Palm Bunch Ash Research Articles

Impacts of Palm Bunch Ash and Brine Solutions on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of “Ugba” (Pentaclethra macrophyll Benth)

Impacts of Palm Bunch Ash and Brine Solutions on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of “Ugba” (Pentaclethra macrophyll Benth)

Evaluation of selected burnt plant residues and mineral fertilizers on soil properties and nutrient uptake and growth parameters of oil palm seedlings

Oil palm seeds are difficult to grow due to poor viability; that is why they are raised in nursery. Addition of right and adequate fertilizer is needed to improve soil fertility. Thus, an experiment was conducted in 2022 to compare the effect of empty palm bunch (EPBA) ash, cocoa pod husk ash (CPHA), kola pod husk ash (KPHA), NPK 20:10:10, urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and muriate of potash (MOP) fertilizers on soil properties, nutrients uptake and growth parameters of oil palm seedlings in Ondo, southwestern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from Adeyemi Federal University of Education oil palm plantation. Each of the dried empty palm bunch, kola pod husk and cocoa pod husk was burnt and applied as treatments at the rate of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g 900-g−1 soil while NPK 20:10:10, urea, MOP and CAN fertilizers were individually applied at 2 g 900-g−1 soil. The 16 treatments were replicated four times and arranged in completely randomized design. A 900 g of soil was put in each poly pot and planted with Tenera variety of oil palm and watered with 50 cl water daily. The native soil used for the experiment was deficient in major nutrients and adequate in minor nutrients. Relative to the control, application of 2, 4 and 6 g ash types significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, root length and plant girth. NPK, recorded the highest increase in plant height. Leaf length and root length were highest with the application of 6 g KPHA. Application of 6 g EPBA recorded the highest biomass, dry and wet weight and seedlings moisture content. Kola pod husk ash applied at 6 g plant−1. Empty palm bunch ash applied at 6 g plant−1 and cocoa pod husk ash applied at 4 g plant−1 compared favourably with mineral fertilizers in raising vigorous and healthy oil palm seedlings.

Impacts of Palm Bunch Ash and Brine Solutions on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of "Ugba" (Pentaclethra macrophyll Benth)

Impacts of Palm Bunch Ash and Brine Solutions on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of "Ugba" (Pentaclethra macrophyll Benth)

Use of Local Resources from Oil Palm Bunch Ash combined with Cow Manure to Grow and Produce Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) Planted in Peat Soil to Support Smart Agriculture

Use of Local Resources from Oil Palm Bunch Ash combined with Cow Manure to Grow and Produce Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) Planted in Peat Soil to Support Smart Agriculture

The Shear Strength of Clay Stabilized with Palm Bunch Ash and Cement

Roads with soft subgrade have low bearing capacity. The result is non-uniform soil settlement. One way to overcome this is with soil stabilization. Stabilization of clay soil is done chemically with palm bunch ash and cement. The purpose of this study was to determine the bearing capacity of soil for the shear strength value of clay soil with variations in mixing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% oil palm bunch ash, and 10% cement with a 7-day curing period, and then the samples were tested using a direct shear test tool SNI 3420: 2016. The results showed that in the addition of a mixture of oil palm bunch ash and cement with levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 10% cement, the cohesion value increased at a percentage of 20% oil palm bunch ash and 10% cement, namely 0.5448 kg/cm2 compared to the cohesion value in the original soil of 0.0081 kg/cm2, an increase of 98.51%, and a shear angle value of 53.12° while the value of the original soil shear angle was 16.93°. This research concludes that the shear strength value of clay soil stabilized with oil palm bunch ash and cement increases.

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Tandan Sawit Dan Variasi Fly Ash Terhadap Nilai CBR Dan Permeabilitas Tanah

