the lighter palm kernels rised to the top, simplifying the separation of these two elements. The highest level of segregation efficiency was achieved at the 380 g/L of Consentration of salt solution. This suggested method offers advantages, including the capability to achieve a 100% separation of palm kernel and palm kernel shell.

Experimental study of calcium carbonate solution saturation in the separation process of palm kernel-shell mixtures using water clay bath systems

Abstract Continual use of CaCO3 in the separation of the palm kernel-shell mixture causes CaCO3 solution saturation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the causes of CaCO3 solution saturation during the separation process of palm kernel-shell mixtures. The process was carried out in the laboratory clay bath system using several factors in the separation process, including calcium carbonate to water ratios (1:2 and 1:3), palm kernel-shell mixture feed rates (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 kg/batch), and times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h) with density, pH, and oil content as the quantitative control. The results show that the density and pH of the separating solution dropped per unit length of processing, with the lowest values being around 1.0916 g/ml and 6.65 (CaCO3 to H2O ratios of 1:3; feed rates 3.0 kg/batch; and times 5 h), respectively. In addition, the oil content of the separating solution was raised from 0.145 mg/L to 571.87 mg/L. Owing to the results, the dissolved oil in the solution was discovered as the cause of the saturation of the separating solution (decanting agent) during the process, corresponding to the inefficient separation of palm kernels and shells.

Redlegged Ham Beetle, Copra Beetle Necrobia rufipes (De Geer, 1775) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae: Korynetinae)

The redlegged ham beetle (Necrobia rufipes) is a predaceous beetle that feeds on a variety of decaying organic matter, especially matter with high protein and fat content such as dead vertebrate animals, and some of plant origin, such as copra, nuts, and palm kernels. The redlegged ham beetle is of economic importance as a pest of stored products and has relevance to forensic entomology. Other common names include the ham beetle, the copra beetle or bug, and the “paper worm.”

Evaluasi Kajian Oil Extraction Rate (OER) Optimum sebagai Standar Panen Kelapa Sawit

This research aims to carry out a basic evaluation of the harvest of palm kernel 3 (BD3), palm kernel 7 (BD7), fraction 1 (FR1), and fraction 2 (FR2) on the types of soil and peat and minerals that are tested and analyzed based on observations of the number of loose fruits from bunches (brondolan) on the plate. This research was conducted at PT Gandaera Hendana, Ukui 2 Village, Ukui District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. The study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with two factors: harvest base and two types of soil. The parameters observed consisted of adding a number of brondolan after harvest, the multiple of brondol after harvest, oil to bunch analysis, and potential oil extraction rate (OER). The analysis showed that adding loose fruit after harvest in mineral soil increased significantly two times more than peat (15.2 loose fruit). The harvest standard for fraction 2 increased significantly due to the addition of loose bunches after harvest (23.9 bunches) and their interaction in mineral soil (38.6 bunches). The base of palm kernels 3 (BD ​​3) shows a very significant increase in the yield of palm kernels after harvest (2.4 times) as well as its interaction in mineral soil (2.7 times). The palm kernels harvest standard 3 showed the highest increase in OER potential (23.25%) and OER potential in mineral soil (24.46%).

DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF PALM NUT CRACKING AND SEPARATING MACHINE

This study presents a locally manufactured palm kernel cracking and separating machine designed to address the challenges associated with traditional palm kernel cracking procedures, including discomfort, tension, labor intensity, time consumption, unnecessary costs, and complexity. The machine, equipped with a 3hp electric motor operating at a shaft speed of 1430rpm, demonstrated efficient performance by cracking 1kg of palm nuts in an average of 47.58 seconds. The palm nuts are divided into three categories: uncracked, partially cracked, and cracked, with average weights of 0.06kg, 0.08kg, and 0.85kg, respectively. Among the cracked palm nuts, unbroken kernels weighed 0.83kg, and broken kernels weighed 0.02kg. The machine attained a throughput capacity of 76kg/hr and a cracking efficiency of 85.32%. The utilization of MATLAB resulted in the creation of a predictive model for optimal cracking efficiency. This model revealed that 1kg of palm kernels fed into the machine yielded 0.88kg of broken palm nuts, 0.10kg of separated shells, 0.02kg of fibrous material, and an overall cracking efficiency of 88%. Compared to traditional manual cracking methods, this mechanized system provides a faster, less labor-intensive, and more productive method of palm kernel cracking.

