Palm Fronds Research Articles

Pembuatan Karbon Aktif Dari Limbah Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Elaies Guineesis Jacq.) Sebagai Media Peyerapan Ion Logam Fe Air Sumur Menggunakan Aktivator Asam Fosfat (H3PO4)

Oil palm (elaies) is a tropical plant that is widely found in Indonesia. The increasing production of this plant has an impact on the increasing amount of oil palm frond waste every year. During this time, the community only utilizes the fruit for the manufacture of CPO while the fronds are discarded and become waste. Palm frond waste contains constituent components in the form of cellulose and lignin so that it has the potential to be utilized as an adsorbent. The manufacture of activated carbon is carried out with the stages of carbonization and activation using H3PO4. The finished activated carbon was then tested for moisture content, ash content, and iodine absorption according to SNI 06-3730-1995, functional group analysis testing with Fourier Transform Infra Red FTIR and Fe metal ion absorption test in well water using an AAS spectrophotometer. From these tests, 7% moisture content, 4% ash content and 909.45 mg/gr iodine absorption were obtained. FT-IR testing obtained 11 fungal groups and Fe metal absorption using an AAS spectrophotometer obtained 77%, so it can be concluded that the activated carbon made is in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995 specifications

The Effect of (Laccases, Lignin Peroxidases, Manganese Peroxidases Enzymes) on the Chemical Composition of Rough Fodder

The results of the effect of the type of feed showed a significant increase (P≤0.01) for palm fronds DM during the incubation period of 7, 14, 21 days, a high Mnp superiority in its incubation 14 days, and a significant superiority of Laccase in its incubation 21 days, while the effect of the enzyme concentration on DM was higher Significant at a concentration of 10% of the enzyme, and the interaction between the type of feed and the enzyme together showed a highly significant increase in the treated palm fronds Laccase and Lip in the incubation period of 7 days, and the treated palm fronds Mnp during incubation 14 days. %, 15% for the interaction between the type of coarse feed and the concentration of the enzyme on DM. The results showed a highly significant (P≤0.01) OM Lip increase during the 7-day incubation period, Mnp during the 14-day incubation period, and Laccase and Lip at the 21-day incubation period. The CP increased in palm fronds compared to yellow corn, and the results indicated a highly significant increase in the treatment Laccase and Mnp during the incubation period of 14 and 21 days.

The possibility of manufacturing a biocidal of Bacillus spp. and their growth on different fermented media

The study was conducted in the Molecular Biology Laboratory - Department of Plant Protection - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa during 2020-2021 to evaluate the possibility of producing a biocide from Bacillus spp. B. firmus, B. cereus. and B. simplex. The results of manufacturing bionematicide from these bacteria showed that the three species did not differ in their growth on the same compost medium (palm fronds, rice residues, wheat residues), while the growth of each Bacillus spp. differed from other species on different culture media. The palm frond medium, regardless of the type of bacteria, was the least favorable and did not support many bacterial populations, and allowed no more than 83*108 CFU. Whereas the bacterial colonies ranged from 219*108 CFU to 254*108 CFU on fermented wheat residues, with a slight difference from rice residues, which led to bacterial colonies of 198*108 CFU to 214*108 CFU. In the case of carriers used for the biocide, preparation using sand was always better than with calcium sulfate. The effect of packing materials (plastic bags, paper bags, or plastic containers) on the efficiency and vitality of bacteria in the biocide content was also evaluated. It is noted that the highest bacterial colonies, which ranged from 267 to 253 *108 CFU, in the case of using plastic containers significantly differed from storing in paper bags (233-230*108 CFU) and plastic bags (235 -216 *108 CFU), after 15 days of storage in laboratory conditions. However, the viability and effectiveness of the prepared biocide decreased with the increase of storage periods to 30, 60, and 90 days, regardless of the type of bacteria.

