Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Research Articles

Application of oil palm and cacao waste biochar to improve the chemical properties of an Ultisol of Langsa, Aceh

Ultisols, including those of Langsa, Aceh, are known to have low fertility due to low pH, low available nutrients, low base saturation, high pH and exchangeable Al, and low cation exchange capacity. These problems can be alleviated by applying organic amendments to the soil. One of the soil amendments is biochar. This study aimed to elucidate the potential of oil palm and cacao waste biochar for improving the chemical properties of an Ultisol of Langsa, Aceh. Biochars generated from oil palm kernel shell (PKS), oil palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), and cacao pod husk (CPH) were applied to the soil and incubated in the laboratory for 16 weeks. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after incubation, the changes in soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that applying different types of biochar significantly improved the chemical properties of the Ultisol of Langsa. Specifically, PEFB biochar caused significant increases in soil pH (H2O and KCl), total phosphorus, available phosphorus, organic C, and cation exchange capacity. These increases became more pronounced with longer incubation times. In addition, using PEFB biochar resulted in the lowest levels of exchangeable Al and Fe in the soil. These levels decreased further with longer incubation times. In general, PEFB biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450oC for 4 hours is the most effective biochar for improving the chemical properties of the Ultisol of Langsa.

Enhanced Hydrophobicity and Oleophilicity of Modified Activated Carbons Derived from Agro-Wastes Biomass for the Removal of Crude Oil from Aqueous Medium

Crude oil spillage has tremendous environmental impacts and poses severe pollution problems worldwide due to the continuous activities and operations in the oil and gas sector. This has resulted in the urgent need for clean-up techniques such as the use of natural adsorbents which is considered a relatively low-cost, readily-available, efficient, eco-friendly, and easy-to-deploy mode of addressing oil spillage due to its high oil sorption capacity/efficiency, high oil selectivity, oleophilic, enduring, reusability and biodegradable properties. Empty palm fruit bunch and coconut coir were used as precursors to produce activated carbons for oil spill remediation. The influence of varying parameters was investigated using a batch experimental procedure resulting in the crude oil adsorption capacity increasing with a corresponding increase in contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature, agitation speed, and particle size but decreasing in adsorbent dosage. The combination of surface morphological modification and hydrophobicity enhancement resulted in significantly improved adsorption capacity for crude oil removal (2710.0 mg/g and 4859.5 mg/g for EPFBAC<SUB>LA</SUB> and CCAC<SUB>L.A</SUB> respectively), as evidenced by both FTIR and SEM analyses. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using various isotherm models and the best-fitted isotherm model was the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.991 and R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.999) for EPFB<SUB>L.A</SUB> and CCAC<SUB>L.A</SUB> respectively. The kinetic behaviour of the adsorption process was best described by pseudo-second order with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.970 and 0.999 for EPFBAC<SUB>LA</SUB> and CCAC<SUB>L.A</SUB> respectively while Boyd model revealed that the adsorption was controlled by an internal transport mechanism and film diffusion was the rate-limiting step. The crude oil adsorption was chemisorption and endothermic owing to the positive enthalpy values (ΔH<sup>o</sup> = 183.890 KJ/mol for EPFBAC<SUB>L.A </SUB>and ΔH<sup>o</sup> = 69.656 KJ/mol for CCAC<SUB>L.A</SUB>), the positive value of entropy suggested that the adsorption process was accompanied by an increase in the degree of randomness or disorder at the interface between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. A temperature rise led to a decline in Gibbs energy (ΔG<sup>o</sup>), suggesting that adsorption became more feasible and spontaneous at higher temperatures and the significant activation energies indicated the existence of a substantial energy barrier that must be overcome to initiate the reaction. The results showed the significant capability of the prepared adsorbents to be used as a low-cost, re-generable and eco-friendly adsorbent in oil spill clean-up and is recommended to exploit its usage on a large scale.

