Palm Growth Research Articles

SOIL FERTILITY AND PHOTOSYTHESIS RATE OF OIL PALM SHOWING WHITE STRIPE SYMPTOMS IN PEAT LAND IN LABUHAN BATU

White stripe is the loss of green pigment with elongated shape on left and right side of the mid-rib. White stripe is often associated with an imbalance in the N/K nutrient ratio in oil palm. This study aims to determine soil fertility, growth, and photosynthesis rate of oil palm that expressing white stripe symptoms on Fluvaquentic Haplosaprists in Labuhan Batu, North Sumatra. This research was conducted by observing the ecophysiology of 3 plant conditions consisting of a) healthy oil palms, b) oil palms expressing white stripe symptoms, and c) oil palms expressing Boron deficiency symptoms. The results showed that peat soil at the research site has good fertility status. Soil fertility of all treatments are similar except its available nutrients, where the oil palms expressing white stripe symptoms have average P available, K, Ca, Na, and Mg exchanged lower than healthy oil palms as well as oil palms expressing Boron deficiency symptoms. Oil palms expressing white stripe symptoms have low leaf N/K rasio (2.19), and have no relation with Boron deficiency, with unsignificant leaf area indeks (LAI) compared to other treatments. Low chlorophyll content of oil palms expressing white stripe and Boron deficiency symptoms have affected to low rate of photosynthetic rate and, If not corrected immediately, white stripe and also boron deficiency will affect to oil palm growth and productivity.

EFFECT OF SPRAYING SILICON AND SOME NUTRIENTS ON GROWTH, PALM NUTRITIONAL STATUS, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ZAGHLOUL DATE PALMS. 1- EFFECT OF SPRAYING SILICON AND SOME NUTRIENTS ON GROWTH AND PALM NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ZAGHLOUL DATE PALMS

During 2015 and 2016 seasons, Zaghloul date palmsat Dahmro village, Maghagha district, Minia Governorate treated with silicon and/or some nutrients namely N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B. The merit was examining the effect of these nutrients on growth and palm nutritional status. Treating the palms three times with silicon and/or macro and micronutrients caused a remarkable stimulation on number of new leaves/palm, leaf length, pinnae area, number of pinnae/leaf, leaf area, number of spines per leaf and spine length and percentages of N, P, K and Mg in the leaves over the control treatment. Using macro and micronutrients was superior than the single application of silicon on enhancing all growth aspects and leaf chemical components. Combined application of silicon and nutrients surpassed the application of each alone in this respect. Conclusively, for enhancing growth and palm nutritional status of Zaghloul date palms, it is suggested to spray the palms with a mixture of silicon, N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B three times.

Drivers of soil carbon stabilization in oil palm plantations

AbstractIncreasing soil organic carbon (SOC) in agroecosystems is necessary to mitigate climate change and soil degradation. Management practices designed to reach this goal call for a deeper understanding of the processes and drivers of soil carbon input stabilization. We identified main drivers of SOC stabilization in oil palm plantations using the well‐defined spatial patterns of nutrients and litter application resulting from the usual management scheme. The stabilization of oil palm‐derived SOC (OP‐SOC) was quantified by δ13C from a shift of C4 (savanna) to C3 (oil palm) vegetations. Soil organic carbon stocks under frond piles were 20% and 22% higher compared with harvest paths and interzones, respectively. Fertilization and frond stacking did not influence the decomposition of savanna‐derived SOC. Depending on management zones, net OP‐SOC stabilization equalled 16–27% of the fine root biomass accumulated for 9 years. This fraction was similar between frond piles and litter‐free interzones, where mineral NPK fertilization is identical, indicating that carbon inputs from dead fronds did not stabilize in SOC. A path analysis confirmed that the OP‐SOC distribution was largely explained by the distribution of oil palm fine roots, which itself depended on management practices. SOC mineralization was proportional to SOC content and was independent on phosphorus availability. We conclude that SOC stabilization was driven by C inputs from fine roots and was independent of alteration of SOC mineralization due to management. Practices favouring root growth of oil palms would increase carbon sequestration in soils without necessarily relying on the limited supply of organic residues.