Health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources: a systematic review

Abstract Liquid smoke, a product of the pyrolysis process, includes components such as phenol, furfural, and ketones, and has acidic characteristics. Liquid smoke from various biomass sources has been used as a natural preservative worldwide and reported to be safe in humans. As a bio-economic product, liquid smoke has human health benefits. This review analyzes and describes the health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources, according to in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify published reports of liquid smoke from various biomass sources. The anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, wound healing, and anti-periodontitis activity of liquid smoke was analyzed. Prior research has investigated liquid smoke produced through pyrolysis of various biomass types, such as rice husks (Oryza sativa), coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L.), palm kernels ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), cocoa pods ( Theobroma cacao L .), tian op, and hickory ( Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt .), as well as commercial liquid smoke. Toxicity testing, and in vitro and in vivo studies, are required for the assessment of health benefits. Therapeutic benefits of liquid smoke including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity have been described. Further health benefits include anti-diabetic, anti-periodontitis, wound healing, and ulcer healing activity. These findings increase the use value of liquid smoke as a natural product with human health benefits.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PEMILAH PADA BIJI BUAH KELAPA SAWIT BERDASARKAN WARNA DAN BERAT

In the palm oil industry, processing oil palm kernels in the field to improve the quality of palm oil produced is an important activity. Palm kernel harvesting occurs when the oil content is highest and the free fatty acid content is lowest. To maximize the harvest, it is necessary to develop a Sorting Equipment Design on Palm Oil Seeds based on color and weight carried out in Penajam Paser Utara. The purpose of this tool is to detect the maturity level of oil palm kernels with the TCS3200 Sensor, as well as reading the weight of oil palm seeds with the Loadcell Sensor. The main components in making this tool include TCS3200 Sensor and Loadcell Sensor, with other supporting components namely Conveyor, Infrared (IR) Sensor, DC Motor, Servo Motor, and LCD.The results of the IR sensor test had an average error of 0.05 in distance readings, the Loadcell test had an average error of 1.08 in weight readings and the TCS 3200 Sensor had no error in determining the maturity category in oil palm fruit seeds.

Active and smart antimicrobial food packaging film composed of date palm kernels extract loaded carboxymethyl chitosan and carboxymethyl starch composite for prohibiting foodborne pathogens during fruits preservation

The presented work aims to maximize the benefits of plant waste that does not degrade or decompose quickly and consumes an enormous financial burden for disposal or causes environmental pollution. Therefore, polymeric films of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) containing date kernel (DK) extract were prepared, intending to apply it as a material that can kill microbes that lead to spoilage of preserved fruits. It was noted from the results that DK extract did not affect the morphological structure of the formed films, and there is good compatibility with film polymers. The findings also illustrated that, DK extract aimed to form bonds with both polymers in the presence of the crosslinking agent, which eventually works to create insoluble films in water to a large extent. Results revealed that the CMCs/CMS/DK-3 had superior antimicrobial possibilities against all selected microbes without any hazardous effect while applied to the microbially contaminated solution. The current study recommended such promising edible film as a potential prototype for developing antimicrobial food packaging materials that promote the safety and freshness of fruits and vegetables.

Utilization of Empty Oil Palm Bunch as an Alternative of Organic Fertilizer at PTPN III Labuhanbatu Selatan

The development of the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia is increasing every year. So many empty palm fruit bunches produced from palm oil mills. Oil Palm Empty Bunches (EFB) is a type of solid waste that is mainly produced by palm oil mills. Empty palm kernels, e.g. Materials with a high water content are only processed in the palm oil industry due to the high cost and inefficiency of transporting and disposing of them. The purpose of this article is to discuss the use of empty fruit or palm fronds as an alternative to organic fertilizer at PTPN III Labulasel from previous research. In writing this article, the research article literature search method was used in the Google Scholar database. The criteria for the selected articles are articles published in national magazines in 2018-2023. Library research was carried out by comparing research methods, processing and results of each article. Based on the results of a literature search, it is known that empty bunches or fronds of PTPN III Labusel's oil palm can be used as an alternative organic fertilizer that can be used as plant fertilizer, especially for the oil palm plant itself, and this avoids the accumulation of dirt.