3D Porous Nanocellulose Based Filter from Palm Bunch Using Tert‐Butyl Alcohol‐Assisted Pore Inducive Technique for Airborne Particulate Matter Retention

AbstractEnvironmental hazards, especially particulates, and microbiological pollutants, have resulted in significant negative impacts on human health. In this study, 3D biodegradable cellulose filters were made from nanocellulose and tested for the removal efficiency of airborne particulates. Cellulose was first extracted from palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs) using green Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) under moderate temperature and then homogenized at high pressure to produce cellulose at the nanoscale size. Three types of renewable choline chloride (ChCl)‐based DESs were used: lactic acid, 1,3‐butanediol, and oxalic acid. The maximum cellulose yield from DES pretreatment was 38.78 % based on raw EFB (100 % cellulose yield based on cellulose in EFB) with ChBu60 C and the maximum nanocellulose yield was 68.49 % based on cellulose in EFB with ChLa80 C after 12‐pass high pressure homogenization. The cellulose air filter was fabricated using tert‐butyl alcohol (tBuOH) solvent exchanged under freeze‐drying conditions and characterized by different state‐of‐the‐art techniques. It was shown that the ChBu80 C filter had the lowest pressure drop (10.16 mmH2O or 2.07 mmH2O cm−2) and the maximum particle filtration efficiency (32.51 % for 0.1 μm and 93.63 % for 1.0 μm particles). The process simulation and techno‐economic analysis were performed for nanocellulose production and air filter fabrication to select the most feasible technology.

Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic modeling for empty fruit bunch date palm pyrolysis

This study presents a comparative analysis of different kinetic models applied to the thermochemical pyrolysis of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB). The kinetic parameters, particularly the activation energy, are determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of samples that underwent heating rates ranging from 10 to 50 °C/min. Image analysis of PEFB in a hot-stage microscope reveals an intriguing correlation between the observed shrinkage and the conversion rate (α) and indicates that significant physical and chemical transformations occurred within α between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental data from TGA demonstrates good alignment with four distinct kinetic models. The Coast-Redfern model gives activation energies ranging from 60 to 134 kJ/mol for α between 0.2 and 0.8. In contrast, the Kissinger model and the isoconversion models, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Ozawa-Flyn-Wall, show higher activation energy of 151, 156, and 157 kJ/mol, respectively. The findings underscore the significant impact of the selected kinetic model on determining kinetic parameters.

Karakterisasi Bioetanol dari Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

At the moment, Indonesia still relies heavily on fossil fuels to cover its domestic energy demands. However, one of the main causes of the rise in greenhouse gas emissions is the nation's reliance on fossil fuels for energy damage to the environment. An alternate energy source is called bioethanol. The fermentation process of natural ingredients with the help of microorganisms, Bioethanol produced from biomass in this study is palm empty fruit bunches (PEFB) because of the cellulose content of 45.59% which can be converted into second-generation bioethanol. Poses for making bioethanol of PEFB through the process of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of bioethanol produced by PEFB waste. Bioethanol characteristic testing refers to test standards determined by SNI 7390:2008/2013, This study produced ethanol content of 4.92% in 6-day fermentation that did not meet the specified standards, methanol content produced 0.4% in 10-day fermentation and had met the specified standards, water content in 4-10 days fermentation produced 25.56%-30.72% did not meet the specified standards, denaturant content in 10-day fermentation produced 9% had met the specified standards. The fermentation of 6 days produced the best condition, obtaining 4.92% ethanol content and 25% moisture content. Still, it did not meet the specific standards of SNI 7390:2008, but met the SNI standards for the methanol content of 0.4%, denaturant level of 11%, acidity of 0.3 mg /L, chloride ion levels of 0.7 mg /L, sulphur content of 0.68 mg /L, and the sap content of 7 mg / l.

CHARACTERIZATION OF UNBLEACHED PULP FROM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES OF OIL PALM AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR BROWN PAPER

Improper disposal of palm biomass wastes resulting from industrial palm oil production may contribute to the environmental issues in Indonesia. However, given their abundance and availability, empty fruit bunches (EFB) can be potentially considered as a raw material for unbleached pulp. In this study, unbleached pulp was produced from oil palm EFB by a pulping process with alkaline pretreatment. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose in the pulp, with absorption peaks at 3332 cm-1 corresponding to the O-H stretching and at 1029 cm-1 assigned to the stretching of the C-O-C bond, respectively. SEM images revealed the aspect of individual fibers, with a rigid appearance, in the pulp obtained from EFB biomass. The major crystalline peak was observed at 2θ of 22.41°, indicating the presence of cellulose. Brown paper was made from the unbleached pulp (A4 size, with a grammage of 134 g/m2 and a thickness of 219.3 μm) and proved to have excellent mechanical strength. Therefore, unbleached pulp from oil palm EFB can be recommended to be used in the manufacture of brown paper.