Response of Immature Oil Palm Growth and CO2 emission on Intercropping System After Replanting

One of the problems in smallholder oil palm plantations was the financing for replanting and loss of revenues during immature oil palm period. One alternative to the problem was the development of an adaptive plant system through intercropping crops planted among immature oil palm crops. The research was conducted in banjar seminai village, dayun subdistrict, siak regency, Riau Province on May to October 2017. The study used a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Annual crops treatment consists of corn, soybean, eggplant and chili. The results showed that there was positive response of oil palm height on intercropping systems. Corn intercropping plants increased the height of oil palm crops. The intercropping plants had no significant effect on the number of leaf midrib and the width of oil palm canopy. Monoculture oil palm crops without intercropping produced average emissions of 8.78 t CO2 ha-1yr-1. Oil palm intercrop with eggplant and soybean produces the highest CO2 emissions of 10.4 and 10.2 t CO2 ha-¹yr-¹, while oil palm in intercrop with chili produced the lowest CO2 emissions of 8.66 t CO2 ha-1yr-¹.

DAMPAK PEMBERIAN KALIUM DAN CEKAMAN KEKERINGAN TERHADAP SERAPAN HARA DAN PRODUKSI BIOMASSA BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis gueenensis Jacq.)

Cekaman kekeringan merupakan faktor pembatas utama terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi kelapa sawit. Selain menggunakan bahan tanaman yang toleran, peningkatan nutrisi tanaman terutama kalium juga berpengaruh meningkatkan toleransi tanaman terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian simulasi di rumah kaca untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kalium dan cekaman kekeringan pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Madurejo, Kecamatan Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman,Yogyakarta Menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap. Perlakuan yang dicobakan antara lain dosis kalium yang terdiri dari 5 taraf yaitu 0%, 50%, 100%, 150% dan 200% dosis standar dan cekaman kekeringan yang terdiri dari 3 level cekaman yaitu kapasitas lapang (FTSW 1), cekaman moderat (FTSW 0.35) dan cekaman berat (FTSW 0.15) dengan 3 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemberian kalium dapat meningkatkan kandungan dan serapan K dan Cl tanaman, meningkatkan serapan Mg akar, menurunkan kandungan N akar dan menurunkan kandungan Ca dan Mg pada tajuk tanaman. Cekaman kekeringan berdampak terhadap penurunan kandungan dan serapan N, P, dan Cl tanaman serta penurunan bobot biomassa kering tanaman. Pemberian Kalium belum berdampak terhadap produksi biomassa bibit kelapa sawit pada kondisi tercekam kekeringan

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT NAGARI SILAGO KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA MELALUI TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT

Tanaman kelapa sawit cenderung menjadi tanaman primadona masyarakat di Kabupaten Dharmasraya saat sekarang. Salah satu penyebab rendahnya produktivitas perkebunan sawit rakyat tersebut adalah karena teknologi produksi yang diterapkan masih relatif sederhana, mulai dari pembibitan sampai dengan panennya. Dengan penerapan teknologi budidaya yang tepat, akan berpotensi untuk peningkatan produksi kelapa sawit. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat dengan cara: 1) memberikan peningkatan pemahaman dan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat Nagari Silago mengenai teknologi produksi kelapa sawit, 2) peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam mengolah limbah pertanian menjadi lebih bermanfaat 3) mendorong semangat petani agar dapat lebih memaksimalkan potensi pertanian Nagari Silago. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 26-27 Oktober 2019. Jumlah mahasiswa yang dilibatkan adalah sebanyak 150 orang. Metode pelaksanaan dengan pembelajaran orang dewasa. Masyarakat Nagari Silago sangat antusias mendengarkan dan berdiskusi tentang Teknologi budidaya kelapa sawit. Masyarakat banyak bertanya dan terjadi diskusi yang baik mulai dari asal bibit dan teknik pembibitan kelapa sawit, pembukaan lahan, pemupukan, kastrasi, pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kelapa sawit.

Effect of culture media, plant growth regulators and genotypes on growth and developmental stages of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) zygotic embryos

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has become the largest traded vegetable oil in the world due to its innumerable uses and its huge economic importance. Which increases the requirement of quality seedling but the conventional seed production limits the commercial seed production with its long germination period and low germination rate. In this context in vitro germination of zygotic embryo could be a promising alternative. Hence in this study the effect of culturing media, plant growth regulators and genotypes were assessed on in vitro regeneration and plantlet development of oil palm zygotic embryos. Zygotic embryos of four elite genotypes were cultured on MS, N6 and Y3 media, with or without plant growth regulators (NAA, BA and GA3-0.2mg/lt). There was no effect of culture media, plant growth regulators and genotypes on germination of zygotic embryos. Whereas on the growth and development of in vitro plantlets, there was a significant effect of culture media and genotypes. Where culture media N6 performs well and Y3 has shown more abnormality. In case of genotypes, genotypes G1 and G2 shown better performance when compared to genotypes G3 and G4. The effect of plant growth regulators on germination and plant growth was non significant.