Soft clay soil has a relatively low subgrade bearing capacity and relatively large subgrade compression and lasts for a relatively long time so that it becomes a major problem in the development of transportation infrastructure. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of a mixture of palm bunch ash and variations of fly ash on the CBR value of clay soil and to determine the effect of a mixture of palm bunch ash and variations of fly ash on the permeability of clay soil. One of the efforts to improve soft clay soil is by adding palm bunch ash as a stabilizing agent on the soil. This study uses a variation of ash of palm bunches as much as 7.5% and fly ash of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% of dry soil weight. The result of CBR penetration of Original Soil is 6.9% and for the addition of 7.5% Palm Oil Bunches + 0% Fly Ash decreased by 4.8%, however the CBR value increases with the addition of Fly Ash percentage, 15% Fly Ash + 7.5% Palm Oil Bunches the CBR value is 5.3% , Fly Ash 30% + Oil Palm Bunches 7.5% CBR value of 5.8% and with the addition of Fly Ash 45% + Oil Palm Bunches 7.5% an increase in CBR value of 6.1%, while the results of the Permeability Coefficient of Original Soil are 0.000888 and for Original Soil with the added material of 7.5% Palm Bunches and 0% Fly Ash of 0.0013 with a difference of 0.000412, while the addition of fly ash variations for the variation of 7.5% Palm Bunches + 15% Fly Ash the permeability value of 0.0007 decreased permeability

Study Komparasi Penambahan Palm Oil Ash Dengan Bantuan Semen Berdasarkan Nilai California Bearing Ratio

High water content, water saturation, and low carrying capacity are characteristics of clay soils. The road body may have an uneven surface. On the other hand, in the dry season it will harden and have a high carrying capacity so that a lot of dust is scattered on the road and blocks the driver's view. As a result, the neighborhood can experience traffic jams and accidents. Check the CBR and PI values to see if there is an increase in clay after stabilization using a mixture of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and cement with variations (0% POFA + 2% Cement), (3% POFA + 2% Cement), (5% POFA + 2% Cement), and (7% POFA + 2% Cement). Test method Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limit, Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, Compaction and CBR. Cement and palm oil bunch ash produced a CBR value of 7.4% compared to a natural soil CBR value of 1.59%. The CBR value of the soil will increase, the dry unit weight value will decrease, and the plasticity value will decrease with the higher proportion of Oil Palm Bunch Ash and cement

Pengaruh Waktu Pemeraman Terhadap Nilai Kuat Tekan Bebas Dan Permeabilitas Tanah Lempung Yang Dicampur Dengan Semen Dan Abu Ampas Tebu

Soft clay has a relatively low subgrade bearing capacity and relatively large subgrade compression and lasts for a relatively long time so that it becomes a major problem in the development of transportation infrastructure. One of the efforts to improve soft clay soil is by adding bagasse ash and cement as a stabilizing agent on the soil. The research aims to determine the curing time on the value of unconfined compressive strength in clay soil after adding bagasse ash and cement, the permeability value of clay soil after adding bagasse ash and cement and the comparison value of unconfined compressive strength with curing time. This study used a variation of 0%,5%,10%,15% of palm bunch ash and cement by 5% of the dry weight of the soil. The test results of the free compressive strength value with a curing time of 0 days at 5% Cement + Sugar Bagasse Ash 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% there was an increase and decrease in the value of the free compressive strength (Qu), in this case the highest Qu was in the variation cement 5% and bagasse ash 10% with a curing time of 14 days an increase in cohesion value of 0.716. The permeability coefficient increases with the increase in the percentage of bagasse ash with a fixed percentage of cement. With an average increase in the coefficient of permeability of 0.0149.

Interventions on coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A case study of potassium supplementation in management of COVID-19

One of the complications of COVID-19 is its effect on electrolyte, mainly manifesting in hypokalaemia. Reversal of hypokalemic state in COVID-19 patients will be of beneficial effect to the patients. This study explored ways of improving the hypokalemic state in such patients. The fortification of potable water was actualized using palm bunch ash (PBA) derived from organic material, the empty palm fruit bunch (Elaeis guineensis) hereafter referred to as palm potash or palm potassium carbonate (PPC). Palm potassium carbonate (PPC) was obtained by complete combustion of empty palm fruit bunch to ashes. The resultant ash was allowed to cool for 24 hours and stored in a desiccator. This ash was used for potassium supplementation in potable water. The potassium fortified potable water was prepared using PPC (conc. approx. 20 g/l) and dispensed as 0.5 ml (10 drops) of PPC solution in 750 ml of potable water, Eva, premium table water TM. Ten volunteers of either sex were used for the study. At the commencement of the protocol, each volunteer had initial blood sample collected for electrolyte analysis so that each volunteer served as his or her own control. Thereafter, 3 liters of PPC fortified potable water was administered to each volunteer daily for 14 days. At the end of the first 7 days, blood samples were collected from the volunteers and further samples were collected on the 14th day. Results showed an increase in serum potassium level with a mean value of 3.6 ± 0.23 mmol/L at commencement of study (control) and a mean final value of 3.87± 0.15 mmol/L or 7.5% increase. This increase is statistically significant at p≤0.01. The rise in serum potassium following ingestion of PPC fortified potable water is sufficient to overcome the hypokalemic state of COVID-19 patients and other individuals with hypokalemia.