The Potential of Oil Palm Plantation Byproducts as Feed for Beef Cattle

Oil palm is one of the plantation commodities that Indonesia relies on to generate foreign exchange annually. The oil palm industry generates both solid and liquid waste. Oil palm waste is a byproduct of the oil palm industry that is not reused; however, with technological advancements, this waste can be utilized as supplementary feed, especially for ruminants. The waste obtained from oil palm plantations and oil palm mills includes oil palm fruit bunches, oil palm fibers, oil palm shells, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm leaves, and oil palm sludge. Mucuna barcteata can also be used as a protein source for animal feed. Research was conducted in the Sei Mangkei plantation, and feed trials were carried out in the Bangun PTPN III Plantation (Simalungun). The methods employed included surveys and laboratory research. Proximate analysis of the suspected feed sources was conducted by PT Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor, which encompassed total energy, moisture and ash content, total fat, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, calcium, and phosphorus. The weight gain of cattle after being fed the experimental diet was observed over a three-month period. The research results indicate that oil palm byproducts can support a population of 12,365 head of beef cattle per year. Mucuna bracteata, oil palm kernel meal, oil palm fronds, and solid decanter can be used as animal feed. A feed mixture containing 30% Mucuna resulted in the highest weight gain in cattle compared to the other three treatments, with an average daily gain of 0.97.

Study of diameter and height increment of Nipa (Nypa fruticans) fronds for the sustainability of mangrove forests management in Pagar Batu Island, Mahakam River Estuary, East Kalimantan

Nipa (Nypa fruticans) is a type of plant that lives in many mangrove forests. The potential of nipa palm has been used as a source of income for the community, such as through the production of nipa plants and their fronds. However, harvesting carried out by the community has the potential to cause damage to nipa palm forests. This research aims to determine the increase in height and diameter of nipa palm fronds until they are ready to be harvested and to ensure that nipa palm harvesting is in accordance with the principles of desire. Sampling was carried out randomly on 30 palm clumps, and diameter and height measurements were carried out repeatedly every ten days for 40 days. The results showed that the average increase in front height was 16.71 cm per day, and the average increase in diameter was 0.18 cm per day. After 40 days of age, the front diameter reaches an average of 7.5 cm and a height of 6.7 m, making it suitable for harvesting in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management.

Using the Mats of Palm Fronds in Reinforcement Pavement Layers

Abstract Pavement distresses are among the major problems that affects to a decisive extent on the using (operational capacity) the roads and reducing their service life. Therefore, its require to limitation this distresses and knowing the reasons that lead to appearing this distresses and give the correction during the construction of roads. The major distresses is the rutting which increases at intersections and the check points when the vehicle is stopping. The reinforcement pavement layer became an important step of design and the reconstruction of pavement layers which is control of almost distress, reduce the maintenance cost, and provide long service life of roads. In this study will study using the mats of palm fronds in reinforcement pavement layers instead industrial materials due to existence the palms with large quantity in Iraq. The result display the using the mats of palms fronds reduce the rutting percent 96.7, 88.3, 83.3 at 40, 50, 60 ºC respectively at surface course according the test by wheel track machine.

The Effectiveness of Mixed Materials on the Acceleration and Quality of Sugar Palm Dregs Compost

Due to the high nutrient, sugar palm dregs can work as compost. The high fiber content and C/N ratio of sugar palm dregs (99.4%) are obstacles because it takes a long time for the decomposition process, so it is necessary to add mixed ingredients to achieve a C/N ratio of 30:1 and speed up the composting process. This study aims to examine the effect of the types of mixed materials on the speed of the composting process and the quality of sugar palm dregs and to obtain the most effective mixture in accelerating the composting process and producing sugar palm dregs compost according to SNI compost. This research was conducted using an experimental method using a single-factor design arranged completely randomized. The factors studied included mixed ingredients in composting sugar palm stem dregs, such as Azolla, tofu dregs, and Gliricidia leaves. The amount of mixed material added to the sugar palm dregs compost was based on the calculation of the C/N ratio of 30:1. The treatment is as follows: A = (15 kg of sugar palm stem dregs + 12 kg of Azolla + molasses), B = (15 kg of sugar palm stem dregs + 37 kg of tofu dregs + molasses), C = (15 kg of sugar palm stem dregs + 13 kg of Gliricidia leaves + molasses) and D = (15 kg of sugar palm stem dregs + molasses). The results showed that the Azolla mixture was the most effective in accelerating composting and producing the best sugar palm dregs compost.