Perbaikan Beberapa Sifat Kimia Tanah Ultisol Dengan Pemberian Bokashi Bungkil Inti Sawit (BIS) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit

The purpose of this study was to improve some of the chemical properties of Ultisol soil by giving Palm oil bokashi and to determine the effect of the best bokashi doses for the growth of oil palm seedlings.This research was conducted for 6 months starting in June until December 2017. The research location was at Jl. Mount Lingai North Samarinda. The design used was a randomized block design consisting of nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of (P0) 0 g bokashi polybag-1, (P1) 100 g bokashi polybag-1, (P2) 200 g bokashi polybag-1, (P3) 300 g bokashi polybag-1, (P4) 400 g bokashi polybag-1, (P5) 500 g bokashi polybag-1, (P6) 600 g bokashi polybag-1, (P7) 700 g bokashi polybag-1, (P8) 800 g bokashi polybag-1. Soil samples were composited, then analyzed in the laboratory with the parameters of soil pH, organic C, N and C/N ratio. Plant data analyzed were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter and plant weight. If it is significant then the LSD test will be at the level of 5%. The results showed that bokashi administration could improve soil pH, organic C, N and C/N ratio on Ultisol soil. Giving Bokashi Palm kernel meal obtained a soil pH of 4.57; Organic C 7.48; N 0,420; C/N Ratio of 19.45 in Ultisol soil. The application of Bokashi Palm kernel meal at a dose of 800 g polybag-1 in treatment P8 showed a significant effect on leaf number and plant weight, a very significant effect on plant height and stem diameter. The average plant height is 85.77 cm; average number of leaves 12.67; stem diameter of 4.90 cm; plant weight of 3.07 kg.

Aplikasi Pemupukan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) dan Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao) Pada Penanaman Sistem Jalur

Planting with a lane system in palm sugar and cacao plants is a technique of plantation cultivation that aims at soil conservation and microenvironment. Plant cultivation in the field needs to get a supply of fertilizer to increase crop productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of giving SP-36 and KCl fertilizer to the best growth of sugar palm and cacao plants in the planting of path systems. The research was conducted on land in Badak Mekar Village, Muara Badak District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and repeated 4 times. Factorial experiments consisted of 2 factors, as the first factor was SP-36 fertilizer (p) consisting of 3 levels: p0 = 0 kg plant-1 (control); p1 = 0.25 kg of plant-1; p2 = 0.5 kg of plant-1. The second factor was KCl (k) fertilizer consisting of 3 levels: k0 = 0 kg plant-1 (control); k1 = 0.25 kg of plant-1; k2 = 0.5 kg of plant-1. The variables observed included: (1) Arenaceous plants: increase in caudal circumference, increase in the fifth midrib length, increase in the number of midribs, increase in number of leaflets on the fifth midrib and (2) Cocoa plants: increase in plant height, increase in stem circumference, the number of cocoa fruits, the intensity of pest and disease attacks on cocoa fruit. Observations on each variable were carried out at 3 and 6 months after treatment (mat). Data were analyzed by variance and if there were significant differences, it was followed by the Smallest Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the level of 5%. The results of the SP-36 fertilizer treatment showed very significant differences in all observation variables in early maturing palm trees and aged 3 bsp and 6 bsp cacao plants. The treatment of SP-36 fertilizer at a dose of 0.5 kg plant-1 (p2) gave the best growth of early maturing sugar palm plant 6 in the increase of the fifth midrib length, increase in bulb circumference, increase the number of midribs and increase the number of leaflets on the fifth midrib - each 137.17 cm, 25.58 cm, 3.25 strands and 39.08 strands. Likewise in the age of 6 bsp cocoa plants SP-36 fertilizer with a dose of 0.5 kg plant-1 (p2) gave the best growth in plant height increase, increase in stem circumference and number of cocoa fruit, each 18.92 cm, 8.25 cm and 25.25 pieces. The treatment of KCl fertilizer and the interaction between SP-36 and KCl fertilizers showed no significant difference in all observation variables in early maturing and cacao plants. Observations of pest and disease attacks on cocoa fruit with the intensity of pest attacks 0.00-23.47% were included in the category of minor damage and the intensity of disease attacks 0.00-66.30% which fall into the category of moderate damage.