EFFECT OF VARIATION OF CEMENT WATER FACTOR IN CONCRETE MIXTURE WITH THE ADDITION OF PALM SHELL ON THE PRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL CONCRETE

Palm shell is a waste from palm oil production which is shaped like a shell with a hard layer character that aims to protect the palm kernels. The addition of palm shells to concrete is an innovation and breakthrough in the more productive use of palm oil waste. In this study, the percentage of addition of palm shells was used, among others, 0%, 7% and 14% by weight of cement with variations in the cement water factor (FAS) of 0.35, 0.45 and 0.50. The test object used was a cube (15 x 15 x 15) cm with a total of 9 test objects for each FAS with a test time of 28 days. The results of the concrete compressive strength test obtained data for FAS 0.35, the average compressive strength for BTCS was 348.15 kg/cm2, BDCSA (7%) was 363.07 kg/cm2 and BDCSB (14%) was 302.90 kg/cm2. FAS 0. 45 the average compressive strength for BTCS was 292.59 kg/cm2, BDCSA (7%) was 303.20 kg/cm2 and BDCSB (14%) was 249.27 kg/cm2. FAS 0.50 average compressive strength for BTCS was 273.09 kg/cm2, BDCSA (7%) was 271.53 kg/cm2 and BDCSB (14%) was 219.47 kg/cm2. The test results show that the average concrete compressive strength is influenced by the cement water factor (FAS) and the percentage of addition of palm shells in the concrete mix.

Activating oil palm germination and improved survival of seedlings using a rotating magnetic field

Effects of magneto priming on stimulation of seed germination is widely known. The field which generates magnetized water used for priming can be static magnetic or electromagnetic fields. In this work, we present effect of magneto-priming generated by a rotating magnetic field to improve oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) germination of oil palm kernels. We developed a rotisserie-type magnetic field apparatus (MFA) to stimulate oil palm seed germination. The roller (rotisserie) device ensures an even dosage to an applied magnetic field. Only a 4 h’ dosage was required to stimulate germination. The magnetic treatment group started to germinate at 15 days. There was 50% germination after 22 ± 1 d with a maximum germination rate of about 6% d−1 and 100% germination after 37 d. The linearly determined maximum germination rate is about 4.93 ± 0.34% d−1, whereas the logistic model gives a higher estimate of 6.46 ± 0.04% d−1. The MFA rotisserie device is a significant improvement in rate of germination and overall germination percentage as well as growth of young seedlings of oil palm.

Identification of Screw Press Machine Damage Using Failure Mode And Effect Analysis Method in PT. Socfinfo Seunagan

The palm oil mill (PKS) is a place that serves as a place to process fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of palm oil into crude palm oil (CPO), palm kernels (kernels), fiber and palm shells. The processing of palm fruit into palm oil is carried out using production machines, one of which is a Screw Press machine [1]. In a factory, there are usually problems, one of which is at the Screw Press engine station. The Screw Press machine is one of the most important machines in palm oil mills. This study aims to identify damage and failures that occur in screw press machines. This study uses the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method, which is to find out or observe the level of failure and damage that occurs in the screw press machine so that it can minimize failures / damage that occur. Based on the results of the study, there were 9 failures and risks that occurred in the screw press machine components, with the highest Risk Priority Number found in the Special Bearing components with a value of
 
 While the lowest value is in the Spur Gear component, which is with a value of 24. From these results, it can be concluded that the Special Bearing component is a priority / priority for repairs.

Analysis of Noise Levels in the Engine Room & St. Kernel Using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method in PT. Karya Tanah Subur

Industry in Indonesia began to show progress and improvement marked by the use of sophisticated machines, almost all production processes in the industry caused noise. Noise can cause damage to hearing devices and cause psychological, physiological disorders that have the potential to cause disruption to work so as to reduce work productivity. PT. Karya Tanah Subur (KTS) is a company engaged in the business of plantation and processing of palm oil, the products produced in the form of crude palm oil (CPO) and kernels. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of noise that occurred in several PT operator rooms. The work of Fertile Land (KTS) which is directly adjacent to the machines that make noise. Then conduct a maximum time analysis of workers exposed to the noise generated based on the NIOSH calculation method. Selected noise sampling is the Engine Room Station (Turbine, Genset) and Kernel Station using the Sound level meter tool. From the results of this study, it shows that both points exceed the Threshold Value (NAB). The longest exposure time is at point 2 with a length of exposure time of 9 hours, while the shortest exposure time is at point 1 with a length of exposure time of 1.2 hours per day. In locations that have a risky noise intensity level, you should use earplugs/earmuffs to minimize the level of noise intensity and other supporting PPE for worker health and safety.

