Palm Kernel Oil Research Articles

Chemical interesterification of palm oil and palm kernel oil in the presence of the DAPTS-MCM-41 catalyst. Regiospecific distribution and composition in triacylglycerols

Nowadays chemical interesterification is the most commonly used technology to adjust the triacylglyceride composition of vegetable oil mixtures without the formation of trans isomers. However, this technology generates a considerable amount of effluents during the separation of the homogeneous catalyst from the final products. Consequently, the substitution of these catalysts by heterogeneous catalysts has, from the ecological point of view, become important. The objective of this work was to evaluate the DAPTS-MCM-41 catalyst in the interesterification reaction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by monitoring the triacylglyceride (TAG) compositions. The TAGs were evaluated by high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), while the regiospecific distribution of the fatty acids in the glycerol structure was investigated by the 13C NMR technique. The fatty acid randomization was confirmed by the variation of the saturated fatty acid concentrations in the sn-2 position as well as by the variation in the triacylglycerol compositions.

Synthesis of Fe and Zn Organic Fertilizer From Palm Oil Waste

Indonesia has been placed as the world's first producer of crude palm oil and crude palm oil. In producing crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), the palm oil industry relies heavily on processing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) at palm oil mills (POM) and is traded internationally. However, this process also produces solid organic waste [ i.e. empty bunches (EFB)], which reach up to 25 %% of FFB. The analysis shows that the application of empty bunches as organic fertilizer has not been able to increase the amount of nutrients in palm oil leaves and increase palm oil production. Application of palm oil mill effluent which is able to increase the amount of nutrients in palm oil, especially nitrogen and phosphate, and a positive impact to increase the production of oil palm plantations, especially on productivity (tons / ha).

Antimicrobial activity of coconut water, oil and palm kernel oils extracted from coconut and palm kernel on some plasmid-mediated multi-drug resistant organisms associated with food spoilage

This study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and anticandidal activity of coconut oil, fermented and unfermented coconut water and palm kernel oil (PKO) on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium sp. and Candida albicans. The coconut water was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the pH, sugar and alcohol contents were determined before and after fermentation. The plant materials were screened for antimicrobial phytochemicals. The antimicrobial activity of the coconut water, coconut oil and palm kernel oil and the antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms were done on Muiller Hinton agar using disc diffusion method. The plasmids of the organisms were cured using 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate. The pH and ethanol content of the fermented coconut water were higher than the unfermented while the sugar content decreased after fermentation. There were no phytochemicals detected in the coconut water whereas all the phytochemicals were detected in the PKO while only reducing sugar and steroids were absent in the coconut oil. All the bacteria exhibited multi-drug resistance. After plasmid curing, there were reductions in the resistance indicating that the resistance is plasmid mediated. There was a reduction in the percentage antibiotic resistance of Corynebacterium sp. which was 60 and 0% before and after curing respectively. The PKO was more effective in inhibiting the bacteria and Candida sp. than coconut oil but were all resistant to the coconut water. PKO and coconut oil may thus be used as natural substitutes to control E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Candida sp. Key words: Bacteria, antimicrobial, resistance, coconut water, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, phytochemicals.

Effects of Crude Palm Oil and Crude Palm Kernel Oil Upon Wax Inhibition.

The ever-increasing demand for the finite source of oil has led oil production companies to produce and transport the produced crude oil as efficiently and economically as possible. One of the major concerns especially in waters like the South China Sea is the deposition of wax on the walls of the pipeline or wellbore, constricting and hindering the hydrocarbon flow. This is due to the low seabed temperatures, which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT), leading to the deposition of wax out of waxy crude oil through the molecular dispersion mechanism. Currently, many prevention and remedy methods are in place to overcome the problem, but most of the additives possess environmental threat, as most of the chemical solutions used are toxic, nonorganic, and costly. Hence, this paper aims to provide some insights into the effect of palm oil derivatives such as crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) on wax inhibition. The effect of aging time (i.e., immersion time) was also evaluated. A comparison was made between paraffin inhibition efficiency results (PIE %) obtained by CPO, CPKO, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), and triethanolamine (TEA). It was observed that the average efficiency of 81.67% was obtained when 1% CPO was added to heavy crude oil. The wax inhibition performance reached a plateau after 1.5 h of aging time for all of the investigated samples.