Influence of different methods and levels of irrigation on vegetative growth and yield of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Influence of different methods and levels of irrigation on vegetative growth and yield of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

INDUSTRIAL SAND MINING ON THE TIKO ESTUARY OF CAMEROON AND ITS IMPACTS ON RIPARIAN COMMUNITY

Tiko is known for its fertile azonal soils of volcanic and fluvial origin that supports the growth of banana, palm and rubber by agro-base corporations. Being a low lying region, Tiko estuary is drained by numerous water bodies, with river Mungo being the most outstanding. This has enabled the deposition of sand that serves as an important resource for infrastructural development. Technology has encouraged exploiters to embark on industrial extraction of this highly demanded non-ferrous mineral. This study identifies and locates the areas of industrial sand exploitation, x-ray the extraction method, determine output and analyse the impact of the activity on the environment using a triangulation approach in sourcing data, it was observed that between 2012 and 2018, nine companies were involved in industrial sand mining with a mean production of 74,556 m3 and 100,319,500 FCFA paid as taxes. Recommendations have been proposed to ensure the sustainability of the activity.

Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Responses to Indigenous Mycorrhizae and Cow Manure in Ultisol

The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of indigenous mycorrhizae inoculation and cow manure doses on the growth and yield of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) at production stages I. It was conducted at farmer plantation in Semabu Village Tebo Regency located at -1.473543, 102484062. This research was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of two factors. The first factor is inoculation of mycorrhizae isolates comprising two levels, i.e. without and with inoculation, and the second factor is the dose of cow manure comprising five levels, i.e. without cow manure, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose of cow manure at Production Stages I (30 kg plant-1). The variables observed were plants girth, leaf midrib, number of bunches per plant, weight per bunch, weight of fresh fruit bunches per plant, and root infection. The results showed that there was interaction effect between inoculation of mycorrhizae and cow manure doses. The inoculation of mycorrhizae and cow manure at a dose of 50% of the recommended dose were able to increase oil palm growth and yield.

Respon Pertumbuhan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Varietas Dyxp Dumpy pada Kondisi Stres Air di Pembibitan Awal

<p>Global climate exchange especially rainfallspurs the growth of oil palm adapt to environmental conditions, so the development of oil palm plantations requires seeds that are able to adapt well in drought conditions.This study aims to determine whether water stress affects the growth of oil palm seedlings and sees the response of the level of resistance of oil palm seeds to drought stress.This research was carried out in the greenhouse garden experiment Medan STIPAP was conducted from January to June 2018. This study used Non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), which consisted of 3 levels, 3 samples and 3 replications. Parameters to be observed were plant height, stem base diameter, leaf number, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight, plant dry weight, root volume, root length, stomatal density and number of stomata.The results showed that the difference in giving A1 water (100%) was significantly different from A2 (60%) and A3 (20%) on the parameters of oil palm seedling growth especially for the parameters of plant height, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight, plant dry weight, root volume, and root length while the base diameter of the stem, number of leaves, stomatal density and number of stomata give no significant effect. Drought stress effected to reduce the growth of stem diameter.</p>

Tanggap Pertumbuhan Aren (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) Diinokulasi Dengan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula Terhadap Pengapuran Di Lahan Pasca Tambang Batubara

Sugar palm is one of local plants spesies that may potential for reclamation program because can be planted under the stands of forest crops. Forest crops can be shade seedlings sugar palm from direct sunlight because the growth of sugar palm is relatively slow. Sugar palm can be useful even without cutting down the trees. Previously, sugar palm had been planted at PT Berau Coal and had produced fruit. The research was conducted at coal post-mining land of PT Bukit Asam, Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera. The research using combination of AMF and liming treatment is as follows, ie MaK0 (control), Mak1 (seedling with AMF without inoculation; liming 30 g plant-1), MiK0 (AMF indigenous seedling inoculation; without liming), MiK2 (AMF indigenous seedling inoculation, liming 60 g plant-1), MmK0 (AMF mycofer seedling inoculation; without liming), and MmK3 (AMF mycofer seedling inoculation, liming 120 g plant-1). The results showed that sugar palm could be grown in the coal post-mining land. The combination of AMF and liming treatment did not significant effect on observed variables of plant height, rachis length, diameter, leaves number, number of spore and root cholonization. Sugar palm seedlings that have been infected with AMF could be grown and provide a good growth response even without liming.Keywords : Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), marginal land, sugar palm