Silica ash from waste palm fronds used as an eco-friendly, sustainable adsorbent for the Removal of cupper (II).

Silica ash from waste palm fronds used as an eco-friendly, sustainable adsorbent for the Removal of cupper (II).

Comparison of effective removal of cationic malachite green dye from waste water with three different adsorbents: date palm, date palm biochar and phosphated biochar

ABSTRACT Adsorbents obtained from agricultural wastes attract attention because they are both effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly. In this study, it was studied on the removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions by using date palm fronds (DPF), which are agricultural wastes, date biochar (DPC) obtained by pyrolysis and phosphated date biochar with the help of microwave pyrolysis (DPMW) as three different adsorbents. Characterisation of adsorbents was made by FTIR/ATR, SEM, TGA. According to the results of TGA, it was observed that thermal strengths decreased after adsorption. Adsorption studies were carried out at 25°C in isothermal environment at the pH of the natural dye solution. Adsorption data of date palm, biochar and phosphated biochar were evaluated according to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Flory-Huggings (F-H) and Fowler-Frumkin-Guggenheim (FFG) isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) according to Langmuir isotherm were found as 334 mg/g, 125 mg/g and 32 mg/g for date palm, biochar and phosphated biochar, respectively. The heat of adsorption calculated using the Temkin and Fowler – Frumkin-Guggenheim (FFG) isotherms is exothermic for date palm and biochar, while it is endothermic for phosphated biochar. It was observed that the adsorption mechanism energy E calculated in D-R and the B values calculated in Temkin were compatible and the adsorption was physical. According to these results, the most effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions is biochar, which is the pyrolysis product, while phosphated biochar is not very suitable.

The Composition of Arthropods in Nipah Fronds Decomposition at Sungai Kakap Mangrove Area in the West Kalimantan

Anthropogenic activities in Nypa palm (Nypa fructicans) forests directly leave a lot of residual nipa fronds, which take longer to decompose. The decomposition process involves decomposer organisms, one of which is Arthropods. Nevertheless, information regarding the composition of decomposition fronds is still limited. This study aims to obtain data and information regarding the composition of Arthropods and their relationship to the decomposition period. Arthropod sampling was carried out by hand collecting methods at 15, 25, 35, and 45 days after placement. The laying of the nipa palm fronds was determined randomly with a vertical position at 20 cm above the ground surface. Arthropod eggs, larvae, pupae, and imago samples were sorted and preserved in 70% Alcohol. Arthropod data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the composition of Arthropods consisted of the class Crustacea and Insecta, each with one order (2 genera) and six orders (32 genera). The orders Diptera (Psychoda, Eristalinus) and Amphipoda (Allorchestoides) were dominant. The average number of individuals found increases with the decomposition period. The role of different arthropods influences their composition in the decomposition process of the nipa palm fronds. It is necessary to study the composition of microbes in each decomposition period.

Interpretation of morphological descriptors on nanocellulose from oil palm frond fibers under weak acid, strong acid, and enzymatic treatments

Surface properties of the nanocellulose network from oil palm frond fibers have been modeled in this work by using a fractal model namely the generalized Cauchy process (GCP) to investigate the local fiber distribution and their geometrical effect on the loading capacity. Using the GCP model, the performance of the nanocellulose network under different treatment processes is quantified by interpreting the dual-fractal properties, namely power-law scaling in the local growth (variance) and correlation function, with independent scaling parameters. Our observations indicated a strong correlation between the fractal dimension of nanocellulose and the type and concentration of treatment chemicals, underlining its sensitivity to treatment variations. Additionally, we investigated the organization of cellulose nanocrystals within the morphological structure through simulated three-dimensional network topology, offering insights into pore distribution and aggregation formation. Furthermore, we delved into the influence of crosslinking on loading capacity. Our findings demonstrated a significant reduction in loading test result inconsistencies, emphasizing the enhanced stability and reliability of crosslinked nanocellulose. This research also highlighted the controlled release capabilities of crosslinked nanocellulose, positioning it as a promising candidate for tailored applications in sustained delivery systems.