Potential of Palm Kernel Alkanolamide Surfactant for Enhancing Oil Recovery from Sandstone Reservoir Rocks

The interest in using benign surfactants has been steadily increasing in the context of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Palm kernel alkanolamide surfactant (PKA), a nonionic surfactant synthesized from palm kernel oil, was preliminarily assessed for EOR from sandstone reservoir rocks. The performance factors determined were silica adsorption for surfactant loss and crude oil solubilization for oil solubilizing efficiency. The performance of PKA was compared to two commercial ionic surfactants, SDS (anionic surfactant) and CTAB (cationic surfactant). The results show that PKA was less absorbed on silica than CTAB or SDS. The adsorption kinetics were well fit with a pseudo-second order model for all three surfactants. The adsorption equilibrium data for CTAB and PKA were fitted with Langmuir isotherm, while for SDS Freundlich isotherm fit well, indicating multilayer SDS adsorption on silica surfaces. The adsorption of PKA was not significantly affected by added salt or increased temperature. In addition, the solubilization equilibrium constant (Ks) had the rank order PKA > CTAB > SDS, and proportionally increased with added salt. PKA performance was also compared to two commercial nonionic surfactants, Tergitol 15-S-9 and Tergitol TMN-6, and the results indicate that PKA was the least adsorbed, and had the highest Ks among the tested nonionic surfactants.

Pengawetan Kayu Karet Menggunakan Asap Cair dan Ekstrak Kunyit dengan Teknik Perendaman Dingin

Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) is a wood with low durability wood. In general, rubber wood is preserved by chemicals which are relatively not environmental friendly. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of liquid smoke from pyrolysis of palm oil kernel and turmeric extract as wood preservatives. Rubber wood was soaked in 5% w/v of liquid smoke and turmeric extract, respectively for 2, 8, and 14 days which preservation was carried out for six months. Formaline and boric acids was used for comparison as well. The used parameters were preservative retention, moisture content during storage, color changes, and damage level. The results indicated that the longer the immersion, the greater the preservative retention and water content. Turmeric extract and liquid smoke provided a brownish yellow and light brown color. In general, liquid smoke for two days of immersion adequate for six months preservation whereas turmeric acid for two months.

Peningkatan Produksi Crude Palm Oil Melalui Kriteria Matang Panen Tandan Buah Segar untuk Optimalisasi Pendapatan Perusahaan

This study aims to determine the maturity level of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) that enter the Palm Oil Mill (POM). If the maturity level of FFB changes (not standardized), the company's income will change. This research method uses a quantitative approach, the type of research is secondary data collection. Data were obtained from POM of Rambutan PTPN III with garden samples, namely the Raja Tanah Gardens, Sei Putih, Sarang Giting, and Rambutan. The data collected is secondary data in the form of data series, namely FFB production, CPO, Core and Revenue in 2016 - 2018. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, optimization and two different test averages. The results showed that the composition of harvested fruit had a very significant effect on CPO and core production. Optimizing the maturity of the fruit harvest will significantly increase the production of palm oil and palm kernel. The average palm oil production that can be optimized from the realization in accordance with the fruit maturity criteria is 4,734.16 tons or 11.04%. The average palm kernel production that can be optimized from the realization in accordance with the fruit maturity criteria is 1,091.31 tons or 11.54%. Optimizing the maturity of harvested fruit will significantly increase revenues from palm oil and palm kernel. The average income that can be optimized from optimizing palm oil production is Rp. 38,862.51 million or 11.14%. The average income that can be optimized from optimizing the production of Palm Oil is Rp. 7,350.05 million or 11.57%

Response surface methodology and artificial neural network analysis of crude palm kernel oil biodiesel production

Abstract Response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) biodiesel production, using KOH and NaOH catalysts, were carried out in this research work. The four process parameters considered during the production process and modelling stages were 6–12 mol ratio of methanol/oil, 0.7–1.7 wt/wt% catalyst concentration, 48–62 °C reaction temperature and 50–90 min reaction time. Log sigmoid function and Levenberg marquardt technique were adopted in ANN while Box-Benkhen method was utilised for RSM. The results revealed that KOH catalyst process produced higher yield of biodiesel (87 – 99%), compared to the yield obtained from NaOH catalysed process (79 – 91%). The regression coefficients for RSM models were 0.9324 for KOH catalysed process and 0.8935 for NaOH catalysed process, while the overall correlation coefficients for ANN models were 0.82921 for KOH catalysed process and 0.89396 for NaOH catalysed process, an implication that RSM is a better analytical tool (compare to ANN) in models formulation.