Influence of Natural Fiber Content on the Frictional Material of Brake Pads—A Review

Research into the use of eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibers, in brake pads has gained momentum in the last few decades. This can be attributed to the potential of natural fibers to replace traditional materials in tribological applications such as braking pads. The harmful impact of the commonly-used brake pad materials, such as metal and mineral fibers, on human health and the environment necessitates the development of eco-friendly alternatives. Natural fibers, such as banana peels, palm kernels, and palm slag, have been shown to be a viable replacement for traditional brake pad materials. This article reviews the literature on the use of different natural fibers in brake pads and their impact on the physical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Trends for density, porosity, hardness, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate are observed. The recommended formulations to yield the optimum properties, according to the perspective of several studies, are showcased. In addition, the effect of asbestos material and natural fibers on life-cycle assessment and CO2 emission is highlighted. This article is an attempt to provide a foundation for future researchers in the field of natural fiber-reinforced composites for brake pad applications.

Decision Support System for Selection of Quality Palm Seeds with the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method

At PT. Gersindo, which is located in West Pasaman Regency, is a factory company that processes palm fruit into semi-finished oil or often called CPO (Crude Palm Oil). The main part that is managed in oil palm is the fruit, the fruit of the oil palm produces crude oil. PT. Gersindo is currently still using the manual method in determining the quality of the oil palm kernels, so that problems arise in the selection of the oil palm kernels at PT. Gersindo. At the factory PT. Gersindo in selecting quality palm kernels can be solved by developing an application in a decision support system. A decision support system is a system that is able to solve problems efficiently and effectively, which aims to help make decisions by choosing various alternative decisions. One technique that can be applied in developing a decision support system is to use the AHP ( Analytical Hierarchy Process ) method. The AHP method is a method in a decision support system for solving a very complex and unstructured problem into several component parts in a hierarchical arrangement by giving subjective values. The essence of the AHP method is to determine the weight value for each criterion. The results of this study can be determined Consistency Ratio (CR) is 0.0705 . And CR is less than 0.1 , then the matrix is declared consistent, so it is very effective and efficient in making decisions on selecting quality palm kernels.

Case study of recurrent failure of worm screws in locally fabricated palm kernel oil extractors

Worm Screws in palm kernel oil screw press have been found to fail often and usually require constant replacement. The failure rate is also more with locally fabricated worm screws which usually need to be replaced after about 4 – 5 batches of inlet capacity of palm kernels have been processed. This causes downtime in the machine’s operations and the wear of the worm screw deposits metal particles in the extracted oil which should be avoided at all costs as palm kernel oil is usually refined for food and cosmetic use amongst others. The method currently used for the local fabrication has been discussed and recommendations have been made that could result in better useful life of the locally fabricated worm screw. The limitation preventing Nigerian Engineers from fabricating the worm screws with best engineering practices are also discussed.

Differences in Organization Structure and the Supply Chain of Private with State-Owned Palm Oil Mills in North Sumatra, Indonesia

Indonesia is the world’s largest palm oil producer. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) noted that Indonesia will produce 45.58 million tons of palm oil in 2022. This number has increased by 1.02% compared to the previous year, which reached 45.12 million tons. The palm oil industry comprises on-farms producing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and processing industries. The processing industry can be divided into two main divisions: factories that crush FFB into crude palm oil (CPO) and factories that process CPO into various refined palm oil products. There are three actors in Indonesia’s palm oil processing business: the private sector, the government (BUMN), and small farmers. This study aims to find organizational and supply chain differences between state-owned palm oil mill companies (BUMN) and private palm oil mills. Data were obtained from documents, publications, agency research reports, or other supporting sources. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The results showed differences in production capacity, organizational structure, and supply chain between state-owned and private palm oil mills. However, the two palm oil mills same produce CPO and palm kernels.

Analisis Kehilangan Minyak (Oil Losses) pada Proses Pengolahan CPO dengan Metode Statistical Proces control (SPC)

PT. ABC is a manufacturing company that engaged in the processing of oil palm fruit from FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunches) into CPO (Crude Palm oil) and CPKO (Crude Palm Kernel Oil). In general, in producing palm kernel there are several factors that can affect the quality produced. Factors that greatly affect the processing of palm oil are losses (loss). In producing this palm kernel, there are several factors that can affect the quality of the palm kernels produced, including incomplete boiling which can cause difficulties in removing the fibers in the seeds in the Polishing Drum which makes it more difficult to break the seeds in the Ripple Mill. The purpose of this study is to determine the number of losses that occur in the production process and propose what to do to reduce these losses. The method used in this research is Statistical Process Control (SPC). Statistical Process Control method is a method used to ensure the production process is in good and stable condition or the product produced is always within the standard area. Through the applied analysis, the total oil losses in February were 1.574% of FFB, it can be seen from the average losses obtained, the losses are below the norm company..