The Effect of Inoculum with the Glomus mosseae and Palm Frond Detritus on the Yield of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and the Ratio of Protein to Proline under Varying Irrigation Levels

This study aimed to determine the effect of Gloums Mosseae fungus and palm fronds detritus (compost) on the yield of millet crop (panicum miliaceum L.) and the ratio of protein to proline at various irrigation levels. A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields in the Sumer District of the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate during the summer of 2022. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in this experiment with three replications. The treatments were distributed randomly. Two levels of fungal inoculation (F1 = inoculation with Glomus Mosseae, F0 = control), three levels of compost (C1 = application of 3 tons of palm frond compost, C2 = application of 5 tons of palm frond compost, C0 = control) and three irrigation duration (R1 = irrigation every ten days, R2 = irrigation every fifteen days, R3 = irrigation every twenty days). The results present a significant increase in all the studied traits (grain yield, biological yield, grain protein content, leaf proline content) 2.408 t h-1, 17.926, t h-1 16.10%, 13.16%, and 1.617 mmol gm-1, respectively, compared to with the control treatments that resulted in the least values for the studied traits, respectively, 1.123 t h-1 10.099 t h-1, 8.62%, 6.66%, 0.807 mmol gm-1.

Production of Single-Cell Oil from a Local Isolate Bacillus subtilis Using Palm Fronds.

This study, conducted at the Department of Biology, University of Anbar, Iraq, focuses on addressing the escalating issue of contamination and aims to acquire microbial oils to alleviate the global shortage in plant and animal oil production, utilizing environmental waste as a carbon source to reduce global pollution and select efficient local bacterial isolates of Bacillus subtilis for the production of single-cell oil (SCO) using local soil and environmental waste as a carbon source. Four isolates were selected as the best in producing single-cell oil, with the isolate with code C4 standing out as it recorded the highest production. It is worth noting that all these isolates belong to the bacteria type Bacillus subtilis. Palm fronds were found to be the most suitable environmental residue for SCO production compared to other waste materials (wheat straw and wheat bran). Submerged cultures were used to improve SCO production, with optimal conditions determined as pH 7, a temperature of 30°C, carbon source concentration of 3 g/100 ml, inoculum volume of 3 ml/100 ml, inoculum density of 20 × 107 cells, and an incubation period of 72 hours. The Soxhlet extraction method was used to obtain the oil, which was found to contain high percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (46.030%) and palmitoleic acid (16.579%). The oil was highly soluble in chloroform and ethanol but insoluble in water. The saponification test indicated the potential for soap production from the oil. This comprehensive research addresses the need for locally sourced and sustainable SCO production, offering insights into the selection of efficient bacterial isolates, the optimization of cultivation conditions, and the valuable properties of the resulting SCO. The significance of this study lies in the production of single-cell oil from soil-isolated Bacillus subtilis bacteria for use in food applications.

Use of palm waste zephyr boards as a solution for floating building deterioration

Technological advances require developers to issue their latest innovations, one of which is composite wood technology derived from palm frond waste and known as Zephyr boards. One of the cultural assets is the existence of a floating architecture or floating building which until now still has a dependence on natural wood material, it is necessary to renew the material, one of which is the use of Zephyr boards from palm fronds. Materials derived from nature are generally very susceptible to deterioration, especially when in contact with water and high humidity. So it is necessary to understand the character of the Zephyr board, as well as to know the parts of the floating building that are prone to deterioration and strategies that can improve the quality of the Zephyr board technology that can be applied to floating buildings. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The findings of this study are in the form of a study of information related to processing and test results on the character of Zephyr boards and efforts to improve quality that can be done as well as information related to parts of floating buildings that are prone to deterioration.