The strategy improvement of the engine maintenance

PT. A is a company engaged in the manufacture of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). Constraints faced by PT. A is no planned scheduling of machine maintenance. Therefore, it is necessary to design a maintenance strategy in the form of a machine maintenance schedule to overcome the problem, as well as an analysis of the causes of failure of engine components that are often damaged. This problem is solved by using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) methods in determining repair priorities so that a more optimal treatment plan is obtained. The Pareto diagram is used to determine the most critical machine in the RCM method. The results of the pareto diagram obtained by the screw press machine are the most critical machines. Furthermore, the results of the application of RCM methods obtained components that must be treated regularly (time directed).

Formulation of Transparent Solid Soap from Palm Kernel Oil


 Palm kernel oil contains fatty acids, especially lauric acid at 46-52%. Lauric acid has the properties of hardening, cleaning, producing foam and softening that is needed in making soap. The purpose of this study is to make transparent solid soap from a combination of glycerin, sucrose, and ethanol 96% as a transparent agent that meets the requirements of quality tests and organoleptic tests. Made 9 (nine) formulas with some combination of glycerin, sucrose, ethanol 96% by a semi-boiled method that is mixing palm kernel oil and stearic acid which has been melted at 60˚C, then adding 30% NaOH, stirring at 70- 80˚C. Transparent agent and other additives are mixed into the soap mass obtained from the saponification process, then poured into a soap mold and carried out a curing process for 2 weeks. The result of this research is obtained a transparent yellow solid soap that is the bright and distinctive smell of coconut perfume with a pH of 8.35-8.64, the hardness of 21.30-38.13 10-1 mm, moisture content of 21.48-33.33%, free fatty acid content 0,88-0,96%, unsaturated fat content 1,45-2,38%, surface tension 27,93-32,34 dyne/cm. Transparent solid soap that meets the quality requirements and the organoleptic test is formula A with PH 8.64, hardness 25.80 10-1 mm, moisture content 25.55%, free fatty acids 0,94%, unsaturated fat 1,45%, surface tension 30.02 dyne/cm.

Alternative scenarios to utilise excess biogas in Palm Oil Mill

Palm Oil Mill is a factory which converts Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) to Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). Within FFB converting processes, two types of waste are produced: 1)liquid waste and 2)solid waste. Liquid waste, named Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), contributes up to 60% of total FFB. Solid waste includes palm kernel shell and meal, fibre and empty fruit bunch gives in aggregate around 20% of total FFB. Initially, Palm kernel shell (PKS) is commonly utilised as fuel for boiler. Then in some mills, POME was additionally used as biomass for biofuel production (biogas) to support power supply in the mill. Biogas is utilised to generate electricity for Kernel Crushing Plant (KCP). Field observation data shows that electricity demand for KCP is 19.5 MWh/day or equivalent with 45% of total biogas production. The excess biogas, equivalent with 11,000 kWh/day, is flared. An alternative scenario instead of flaring is to use biogas as fuel for boiler. Thus, the previous fuel (PKS) could potentially be allocated for selling. Another scenario is to utilise excess biogas electricity generation to be distributed to staff houses near the mill. Therefore, this research study aims to calculate excess biogas that could be used for those scenarios: 1)Fuel substitution in the mill with different type of process, 2)Household electricity. Result shows that biogas demand in each scenario can supply 1) Minimum 2,900 kWh/day for non-processing hours and 6,436.65 kWh/day for processing hours, 2) Electricity for 557 houses/day.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Vitamin A Deficiency among Children and Women in Senegal

Background: Like many developing countries, Senegal does not have data on the extent of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) that is representative of its population. The present survey was conducted to fill this gap and to identify factors associated with VAD, prior to the introduction of a large-scale vitamin A oil fortification program. Procedures: A nationwide representative cross-sectional survey involving 1887 children 12 to 59 months old and 1316 women of reproductive age (WRA) was conducted. Blood samples were collected and plasma concentrations of retinol (PR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alpha-1-acidglycoprotein were measured. PR was adjusted for subclinical inflammation using the BRINDA regression methodology. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with VAD. Findings: The adjusted prevalence of VAD (PR ≤ 0.7 μmol/L) in children was 15.3% and differed by age group, area of residence, and socioeconomic status and half of them had subclinical inflammation. Among WRA, VAD was low (2.3%) and 18.1% had vitamin A insufficiency (VAI). Pregnant women were more affected by VAI (28.4%) and Dakar had lower figures compared with other cities and rural strata. Prevalence of VAI decreased with increasing wealth quintile. In logistic regression, abnormal CRP, poverty, scarce consumption of poultry, oysters, melon, red palm oil, palm kernel oil, Saba senegalensis fruit pulp (Maad) and cowpea, frequent consumption of leeks and consumption of Leptadenia hastata leaves (Mbuum tiakhat), were associated with VAD in children. For women, lower socioeconomic status, fair or poor health status and anemia were negatively associated with VAI. Conclusions: In Senegal, VAD is a moderate public health problem in children and slight among women. Particular attention should be paid to children older than 23 months, pregnant women, rural populations, and poorest households. Nutritional interventions should be implemented alongside morbidity prevention and control. Keywords: vitamin A deficiency, children 12-59 months, women of reproductive age, Senegal.