Biobased Activated Carbon from Palm Biomass Enhancing with Acid Treatment as Supercapacitor Electrode Material

Current research on energy storage systems, batteries, and supercapacitor devices is aimed to enhance efficiency and improve environmental sustainability. Supercapacitors offer remarkable attributes such as high transient response and power density. Typically, supercapacitor electrode is made from highly porous carbon material, activated carbon. Commercial activated carbon could be produced from coal, peat, or coconut shell. This study focused on utilization of palm biomass, palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), as raw material to produce activated carbon electrode. The highly porous activated carbon from EFB was synthesized via a low-temperature hydrothermal process and chemical activation. The resulting EFB activated carbon demonstrates favorable characteristics in terms of elevated surface area and porosity. This research investigates the enhancement of activated carbon with acid treatment during hydrothermal process. Two types of acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid, at different concentrations, were added to biomass. The acid-treated activated carbon from palm biomass was characterized for the specific surface area (BET), pore size distribution and pore volume using the N2 adsorption/desorption technique. The acid-treated activated carbon was fabricated into carbon electrodes and assembled in a symmetrical supercapacitor with 1M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The supercapacitor performance of acid-treated activated carbon was tested in a symmetrical Swagelok cell to assess specific capacitance using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge methods. The acid-treated activated carbon has higher specific capacitance than the activated carbon without acid treatment. This superior performance is attributed to the reduced internal resistance as revealed by the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) result. This is possibly due to the formation of micropores in the range of 0.6−0.7 nm which is a suitable pore size for ion transportation in H2SO4 electrolytes. This research has shown that biobased activated carbon from palm oil biomass with acid treatment has a high potential to be used as supercapacitor electrode material. Keywords: Activated carbon, Palm biomass, Hydrothermal, Energy storage, Supercapacitor

Ethyl levulinate production from agricultural residue through tin oxide with grafted propylsulfonic Faujasite catalysis

A novel combination of strong Brønsted acidity (B), from propyl sulfonic acid functionalized on H–Y zeolite (HY-PrSO3H); Lewis acidity (L), by dispersion of SnO2; and confinement control showed high reactivity and selectivity in the conversion of cellulose to ethyl levulinate (EL). An optimal catalyst for EL formation was found by combining the Faujasite (FAU) structure, which incorporates strong Brønsted and Lewis acids in a B/L acidity ratio of 3.9. The resulting catalyst showed high yield of EL 63.7, 57.6 and 24.8%, from fructose, glucose, and empty palm fruit bunch (EFB), respectively. By isolating the cellulose from EFB, the yield from cellulose in EFB could be increased to 42.8% with a selectivity of 74.8%. Moreover, the catalyst could be reused up to 3 times with decreased of EL formation; and moreover, 90% of initial activity was regained after regeneration.

Extraction of K2CO3 from empty palm fruit bunch ash and properties analysis

Empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are the largest solid waste generated from palm oil mills. Accounting for 21-23 % of the total fresh fruit bunches. EFB ash contains K (Potassium) which can be recovered as K2CO3 through extraction. This research aims to recover K2CO3 from empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB) as a catalyst raw material because it is alkaline using the K2CO3 extraction method from the ash of empty oil palm fruit bunches (EPFB), which begins with a combustion process at a temperature of 700 oC to obtain ash. Ash extraction was carried out in 2 stages using water as a solvent. The K2CO3 yield from empty palm fruit bunch ash reached 57.28 %. The alkalinity test showed that the K2CO3 content in the solid extract reached 85.91 %. The properties of the ash and K2CO3 produced were analyzed using XRF, XRD and FTIR. The results of XRF analysis show that the potassium content in the ash contains the element K (potassium) which is quite large, namely 71.24 % and after extraction the purity of potassium oxide reaches 97.08 %. XRD analysis of the results of the synthesis of potassium carbonate from empty oil palm fruit bunches showed that the intensity of the material beam was obtained in a 2ϴ pattern which was lower than the intensity pattern of pure potassium carbonate. The results of FTIR analysis show that the spectrum of carbonate ions from the EPFB C-O bend is visible at 1359,879 and 700.75 cm-1 and these results are similaire to the pure carbonate ion vibration mode.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Pupuk Kompos Di Desa Suka Damai Kecamatan Tunggal Jaya Musi Banyuasin

Processing palm oil into palm oil produces solid waste in the form of empty palm fruit bunches (TKKS) which will cause environmental pollution. The aim of this research is to find out how to manage waste from empty oil palm fruit bunches into compost which is needed by plants as a natural nutrient. The research method uses experimental methods. The results of the research resulted in TKKS being able to be processed into compost by fermentation.