Micromechanical Characterization of Continuous Fiber Date Palm Composites

ABSTRACT Date palm fiber composites with aligned, continuous fibers and epoxy matrix were prepared and mechanically characterized using micromechanical models. A hydrothermal process with microwave heating was utilized to extract the date palm frond (midrib) fibers, making the process eco-friendly as opposed to the commonly reported chemical extraction method. Single fibers were then characterized and found to have an average elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of 17.1 ± 1.5 GPa and 333 ± 27.4 MPa, respectively. Interfacial shear strengths ranging between 6 and 12 MPa were determined using a single-fiber pull-out test. Fibers were aligned to make uniaxial tensile samples with volume fraction ranging from 11% to 56%, elastic modulus ranging from 1.72 GPa to 9.52 GPa and ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 16.9 MPa to 43.8 MPa. All the results were found to obey “Rule of Mixtures” theory. The composite’s mechanical properties are similar to or exceeding those of the commercially available wood products such as medium density fiberboard, oriented strand board, thick particle board, hard fiber board, and plywood, making the hydrothermal approach with microwave heating as a promising approach for preparation of date palm composites and further opens up similar process pathway for other natural fibers.

The Influence of Glomus Mosseae, Palm Frond Compost and Irrigation Duration on the Growth of Millet Plant (Panicum miliaceum L.) and on the Availability of Iron and Zinc in the Soil

To study the effect of inoculation with Gloums Mosseae inoculum, organic residues (palm fronds compost), and irrigation duration on the growth and availability of iron and zinc for millet plant Pamicum Miliaceum L., a field trial was carried out for the summer season 2022 in one of the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate - Sumer district in sandy clay loamy soil. The experiment was implemented following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental treatments were distributed randomly. They were: with and without fungal inoculum (F0 and F1), three levels of organic residue applications C0 = control, C1 = 3 tons of compost application, C2 = 5 tons of compost application, and three irrigation durations R1= Irrigation every 10 days, R2 = irrigation every 15 days, R3 = irrigation every 20 days. The results are summarized as follows: The results present a significant increase in all the studied traits, plant height, shoot dry weight, and iron concentration in the soil during the flowering and full maturity stages, except for the zinc concentration in the soil, which the increase was not significant. The values of these traits were 88.84 cm plant-1, 56.15 gm plant-1, 290.2 mg Fe kg soil-1, and 230.9 mg Fe kg soil-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment (no application + irrigating every twenty days) 50.62 cm plant-1, 23.53 g plant-1, 135.4 mg Fe kg soil-1,120.8 mg Fe kg soil-1.

A study of the Environmental Effects of the Use of Palm Stem Injection Technology for the Purposes of Fertilization and Control of Palm Pests in the Al-Tarmiya District

The aim of the research is to identify the environmental effects of the technology of injection of the palm trunk for the purposes of fertilization and control of palm pests. They are distributed among four divisions within the Directorate of Agriculture of the province, and a simple random sample of 7% was chosen from the total number of palm farmers in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Tarmiyah district, which numbered 1708 farmers. They are distributed among three agricultural divisions within the district, which are (Al-Tarmiyah Center, Al-Abaiji, and Al-Mashahada) so that the sample size is (120) individuals. The second part includes (15) paragraphs related to the environmental impacts of using the palm stem injection technology. The results of the research showed that there is a weakness in the extension activities provided in the field of palm service and focus on the control aspect at the expense of the rest of the aspects. The results also showed the agreement of the majority of the respondents on the paragraphs set for the environmental effects, as the paragraph (the risk to farmers is reduced when using injection technology) got a weighted mean of (3.5) and a weight percentile of (97.5) and it came first, in contrast, the last paragraph (preserving living organisms such as birds) came on a weighted mean of (3.12) and a weight percentile of (78).The researcher recommended the importance of increasing and diversifying extension activities in the areas of palm service and urged all groups to participate in them.