Improving Crude Oil Contaminated Soil with Organic Amendments: Effect of Oil Palm Bunch Ash and Dried Poultry Litters on Soil Properties and Cassava Growth and Yields

In this study, onsite field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of amending a crude oil polluted soil with oil palm fruit bunch ash (OPFBA), dried poultry litters (DPL), soil bacterial, physico-chemical properties, as well as the growth and tuber yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) grown on the amended soils using standard techniques. Results of autotrophic bacteria counts revealed that nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) populations in soils treated with OPBA+DPL combined, OPBA and DPL singly, recorded high bioloads in the magnitude of 105 , 103 , 105 CFU/g of soil respectively, whereas the group mean population was lower in the control soil (103 CFU/g). Similar trends were observed for SRB, PSB, and THB. Results of aggregate growth showed that while the mean plant heights and number of nodes increased, stem girth and leaf area were observed to decrease in 2017 when compared with those of 2016. Apart from number of tubers and weights that showed increase under all amendment treatments, tuber girth and length decreased under DPL amendments in 2017. The average findings of several chemical and physical characteristics of crude oil polluted soil after amendments and subsequent cultivation demonstrated that the addition of DPL and OPBA fructifies the soil by increasing reduced or lost qualities. When the amendments were used, the concentrations of organic carbon, accessible phosphorus, Ca, Mg, Na, and K were greatly enhanced, while the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) content was significantly reduced. In this study, the application of combination DPL + OPBA yields the greatest results in terms of ameliorating the impacts of crude oil in cultivable soils, as it increases fertility parameters for better cassava production in Niger Delta soils. The technology has been shown to be cost effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly, as well as capable of resolving waste management issues.

Perubahan Nilai CBR Pada Tanah Lempung Yang Dicampur Abu Tandan Sawit

CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value is usually used to determine the bearing capacity of a soil type. Soil conditions with low bearing capacity are often found in clay soil types. There are several ways to increase the CBR value of clay, one of which is by adding palm bunch ash. In this research, an analysis of changes in the CBR value of clay with addition of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% palm oil bunch ash. The results showed that the largest CBR value was obtained at the addition of 10% of palm oil bunch ash, which was 7.493%.

The Effect of Palm Bunch Ash and Wood Ash on the Growth and Yield of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfaria Occidentalis)

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Palm Bunch and wood ash on the growth and yield performance of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). The Study was carried out at Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Student Research Farm. The Nekede soil is sandy loam textured, with pH value as low as 4.8 and very deficient in OM and N. Amelioration treatments were carried out by adding organic supplements (palm bunch ash and wood ash) to the soil. The study used a randomized complete block design with 10 t/ha palm bunch ash (PBA), 10 t/ha wood shave ash (WA), 5 t/ha PBA + 5 t/ha WA and a control (no additives added), making a total of four treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. The experimental works were undertaken in field plots. The growth parameters examined were: Plant height, leaf number and vine length and shoot/root ratio, fresh weight. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using least significant difference (LSD). Results of the studies showed that sole application of 10 t/ha PBA and 10 t/ha WA and halved their rates in combination, increased soil pH, N, OC, P, K, Ca and Mg in relation to the control treatment. Combination of palm bunch ash (PBA) and wood ash (WA) significantly enhanced yield in fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). The study reveals that soil acidity could be neutralized; soil fertility improved and crop yield enhanced with a combination of organic amendments on the ultisols of south-eastern Nigeria.

Homogenizer-intensified room temperature biodiesel production using heterogeneous palm bunch ash catalyst

Waste bio-based materials generated as by-products of palm oil mills have been successfully used as a heterogeneous catalyst in homogenizer-intensified biodiesel production. Palm bunch ash (PBA) contains potassium oxide as a major component that could catalyze palm oil to biodiesel at room temperature. The influential transesterification conditions such as ratio molar palm oil to methanol, rotational speed, catalyst weight and reaction time were investigated on biodiesel conversion. The highest conversion of 98.9% was obtained in presence of a ratio molar of 1:15, rotational speed of 4000 rpm, catalyst weight of 18 wt.% and 10 min reaction times. The catalytic stability test revealed that both catalyst amount and K2O concentration decreased after one reaction cycle. However, no calcination is required and the availability of PBA is abundantly in palm oil producer countries increasing its competitiveness to use as a heterogeneous catalyst. In addition, this process could save 6–98% of electricity consumption and 67–87% of reaction time compared to other methods.