Design of an automatic electric torrefaction reactor for oil palm empty fruit bunch pellets

Abstract One of the technologies for utilizing waste into high-quality fuel is torrefaction. Torefaction of empty palm fruit bunches is a thermochemical process without the presence of oxygen by heating the biomass slowly and holding it for a certain time. Torrefaction degrades the hemicellulose content to optimize mass and energy yields. The purpose of this study was to design a temperature control system using a electrical heater on a rotary torrefaction reactor for Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) pellets. The validation temperature sensor has shown a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9999 using the model coefficient y = 1.0029x + 0.4017. The performance results of the electric reactor control system for torrefaction show a temperature control accuracy of 85.77% at various setting points. The response of the temperature control system within 10 minutes can reach a temperature of 213°C and in the 13th minute it reaches 301.6°C. The stability of the tool produces good performance. The electric power consumption for 6 kg OPEFB pellets was 2.98 kWh at a cost of USD 0.33. The water content in the torrefaction pellets is 1-2%. The results of the hydrophobicity test showed that the torrefactive samples at temperatures above 200 °C did not change their physical form after immersion in water for 24 hours. These results indicate that the electric torrefaction reactor automatic has succeeded in increasing the caloric ratio of the material, resistance to water such as charcoal, but still has the characteristics and properties of biomass.

Sugar content improvement by sonication in the pretreatment of empty fruit bunch hydrolysis

The empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) has great potential as an alternative feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high content of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, besides cellulose and hemicellulose, EFB also contains lignin, which can hinder the hydrolysis process and therefore requires delignification. This study aims to determine the effect of sonication in alkali delignification on the sugar content of hydrolysis. Ultrasonic in 37 KHz was performed at a temperature of 80 °C. Sonication process durations ranged from 30 minutes to 150 minutes using a 10 % (w/v) NaOH solvent. The hydrolysis of EFB fibers was carried out in a water bath at 80 °C using a 0.5 N sulfuric acid solvent in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 2 hours. The sugar content was measured using the phenol-sulfuric acid method with UV-Visible spectrophotometry. In this study found that the ultrasonic irradiation time length gave good results at a time limit not exceeding 90 minutes due to hemicellulose characteristics . The highest sugar content was obtained at a sonication duration of 90 minutes, measuring 20.60 mg/L, which was 38.5 % higher than alkali delignification without sonication for 150 minutes. SEM analysis indicated that EFB had undergone changes in the surface morphology and structure. Qualitative FTIR analysis showed that the hydrolysis solution contained glucose and pentose, which are products of hydrolyzed cellulose and hemicellulose.

Pemberian Biochar Arang Kayu dan Tandan Kosong Sawit terhadap Gas N2O pada Tanah Gambut yang Ditumbuhi Kelapa Sawit

Peatlands are developed for agricultural cultivation, such as oil palm. The agricultural sector contributes 13.5% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions from this sector are generally in the form of N2O 46%, CH4 45%, and CO2 9%. Recently, the focus on the development of peatlands for this activity has been so great, especially in relation to emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). The potential for peatland to be used as agricultural land must pay attention to environmental aspects such as the level of N2O emissions. This study aims to determine the effect of wood activated to empty palm oil fruit bunches on N2O emissions from peatlands oil palm. This study used an allocation block design. The factors studied were the distribution of wood charcoal and empty palm oil bunches at 6 levels, namely: wood charcoal + 0 kg of empty palm fruit bunches; wood charcoal 0.75 kg + 0.75 kg of empty palm fruit bunches, and 0.375 empty palm fruit bunches+0.375 kg of wood charcoal; empty palm fruit bunch charcoal 1.5 kg+wood charcoal 1.5 kg. N2O gas was analyzed using the closed chamber method and the soil was analyzed for soil pH and field water capacity. The treatment was repeated 3 times, resulting in 18 experimental units. The results showed that on day 0, the application of wood charcoal and empty palm oil bunches did not affect N2O emissions, but on the 15 and 45 days. The results showed that the treatment affected N2O emissions.