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis Guineensis Jacquin) TERHADAP KEDALAMAN DAN BOBOT BAHAN ORGANIK PENUTUP BIOPORI PADA TANAH PODSOLIK MERAH KUNING

This study aims to determine the effect of bokashi and biopori depth treatment on growth and production of oil palm. The study was conducted at Long Gelang Paser Regency in August 2017 - January 2018 using a randomized block design with two factors. The first factor is the depth of biopori with depth: 50, 75, and 100 cm and the second factor is bokashi weight with level: 4, 5 and 6 tons per hectare with three replicates, highest weight of TBS obtained at 75 cm biopori depth, obtained at a depth of 100 cm biopori with 6 ton per hectare of bokashi, the highest soil N content was obtained at 50 cm depth with treatment of 6 tons per hectare bokashi, the highest groundwater content was obtained at 75 cm biopori depth with bokashi 4 tons per hectare

ENZYME ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO TOTAL K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu AND Zn IN THE OIL PALM RHIZOSPHERE OF RIAU’S PEATLANDS, INDONESIA

Enzyme activity can be used as a peat decomposition indicator in the oil palm rhizosphere of peatlands. Oil palm plantation management requires fertilization in the rhizosphere to provide nutrients for oil palm growth. The state of total nutrient in the rhizosphere can influence enzyme activity. This research aimed to study enzyme activity in relationship to nutrients in the oil palm rhizosphere of peatlands. Using the explorative method in Riau’s tropical peatlands, an oil palm plantation was chosen as a location for the main sites, and a degraded forest as well as a shrubland were chosen as comparison sites. In the oil palm plantation, peat samples were taken from peats adhering to oil palm roots at the peat depths of 0‒25 and 25‒50 cm and at distances of 0‒1, 1‒2, 2‒3, and 3‒4 m from the trees. In the degraded forest and shrub, t samples were taken from selected plant roots at the depths of 0-25 and 25-50 cm. The triplicate peat samples were then composited for an analysis of enzyme activity and total nutrient content. Results showed that enzyme (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and laccase) activity in the oil palm rhizosphere decreased as the distance from trees and the depth of rhizosphere increased. The decline in enzyme activity was caused by a low peat pH and an increased water content as well as organic carbon content. Enzyme activity increased with increasing oil palm age and ash content. Total K and Zn contents showed no correlation with enzyme activities. However, total Ca and Mg contents showed positive correlation only with β-glucosidase activity. Total Fe and Cu contents showed significantly negative correlation with enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and laccase). Enzyme activity in the rhizosphere of the degraded forest and shrubs were mostly lower than in the oil palm rhizosphere.

Predicting oil palm leaf nutrient contents in kalimantan, indonesia by measuring reflectance with a spectroradiometer

ABSTRACTLeaf nutrients are needed for oil palm growth and production, and the nutrient contents of oil palm leaves can be determined by the chemical analyses of the number 9 and 17 leaves for young and adult palms, respectively. However, the accurate selection of the proper leaf for sampling is problematic. Remote sensing techniques based on the reflectance values of leaves may easily monitor leaf nutrients in oil palm plantations. We studied leaf nutrient contents using spectral reflectance data to determine suitable wavelengths for predicting the contents of the most important leaf nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, and zinc. The samples were taken from one oil palm plantation in Pundu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The proposed vegetative indices, several common vegetative indices, and a stepwise regression that continued with a principal component regression were used to build models for predicting leaf nutrient contents. The proposed vegetative indices performed better than the common vegetative indices. For each of the leaf nutrients, models that included all of the significant variables from the stepwise regression and continued with principal component regression from the ultraviolet A and green to far red wavelength groups had better performance levels than models that included individually selected variables selected from each wavelength group. For total leaf nutrient content predictions, variables from the green wavelength group were always selected and contributed more to the models than any other group. Thus, our proposed vegetative indices and multivariate model may be used to predict leaf nutrient contents in oil palm plantations.