Preparation And Characterization Of Adsorbents From Oil Palm Fronds Coated With Nanochitosan From Green Mussel Shells

This study aims to determine the characteristics of adsorbents made from activated carbon of oil palm fronds coated with nanochitosan from green mussel shells. The provision of adsorbents is carried out by the method of coating. The FTIR characterization results show the presence of N-H groups owned by chitosan, namely at wavenumbers between 3500-3297.33 cm-1. BET characterization gives a carbon surface area yield of 45,657 m2/g, the surface area of activated carbon is 14,255 m2/g and the surface area of activated carbon is coated with nanochitosan 57,057 m2/g. The pore volume of carbon also changed, namely carbon by 0.055 cm3 / g, activated carbon by 0.040 cm3 / g and activated carbon coated with nanochitosan by 0.070 cm3 / g. The results showed that the pore properties of activated carbon changed after coating with nanochitosan which was related to the absorption of activated carbon

ROLE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND BORON FOLIAR APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF POTATO FOR PROCESSING

This research was carried out at University of Baghdad - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences during the fall season of 2020 and spring season of 2021 in order to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and the foliar application of boron on the growth and yield of industrial potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Using factorial experiment (5*4) within Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates, the organic fertilizer (palm fronds peat) was applied at four levels (0, 12, 24, and 36 ton ha-1) in addition to the treatment of the recommended of chemical fertilizer. The foliar application of Boron was applied at four concentrations which were 0, 100, 150 and 200 mg (H3Bo3). L-1. The results Revealed a significant increase under the application of organic fertilizer at the level of 24 ton.ha-1 and the foliar application of boron at a concentration of 100 mg. L-1 (O24B100) on plant height, main branches number, and leaves number, which was reflected on the increase of vegetative dry weight and then the yield of potato (63.67 cm and 57.00 cm plant-1), (4.89 and 5.22 stem. plant-1), (66.50, and 55.67 leaf. plant-1), (113.38 and 108.49 g. plant-1), (44.17 and 59.48 ton.ha-1) for both seasons, respectively. It also recorded a Significant differences in the chemical parameters in the leaves, as Chlorophyll reached (265.51 and 203.12 mg.100 g-1 wet weight), N (4.883 and 2.293%), P (0.577 and 0.413%), K (2.467 and 2.660%) and B (65.60 and 63.56 mg. kg-1) for both seasons, respectively.

Effect of Adding Levels of Palm Fronds Compost and Mineral Fertilizer on Fertile Soil Characteristics, Quality, and Productivity of Maize Yield (Zea Mays L.)

An experiment was carried out in one of the fields of the Soil Research Department - Agricultural Research Department/Ministry of Agriculture in the Abu Ghraib district at latitude 33° 17" 31 N and longitude 44° 03" 56 E and 35 m above sea level. This field study was conducted in the autumn season 2021-2022 for the cultivation of yellow maize ( Maha cultivar) in sedimentary soil with silty clay loam texture, with a Split Plot Design. The treatments were distributed using the RCBD for three replicates with two factors. The first factor represents the main plots that include the addition of mineral fertilizer 120, 80, and 320 kg.ha-1 for each of (N, P, and K), respectively, at three levels (0, 50, and 100%) of the fertilizer recommendation. On the other hand, the second factor was a subplot of organic fertilizer (palm frond compost) at three levels (0, 5, and 10) μg.ha-1 . Soil samples were taken to estimate the availability of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, where the total yield and percentage of protein for yellow maize were estimated. The results showed that adding organic fertilizers (palm fronds) with the levels of mineral fertilizers increased the availability of nutrients and the yield of maize. Accordingly, the treatment O2M2 achieved the highest values of nutrient availability, quantity, and quality of yield, reaching (59.167, 33.407, and 257.967) mg.kg-1 soil and (10,096) μg.ha-1 and (9.435%) for each of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, yield, and protein percentage, respectively. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the treatments of O1M2 and O2M1 in the amount of yield and the percentage of protein, which gave the values of 8.403 and 8.134 μg.ha-1, respectively, and the protein percentage of 8.630 and 8.915% respectively. It can be concluded that organic fertilizers can be added to compensate for mineral fertilizers, reduce environmental pollution, and reduce the economic cost and soil preservation because organic fertilizers are considered safe and environmentally friendly. Keywords: yellow maize, mineral fertilizer, palm fronds compost.