Pengaruh Abu Janjang Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Kompos Eceng Gondok terhadap Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah Lahan Pasang Surut

Marshes that are affected either directly or indirectly by the ebb and flow of seawater are known as tidal wetlands. The lack of soil nutrients like low pH, N, P, and K, as well as the high solubility of Al and Fe, which can poison plants, is the problem with tidal wetlands. The goal of the study was. to find out how the application of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) ash and water hyacinth compost changed the pH, organic C, N, P, and K levels of the soil in tidal wetlands. The randomized complete design (CRD) method was used in this pot experiment, with two factors: 1) four applications of oil palm EFB ash, and 2) four applications of water hyacinth compost. Oil palm EFB ash had doses of 0 ton.ha-1, 1 ton.ha-1, 1.5 ton.ha-1, and 2 ton.ha-1, while water hyacinth compost had doses of 0 ton.ha-1, 2 ton.ha-1, 3 ton.ha-1, and 4 ton.ha-1, respectively. 32 experimental units were created when 16 treatment combinations were replicated twice. After four weeks of incubation, the soil was submerged in water to a height of 5 cm. The application of oil palm EFB ash and compost made from water hyacinths had significant effects on pH, N-NO3ˉ, available P, and K, but not organic C or N-NH4+. The findings suggest that the application of water hyacinth compost and oil palm EFB ash can raise the pH, organic C, and levels of N, P, K in the soil.

Controlling N-Doping Nature at Carbon Aerogels from Biomass for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Seawater Batteries.

Pyridinic N-type doped at carbon has been known to have better electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than the others. Herein, we proposed to prepare pyridinic N doped at carbon aerogels (CaA) derived from biomass, i.e., coir fiber (CF) and palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBs), by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature during carbonization of the biomass-based-cellulose aerogels. The cellulose aerogels were prepared by the ammonia-urea system as the cellulose solvent, in which ammonia also acted as a N source for doping and urea as the cellulose cross-linker. The as-prepared cellulose aerogels were directly pyrolyzed to produce N-doped CaA. It was found that the type of N doping is dominated by pyrrolic N at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, pyridinic N at 700 °C, and graphitic N at 800 °C. The pyridinic N exhibited better performance as an electrocatalyst for the ORR than pyrrolic N and graphitic N. The ORR using pyridinic N follows the four-electron pathway, which quantitatively implies a more electrochemically stable process. When used as a cathode for the Mg-air battery using a 3.5% NaCl electrolyte, the pyridinic N CaA exhibited excellent performance by giving a cell voltage of approximately 1.1 V and delivered a high discharge capacity of 411.64 mA h g-1 for CF and 492.64 mA h g-1 for PEFB corresponding to an energy density of 464.23 and 529.49 mW h g-1, respectively.

Transesterification of Persea americana seed oil to methyl ester using bio-based heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization and techno-economic analysis

The techno-economic analysis of producing biodiesel from agrarian wastes at optimal condition was carried out. The acid activated empty palm fruit bunch ash (AAEPFBA) catalyzed the methyl ester production. The AAEPFBA catalyst was synthesized from waste palm fruit bunch, and modified with phosphoric acid. The activation was best achieved by adding H3PO4 acid in a ratio of 1:2 (g/ml). The modification of the catalyst increased the alkaline properties and surface area and decreased the particle size and adsorption energy. The process variables of temperature 61.9 °C, reaction time of 3.09 h, methanol/oil molar ratio of 10.2:1, catalyst concentration of 3.14wt%, and agitation speed of 321.54 rpm at a desirability of one gave an experimental optimal yield of biodiesel as 90.3%. Based on the experimental study, 3062 litres (2728 kg) of biodiesel was evaluated annually. The annual operating cost, payback period, and internal rate of return are ₦2201288, 1.5 years, and 7.6%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis of oil purchase cost, biodiesel selling price, and labour cost on Return on investment, PBP, IRR, and Net present value were investigated. In this study, the relative biodiesel selling price is a determinant of the profitability of producing avocado pear seed oil methyl ester. The overall results show that investors can embark on biodiesel production using avocado pear seed oil, and AAEPFBA as feedstocks.

Recycling of deep eutectic solvent in the extraction of ferulic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunch.