Field assessment of the potentials of some plant-derived insecticide against damage caused by Leucinodes orbonalis on eggplant (Solanum gilo) at Umudike, Nigeria

The efficacy of plant-derived insecticides was compared with a synthetic insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin over two cropping seasons (2015 and 2016) against Leucinodes orbonalis, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) infesting eggplant, Solanum gilo. The plant materials included oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) bunch ash, soursop (Annona muricata) seeds, and goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides) leaves. These plant materials were formulated into aqueous extracts of 150 g/L (w/v), while Lambda-cyhalothrin was applied at the rate of 5 mL/L (v/v). The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were 5 treatments with 3 replications applied on 2 cultivars of eggplants (Afufa Ukwu and Ngwa Large). Percentage fruit damage varied significantly (P< 0.05) with various treatments. The lowest mean percentage fruit damage was observed in the plot treated with Lambda-cyhalothrin (20.38%), followed by goat weed (29.03%), soursop (40.69%), palm bunch ash (43.30%) and the control (67.08%) for 2015 and 2016. Other parameters measured followed the same trend. Mean yield was significantly affected by the treatments. The highest mean yield was obtained from the plots treated with Lambda-cyhalothrin (12,346.6 g), followed by plots treated with goat weed (11,295.0 g), soursop (9877.2 g), palm bunch ash (8729.4 g) and control was the least (6583.0 g). Among the plant extracts, A. conyzoides that recorded low mean percentage damage had very high yield. Therefore, it can be used as insecticides in the control of EFSB.

Histological and proximate analysis of ash produced from sesame, palm fruit and Parkia on albino rats

The customary puerperal usage of Natron consumption has been identified as one of the risk factors in the cause of high blood pressure in human as well as kidney diseases and abortion in early pregnancies in female. This study was done to determine the effect of Natron and other Natron alternatives on the histology of kidney and liver in male Wistar Albino rats Twenty-five Wistar albino rats of the same sexes (male) weighing 100- 140 kg body weights were used and were divided into five groups. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were fed with feed mixed with natron powder, feed mixed with wood ash, feed mixed with sesame ash, feed mixed with palm fruit bunch ash respectively, while group 6 served as a normal control (fed with plain feed). The animals were kept in plastic cages, allowed to acclimatize for two weeks before the commencement of the experiment. They were fed with pelletized growers’ feed (Vital feed) and were allowed access to water. The rats were fed with 25kg of feeds for 12 days to allow them stabilized and recover from stress. Then the rats were fed with the pelletized feed for four weeks to all the groups. The animals were anaesthetized with chloroform vapour after 4 weeks and blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture into labeled tubes for electrolyte analyses. The labeled centrifuge tubes were allowed to stand for 30 minutes to clot and centrifuged at 4000 g for 10mm and the serum obtained was pipette into labeled tubes. The organs were subjected to histology. The liver tissues were embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5μm and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Proximate analysis showed that natron, palm bunch ash, sesame stem ash, and parkia wood ash had crude protein values of 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07%, and 0.09% respectively. Fat and fiber were not present in both Natron and its alternatives. The appreciable amount of ash content in the food additives indicated good mineral preservation capacity. Parkia wood ash may contain toxic chemical substances that may affect the kidney and liver.

SELECTED HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF ANAMBRA-GROWN OIL PALM BUNCH ASH (NGU): HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT.

Edibles can be contaminated by heavy metals as described in various patents. The study determined the potential human health risk associated with the consumption of palm bunch ash (PBA) from Anambra State, Nigeria. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Human health risk assessment employed Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk. The EDI values (5.14x10-6 – 5.22x10-4, 9.97x10-5 – 1.23x10-3, 4.14x10-7 – 5.91x10-4, 4.29x10- 7 – 1.36x10-2) mg/kg/day and the THQ values were (9.43x10-3 -5.22x10-1, 7.84x10-4 – 0.586, 5.86x10-3 – 3.83, 1.43x10-6 – 3.90x10-1) for Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn respectively. There was a violation of permissible Tolerable Daily Intakes (PTDI) set by JECFA. Hazard indices of some samples were more than 1, another indication of health concern. The mean concentration of metals in PBA ranged from 0.0041 - 95.012mg/kg. When compared with standards by WHO, EU and USEPA, violation was observed in Cd, Pb and Hg. Cadmium showed very high carcinogenic risk with values of 3.18 x10-3mg/kg/day. Consumption of palm ash from Anambra State Nigeria may pose significant health risk.