Predicting the potential geographical distribution of parasitic natural enemies of the Dubas bug (Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin) using geographic information systems.

The Dubas bug (Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin) is a pest species whose entire life cycle occurs on date palms, Phoenix dactylifera L, causing serious damage and reducing date palm growth and yield. Pseudoligosita babylonica Viggiani, Aprostocetus nr. Beatus, and Bocchus hyalinus Olmi are very important parasitic natural enemies of Ommatissus lybicus in northern Oman. In this study, random farms were selected to (a) model the link between occurrences of the Pseudoligosita babylonica, Aprostocetus nr beatus, and Bocchus hyalinus (dependent variables) with environmental, climatological, and Dubas bug infestation levels (the independent variables), and (b) produce distribution and predictive maps of these natural enemies in northern Oman. The multiple R 2 values showed the model explained 63%, 89%, and 94% of the presence of P. babylonica, A. nr beatus, and Bocchus hyalinus, respectively. However, the distribution of each species appears to be influenced by distinct and geographically associated climatological and environmental factors, as well as habitat characteristics. This study reveals that spatial analysis and modeling can be highly useful for studying the distribution, the presence or absence of Dubas bugs, and their natural enemies. It is anticipated to help contribute to the reduction in the extent and costs of aerial and ground insecticidal spraying needed in date palm plantations.

Produtividade da palma forrageira em aleias com Gliricídia sepium sob adubação orgânica em diferentes espaçamentos no Semiárido

No Semiárido brasileiro, a pecuária é uma das principais atividades econômicas. No entanto, a produção de biomassa pelas forrageiras é instável ao longo do tempo, pela irregularidade das chuvas, causando um desequilíbrio entre a oferta e demanda de forragem para alimentar os rebanhos. Uma das estratégias para contornar essa problemática diz respeito ao cultivo de Palma forrageira em consorcio com espécies arbóreas leguminosas. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Estação Experimental do Instituto Nacional do Semiárido e objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do espaçamento e adubação orgânica, sobre o crescimento e produtividade da palma forrageira em sistema de cultivo de aléias com Gliricídia sepium. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 × 4, sendo três espaçamentos (2 × 1 m; 1 × 1 m e 1 × 0,5 m) e quatro adubações (substâncias húmicas, algas marinhas, bocashi e controle), com quatro repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. As maiores produtividades, incremento corrente anual e o incremento médio anual da palma foram obtidas com o espaçamento 1 × 0,5 m. As adubações orgânicas, não influenciaram significativamente na produtividade da palma. Somando-se a forragem produzida pela gliricídia mais a biomassa produzida da palma forrageira, o sistema de cultivo em aléias, produziu anualmente, em média 7,3 t ha-1 de biomassa e 14,2 st de lenha, tornando este sistema em um excelente banco de proteína e fonte de energia, como estratégia para promover maior estabilização na produção de biomassa para alimentação animal.

ИСТОРИЯ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИНТРОДУКЦИИ ПАЛЬМ (ARECACEAE C.H. SCHULTZ) НА ЮЖНОМ БЕРЕГУ КРЫМА

The results of the introduction of palms have been summarized, and the assortment, opportunities and conditions of their cultivation on the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC) defined. Long-term observations on the experimental plants with an assessment of their prospects according to a frosting scale during severe winters and biometric measurements of their habit by instrumental methods have been conducted. The article describes the history and results of the palms' introduction beginning from 1814 up to the present moment. It was established that growth and development of palms in the NBG's arboretum depend not only on their winter resistance but also on the growing conditions and cultivation practices. The results of the palms' introduction over a 30-year span of the research (1984-2014) through the example of their growth and development in the NBG's arboretum have been summed up. The data about the characteristic habits and reproductive capabilities for the year 1984 have been provided and compared with the same parameters obtained in 2014 on the same experimental trees. A picture of actual damages of various palm species during severe winters has been shown, and the degree of their tolerance to extreme negative temperatures determined. A promising assortment of palms tested in the NBG's arboretum has been identified, and the conditions of their cultivation on the SCC shown. The environmental and biological criteria influencing growth and development of 12 species of palms have been defined. Recommendations as to agricultural practices, protection in winter, and rational utilization of palms in ornamental gardening have been provided.