The study explored ferulic acid extraction from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber using deep eutectic solvent (DES) of chlorine chloride-acetic acid as the extraction medium and the way to recover and recycle the DES thereafter. Antisolvent was added to selectively precipitate the ferulic acid, which was recovered by filtration thereafter. Recycling the DES without further purification led to increased ferulic acid yield with each subsequent extraction, likely due to retained ferulic acid. The retained ferulic acid and other impurities could be removed by precipitation brought upon by the addition of a second antisolvent. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that there was no excess ferulic acid in the recycled DES-treated with two types of antisolvents (ethanol and water). The yield of ferulic acid increased from 0.1367-0.1856g/g when treated with only one antisolvent to 0.1368-0.2897g/g with two antisolvent treatments. Oil droplets were also observed in the DES upon the addition of antisolvent 2, with recovered oil ranging from 0.6% to 3%. The study emphasized the significance of using DES as an extraction medium for ferulic acid from oil palm EFB fiber and the method to recycle the DES for subsequent processes.

Produksi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas Menggunakan Katalis Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from renewable materials such as vegetable and animal sources. Used cooking oil is waste cooking oil that is often found in households, very easy to obtain and always available all the time. Used cooking oil can be used as raw material for making biodiesel because it contains triglycerides through a transesterification process with the addition of a base catalyst, one of which is the ash of empty palm fruit bunches. This research aims to determine the effect of adding ash from empty palm fruit bunches on making biodiesel from used cooking oil. The method used in this research is transesterification with the addition of a catalyst of empty palm fruit bunch ash varied at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% with a mole ratio of 1: 6 (oil: methanol). The tests on the biodiesel produced consist of acid number, viscosity and density.

Valorisation and Thermal Responsiveness of Lignin from Elaesis guineensis

In recent years, advancement in material technology and a better understanding of material propertiescoupled with the quest for bio-compactible materials has driven research towards valorisation of agro-waste like empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB). Elaesis guineensis was a potential source of biomass and was classified as an environmental pollutant and disposal burden. In this study, the valorisation of Elaesis guineensis and its thermal responsiveness as lignin for use as a filler in polymer composites are examined. Lignin from EPFB was extracted via acid hydrolysis, using Di ethyl ether ((C2H5)2O) and HCl as the pretreatment solvent. The thermal stability, crystallinity, heat flow, chemical composition, and functional group of the extracted lignin were studied for treated and untreated EPFB samples using techniques like; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X- ray diffrraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The percent yield of 23% obtained in this work is within the range specified in literature (20.1-23.8%) using sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) for alkali treatment. Results of the FTIR analysis of all samples in reference to the wave numbers of lignin are in good agreement with those stated in the literature. The stretching patterns alsoindicate the presence of compounds like phenols, hydroxides, and methyl groups, which are characteristics of lignin compounds. By comparing with the cellulose standard available in the database of the XRD system, two main peaks were observed from the XRD patterns at 2θ = 22.3 and 2θ = 26.7 representing peak 002 for hemicellulose and 011 for lignin, respectively corresponding to the amorphous region of hemicellulose and lignin while peaks I002 represent the crystalline region of cellulose. From the study, it was inferred that the thermal stability of extracted lignin with a Tg of 400C is higher compared to the samples treated with di ethyl ether and untreated EPFB having a Tg of 200C. The extracted lignin has a maximum decomposition temperature of 400oC, which makes it suitable as a filler in polymer composites.

Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (Tkks) Sebagai Arang Aktif Untuk Penjernihan Air di Desa Muara Sebapo Kecamatan Mestong Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

The need for clean water in Muara Sebapo Village remains a serious issue to this day. The water obtained by the community from dug wells or boreholes often appears yellow and has an unpleasant odor. This water typically has a high concentration of Fe3+ ions, causing the water to turn yellow and become odorous. On the other hand, Muara Sebapo Village has extensive oil palm plantations, which generate solid waste in the form of Empty Palm Fruit Bunches (EFB). Until now, this waste has been underutilized, and in some cases, it has been disposed of or burned. Therefore, efforts are needed to address this issue so that the community can access clean water and utilize waste wisely. In this program, outreach and education are conducted on how to treat well water using solid waste EFB effectively. EFB waste can be transformed into activated carbon, which can be used as a water purification medium in a water treatment unit in the plantation areas and the surrounding community. Activated carbon will act as an adsorbent capable of adsorbing metal ions and organic pollutants present in well water.