Kinetics Studies of Epoxidation and Oxirane Cleavage-Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil

Background: Studies pertaining to the epoxidation of fatty acids, garnered much interest in recent years due to the rising demand of eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils. Methods: Epoxide is an important chemical precursor for the production of alcohols, glycols and polymers, like polyesters and epoxy resin. Epoxidation is the name given to the reaction when the double bonds are converted into epoxide. Results: Temperature at 55oC was used as a reference material in the epoxide process, as it produces a high yield epoxide being 88%. The kinetic rate of epoxidized palm kernel oil, k was obtained to be k11= 0.5125, k12= 0.05045, k21= 0.03185, k41= 0.01 and k51= 0.01243. Conclusion: Hence, by fitting the result with the experimental work and simulation, the summation of error being stimulated by I-sight simulation was 0.731116428 and the correlation between the experimental and simulation data was 0.925544.

Studi Pengaruh Jenis Katalis, Waktu Reaksi dan Penurunan Bilangan IODINE pada Pembuatan Cocoa Butter Substitute dengan Proses Hidrogenasi Minyak Kelapa

Vegetable fat can be used as a base for making chocolate butter substitutes in making chocolate coatings. The product is also called hard butter can be obtained using coconut oil. The fats used as a substitute for cocoa butter are coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil that have been obtained by hydrogenation, the hydrogenation process is used to reduce iodine numbers to obtain oil in the form of plastic solids and to increase the consistency of oils and fats to reduce color and smell and to improve stability. In this study the hydrogenation reaction of coconut oil experienced an increase in speed when the commercial catalyst composition of Pricat 9910 was added with a 0.75 gram nickel catalyst and 0.75 grams of silica which was characterized by a drastic decrease in iodine number from 12.12 to 1.94 gr I2 / 100 gr example in the reaction time of 8 hours, It contained in hydrogenated coconut oil did not change or damage when the catalyst composition used in the hydrogenation process is increased.

Modeling the Effect of Composition on Formation of Aerosolized Nanoemulsion System Encapsulating Docetaxel and Curcumin Using D-Optimal Mixture Experimental Design.

The synergistic anticancer effect of docetaxel (DTX) and curcumin (CCM) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic candidate for lung cancer treatment. However, the lack of optimal bioavailability because of high toxicity, low stability, and poor solubility has limited their clinical success. Given this, an aerosolized nanoemulsion system for pulmonary delivery is recommended to mitigate these drawbacks. In this study, DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions were optimized using the D-optimal mixture experimental design (MED). The effect of nanoemulsion compositions towards two response variables, namely, particle size and aerosol size, was studied. The optimized formulations for both DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions were determined, and their physicochemical and aerodynamic properties were evaluated as well. The MED models achieved the optimum formulation for DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions containing a 6.0 wt% mixture of palm kernel oil ester (PKOE) and safflower seed oils (1:1), 2.5 wt% of lecithin, 2.0 wt% mixture of Tween 85 and Span 85 (9:1), and 2.5 wt% of glycerol in the aqueous phase. The actual values of the optimized formulations were in line with the predicted values obtained from the MED, and they exhibited desirable attributes of physicochemical and aerodynamic properties for inhalation therapy. Thus, the optimized formulations have potential use as a drug delivery system for a pulmonary application.

