Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal Research Articles

Nickel recovery in ferronickel concentrate by green selective reduction of nickel laterite

Nickel laterite is typically processed into ferronickel through a pyrometallurgical method involving high temperatures and the use of fossil fuels, such as coals or cokes. Unfortunately, this process releases emissions like CO2, SO2, and NOx into the environment. This study explores a sustainable approach for nickel laterite processing by investigating low-temperature selective reduction using various biomass reductants. The materials, including saprolitic nickel ore and biomass types (palm kernel shell charcoal or PSC, lamtoro wood charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, and rubber wood charcoal), undergo pelletization, selective reduction at 1150 °C, and wet magnetic separation. PSC biomass is superior to other biomass due to its 217.2 m2/g specific surface area value. Optimal conditions were achieved using 0.3 stoichiometric PSC, along with the addition of 10 wt% of sodium sulfate as an additive. This has led to a nickel mass fraction of 26.0 wt% and a recovery rate of 27.4 %.

The Chemical Properties of a Mixing of Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal and Coconut Shell Charcoal in Making Briquettes

This study aims to make briquettes from palm shells and coconut shells and determine the chemical properties of mixing palm shells and coconut shells. The study was conducted using the Complete Random Design (RAL) method by testing water content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The mixing treatment of palm shells and coconut shells according to the ratio, namely P1 = palm shell:coconut shell (100:0), P2 = palm shell:coconut shell (75:25), P3 = palm shell:coconut shell (50:50), P4 = palm shell:coconut shell (25:75), P5 = palm shell:coconut shell (0:100). The results showed that the ratio of a mixture of palm shell charcoal and coconut shell charcoal had no significant effect on water content, ash content, and fixed carbon. However, differences in significance occur in volatile matter. P2, P3, P4, and P5 have met SNI standard No.1-6235-2000, but P1 has not met SNI standard No.1-6235-2000.

Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue.

This paper describes the microstructure evolution and phase transformation of residue from the lateritic nickel ore high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) during carbothermic reduction using palm kernel shell (PKS) charcoal as a reductant. The study consisted of thermodynamic calculations combined with analysis of reduction experiments. The thermodynamic assessment predicted that the main phases formed during the reduction process were γ-Fe metal, liquid metal, slag, and spinel, with abundance of reducing gas (CO and H2) at the temperature range of 750-1500 °C. The experimental study shows that the resulting product upon cooling was sponge iron or direct reduced iron when HPAL residue-PKS charcoal composites were reacted up to 1400 °C for 45 min. The sponge iron had an average apparent density of 5.8 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and a 90.8 ± 0.4% metallization degree. The microstructure analysis revealed that as the reduction time was increased, small iron nuggets began forming on the surface of the reduced product. By addition of Na2CO3, the separation of iron nuggets from slag appeared to be improved, hence enhancing the overall reduction process. Furthermore, iron nuggets' highest apparent density and metallization degree were obtained at 7 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and 98 ± 0.5%, respectively, when adding Na2CO3 of 6 wt %. The phase and microstructure analyses also revealed that the iron nuggets comprised coarse pearlite, eutectic cementite, ledeburite, and sulfides. Thus, this study offers alternative sustainable process conditions for simultaneously handling the HPAL residue using PKS waste to produce metallic iron.

Investigation on Saprolitic Laterite Ore Reduction Process using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetics and Phase Transformation

The performance and kinetic of saprolitic laterite reduction using palm kernel shell charcoal and anthracite were studied. The anthracite coal represents the conventional high-grade carbon content matter, and palm kernel shell charcoal represents

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Analysis of the effect of temperature on the reduction roasting process of Lampung manganese ore using palm kernel shell charcoal

Lampung Province has many manganese ore resources that have not been fully utilized. According to Indonesian Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources regulation no. 5 of 2017, manganese ore is prohibited from being exported before the ore is processed into a concentrate with 49% manganese content. The type of mineral contained in manganese ore used in this experiment is pyrolusite (MnO2). The method used to improve the Mn content used in this experiment is to reduce roasting. The reducing agent in this experiment is 25% palm kernel. The roasting process is carried out at 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1200 °C. Meanwhile, the holding time varies from 30 to 150 minutes. The results obtained from baking are characterized using XRF to determine the final product content. XRD and SEM-EDS are used for the result identification phase. The highest content of manganese was 41.28% by weight obtained after baked at 1100 °C for 120 minutes with the formed phase being Mn2SiO4.

Development and performance evaluation of low-cost wastewater treatment plant

A pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant was developed for the purpose of treating wastewaters in south-western Nigeria. The plant, mounted on a roller frame was divided into three sections, viz. wastewater holder, purification chamber and treated water collector. The purification chamber contained three sets of strainers with locally sourced materials which include Azolla pinnata fern, fine sand, chlorine pellets, alum cubes and palm kernel shell charcoal (PKSC). The performance of the treatment plant was evaluated using four different wastewater (WW) sources which were industrial (IW), municipal (MW), domestic (DW) and aquaculture (AW) wastewaters. Sixteen physicochemical parameters and ten metals were monitored in the four WW samples which included temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solid (TS), acidity as CaCO3, total hardness, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), fecal coliform, Escherichia coli and total coliform count. The metals were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Mn. Water quality analysis was done using standard laboratory procedures and results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. From the results, 100% removal efficiencies were obtained in some heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) and in parameters such as turbidity, TP, and TN after passing through the treatment plant. The presence of pathogens and microorganisms that were also reduced does not in any way affect its use for agricultural purposes. All other parameters reduced appreciably with results which were statistically significant at P < 0.05. This indicated the high efficiency of the treatment plant in the removal of the water pollutant and heavy metals from the four WW sources considered.