Hematological Effects of Palm Kernel Oil, Olive Oil, Crude Oil and Honey in Male Albino Rats

Hematological Effects of Palm Kernel Oil, Olive Oil, Crude Oil and Honey in Male Albino Rats

Characterization of Amount and Quality of Tucuman Kernel Oil as a Potential Biomass

AbstractAmazonian tucuman (Astrocaryum aculeatum) fruit pulp is consumed directly without heat treatment, and is appreciated in the region of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The kernel is discarded after pulp removal, resulting in costs related to waste management. This study aimed to perform an estimate on the annual amount of kernels generated by commercialization of tucuman fruit in six markets in Manaus by monthly application of questionnaires to merchants. The yield of edible pulp and kernels were assessed, as well as the yield and characteristics of kernel oil. Fruits consisted of pulp (26% fresh weight) and the coproduct is mainly pyrene (70%), comprising a hard woody endocarp (61%) and an oily kernel (39% dry weight). Kernel oil yield ranged from 28% to 45%. The generated coproducts were estimated as 272 t/y (fresh weight) and approximately 6–10 t/y of lauric oil could be obtained. The main fatty acids were lauric—12:0 (52.3–57.5%) and myristic—14:0 (23.4–27.1%), presenting a similar profile to other lauric oils such as coconut, palm kernel, and babassu oils. Oxidative stability ranged from 20 to 44 hours, which is considered high compared to other lauric oils. The recovery of this coproduct will improve the sustainability of the tucuman chain, providing a new product of Amazonian biodiversity and reducing the environmental impact.

Synthesis and IR Characterization of Activated Carbon Acid Catalysts from Cassava Peels and their Use in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Palm Kernel oil

The present study reports the preparation of four solid acids (CS, CPS, CAS and CPAS) from cassava peels and investigates their catalytic activities in the esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) in palm Kernel oil (PKO). The activated carbon obtained from carbonization was directly sulfonated with sulfuric acid (CS) or treated first with phosphoric acid before sulfonation (CPS). Another part of activated carbon was pyrolyzed at 800°C and treated as in the two previous cases (CAS and CPAS). The FTIR spectra of CS, CPS, CAS and CPAS showed characteristic absorption peaks of functional groups such as O=S=O (1031 cm-1), OH (3849 and 3405 cm-1), C=C (1555-1574 cm-1), S=O (1042,1031 cm-1) and P=O (754 cm-1), which confirm the presence of sulfonic, carboxylic and phosphoric groups on the surface of the activated carbon acids prepared. The total acid densities of the catalysts range from 2.26 to 3.49 mmol/g whereas the -SO3H densities were from 0.92 to 2.20 mmol/g. Amongthe four catalysts prepared, their effectiveness in the esterification of free fatty acid in palm kernel oil with a conversion rate from 70 to 90%, depended mostly on the sulfonic acid density on the catalyst, CPS showed the highest total and –SO3H acid densities with 3.49 and 2.2 mmol/g respectively and a highest free acid fatty conversion rate of 90%. Thus, CPS was more efficient than CS, CPAS and CAS. All the catalysts prepared could be reused in the esterification reaction with a mild decrease in the conversion rate.

Production of aviation biofuel from palm kernel oil

In order to partially replace the use of fossil fuels in the aeronautical sector, it is proposed to produce FAME-type biofuels from palm kernel oil. Short chain methyl esters can be used so that the FAME biodiesel have no significant effects on the cold properties of the Jet Fuels when these are mixtures. In this sense, a study of the production of biodiesel FAME from palm kernel by transesterification oil at bench scale was carried out using a batch reactor with the optimal value of the process conditions that were obtained in a previous work but at laboratory level. In that research, the input variables were the methanol-oil ratio, the temperature and the amount of catalyst (% KOH). In this work, the response variable was on the production yield of methyl esters, which were analysed by GC. Physicochemical characterization of the generated biodiesel and an economic analysis of the bank-scale process was carried out to envision a future implementation in the Colombian Air force. Using additives, the improvement of the cold flow properties (such as freezing point and cloud point) of mixtures of FAME of Palm Kernel Oil with Jet Fuel A1 can be contemplated.

Comparative Analysis of the Properties of Mortar Produced with Palm Kernel Oil Cake (PKOC)

The study explores and compares the properties of mortar produced with palm kernel oil cake (PKOC) as partial replacement of sand to traditional cement/sand mortar. Having reviewed some relevant literature on the topic, samples of materials required were collected and batched by volume to a mix proportion of (1:3). The PKOC replacement varies from 0%, 12.5%, 25% and 37.5% with water to 0.3. A total of 16 cubes was molded, cured for 21 days, subjected to various tests at each percentage replacement. The weight and density of the PKOC samples are found to be lighter than the control sample. It was observed that the compressive strength decreases from 12.5% upwards of PKOC aggregate replacement. Also, the water absorption decreases as the PKOC aggregate replacement increases. And it was finally recommended that before one can use PKOC as a partial replacement in traditional cement/sand mortar, its content should not exceed 12.5%. Keywords: Palm kernel, palm kernel oil cake, mortar, properties of mortar DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-6-06 Publication date: June 30 th 2020