Assessing the efficacy of Azolla pinnata in four different wastewater treatment for agricultural re-use: a case history

Wastewaters from four different sources were treated using locally developed plant, while treatment components included Azolla pinnata fern and palm kernel shell charcoal. The four wastewater sources were: domestic, municipal, aquaculture and industrial. Twenty-five parameters considered included: temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total suspended solid, total dissolved solids, total solid, acidity, total hardness, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonical nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Metals analyzed also included; sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, lead, copper, cadmium and manganese. From the results, considerable reduction in pollutant parameters were obtained in the four wastewaters after treatment. Complete (100%) removal efficiencies were obtained in cadmium and manganese in all the wastewaters except for aquaculture wastewater, while complete removal was obtained in lead and copper in aquaculture wastewater only. Similarly, turbidity, phosphorus and nitrogen recorded complete removal in all the wastewaters except for 75.7% removal of phosphorus in municipal wastewater. Other parameters reduced appreciably with statistically significant results at P < 0.05. This indicated high efficiency of the treatment plant, A. pinnata, in pollutants and metals’ removal, thereby making the treated four wastewaters good enough to be recycled for irrigation purposes.

Kinetic study of nickel laterite reduction roasting by palm kernel shell charcoal

Demand to process nickel-bearing laterite ore increase as continuous depletion of high-grade nickel-bearing sulfide ore takes place. Due to its common nickel association with iron, processing nickel laterite ore into nickel pig iron (NPI) has been developed by some industries. However, to achieve satisfying nickel recoveries, the process needs massive high-grade metallurgical coke consumption. Concerning on the sustainability of coke supply and positive carbon emission, reduction of nickel laterite ore using biomass-based reductor was being studied.In this study, saprolitic nickel laterite ore was being reduced by palm kernel shell charcoal at several temperatures (800–1000 °C). Variation of biomass-laterite composition was also conducted to study the reduction mechanism. X-ray diffraction and gravimetry analysis were applied to justify the phenomenon and predict kinetic model of the reduction. Results of this study provide information that palm kernel shell charcoal has similar reducing result compared with the conventional method. Reduction, however, was carried out by carbon monoxide rather than solid carbon. Regarding kinetics, Ginstling-Brouhnstein kinetic model provides satisfying results to predict the reduction phenomenon.

Method for the recovery of Cr and Co species from effluents using agricultural adsorbent – immobilized &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;S. aureus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;S. typhi&lt;/i&gt; isolates and FAAS detection

Microbial chromium and cobalt reduction was investigated for application in their recovery from industrial wastewater using flame atomic absorption technique. This paper presents the development of a routine method for the recovery of Cr and Co species in microbial-treated industrial wastewater using agricultural adsorbents and silica gel. E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus were used in reducing these heavy metals. Results indicate that the palm kernel shell charcoal exhibited a good recovery capacity in the presence of the bacterial strains. Recovery rates of Cr in the activated charcoal and a bacterial optimum growth at pH 7.2 – 7.4 and 37 °C are 99.72% ( S. typhi ), 99.61% ( E. coli ) and 99.64% ( S. aureus ), while that of silica gel are 98.08% (S. typhi), 98.79% ( E. coli ) and 98.02% ( S. aureus ). The recovery of Co using the palm kernel shell charcoal is 99.71% ( S. typhi ), 99.58% ( E. coli ) and 99.60% ( S. aureus ). The results using the silica gel are 98.36% ( S. typhi ), 98.82% ( E. coli ) and 99.42% ( S. aureus ). In comparison to silica gel the palm kernel shell exhibited a higher recovery rate of Cr and Co in the presence of the bacterial strains. Keywords : Bacteria, adsorbent, heavy metal, wastewater, biosorption.

Direct investigation of the adsorption capacities of coconut, date palm and palm kernel shell charcoals commonly found in some North Central States, Nigeria

Adsorption capacities of three charcoals were investigated using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that Palm kernel shell charcoal has the highest adsorption capacity followed by the Date palm and Coconut shell charcoals. For the metals adsorption studied, recoveries ranged from 80.99 - 83.98% for Cu, 99.10 - 99.17% for Mg and 99.96 - 100% for Pb. It was also observed that longer contact time may lead to desorption. © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: FAAS, charcoal, adsorption capacity, heavy metals.

The Manufacture of Activated Carbon Pellets from the Mixture of Rubber Wood Charcoal and Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal

The Manufacture of Activated Carbon Pellets from the Mixture of Rubber Wood Charcoal and Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal

Studies on the Manufacture of Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon by Rotary Kiln

Studies were made on the industrial manufacturing process of granular activated carbon from the palm kernel shell charcoal by rotary kiln, and the following re-sults were obtained.(1) The steam activation test of 5 to 32 mesh palm kernel shell charcoal was performed by an inside fired rotary kiln (0.7m O.D.x 12m L) equipped with a side burner and scraper boards. It gives only the decoloring power of approx. 120ml/g for methylene blue solution.(2) The steam activation test of palm charcoal grains screened into both 5 to 12 mesh and 12 to 32 mesh, using the rotary kiln with a combustion chamber (1m O.D.x 12m L) is indicated the following conditions for producing granular activated carbon with methylene blue decoloring power of 150 to 180ml/g.Retention time: 10hrs. Kiln inlet temperature: 1, 000°CSteam rate: 100kg/hr Charcoal charging rate: 35kg/hrAir/Fuel ratio: 11Based on above results, we industrialized the manufacturing process of palm kernel shell activated carbon by rotary kiln with a combustion chamber (1.8m O.D.x 26m L) and are now supplying the activated carbon for triple cigarette filter with the following features; grain size 16-32 mesh, bulk density 540g/l, and adsorption capacity of acetone 23%.