Optimisation of strength development of bentonite and palm bunch ash concrete using fuzzy logic

ABSTRACT This study presents green-concrete’s mechanical-properties modelling with cementitious portion replaced by PBA/BN ranging from 0-50% using fuzzy-logic. Incorporation of these admixtures in concrete encourages solid-waste derivatives utilization to achieve cost-effective and eco-efficient construction-materials which also mitigates environmental-degradation challenges due to CO2-emission during cement production and hydration. Assessment of the elemental-oxides inherent in the admixtures showed a good pozzolanic-activity with Al2O3+SiO2+Fe2O3 results of 74.75% and 72.03% for PBA and BN respectively. The maximum and minimum strength-responses were derived at 5%-replacement and 50%-replacement with experimental-results of 19.48-4.17MPa, 21.85-4.84MPa, 26.30-8.637MPa, 32.77-12.713MPa and 35.53-18.46MPa for 3-d,7-d,28-d,60-d and 90-d respectively. Fuzzy-logic technique was utilized to evaluate the strength development property of the green-concrete as it takes precisely into account the issue of vagueness of well-defined parameters to develop expert intelligent-model using Mamdani-FIS. The model’s performance was evaluated by using MLR-models, MAPE and RMSE. R2 of 84.905% and 99.1% was calculated for MLR-model and fuzzy-logic model respectively. RMSE and MAPE score of 2.406-2.14%, 6.5935-7.29%, 0.4183-4.62%, 0.2774-1.54%, 0.7544-2.06%, 0.4197-1.48% and 0.7912-1.66% were calculated for the initial and final setting-time, 3-d,7-d,28-d,60-d and 90-d concrete’s compressive-strength target responses respectively. The results obtained from the indicates better performance for the fuzzy-logic model in predicting the setting-time and mechanical-properties of PBA/BN-concrete.

Effect of Palm Bunch Ash on the Compressive Strength of Concrete

The compressive strength of concrete made with ash from palm bunch was investigated in this study. In the tests, varying compositions of palm bunch ash (0. 5, 10, 15, 20) % were used to replace cement, then a suitable mix design of 1:2:4 was used as the control test. The engineering properties of both fine aggregates were obtained by conducting sieve analysis, slump test, and curing to find out the characteristic strength of the concrete on the cubes produced. A total of 50 concrete cubes were moulded, cured and tested after 28 days for the basic compressive strength. The result obtained showed that, the compressive strength of concrete decreased with an increase in the percentages of palm bunch ash. Thus, the addition of palm bunch ash alone did not improve the compressive strength of concrete. Therefore, palm bunch ash could be a suitable modifier when used together with other additives to achieve the desired strength of concrete.

Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil, Using Organic Supplement: Effects on Growth and Heavy Metal Uptake in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and repeated in 2017 to evaluate the effectiveness of Oil Palm Bunch Ash (OPBA) and Dried Poultry manure (DPM) as organic supplement, applied singly and in combination on growth properties and heavy metal uptake of cassava cultivars grown in crude-oil contaminated soil of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. There were four different organic amendments viz: DPM, OPBA, OPBA +DPM and control using TMS 30572, NR8082 and local variety as test crops. Results were elaborated statistically with the use of three-by-four factor variance analysis with ANOVA. Effect of various application of amendment on morphometric parameters of cultivars revealed in 2017 that at 36 weeks after sprouting (WAS), DPM and OPBA +DPM significantly (P≤ 0.05) enhanced plant heights of TMS 3572 and LV but had no influence on number of nodes, stem girth and leaf area. However, the interactions resulted in significant (P≤ 0.05) uptake and concentration of the heavy metals Fe, Cu, and Pb in leaves and Fe in roots ofTMS30572 and NR8082, indicating efficient metal removal by these varieties. Results of amendment also revealed remarkable increment in bacterial and fungal (from 104 to 106 and 103 to 104 ) populations respectively, correlating with reduction in soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from 156.45 mg/kg to 146.73 mg/Kg. This is observed to diminish oil toxicity and improve soil status. The response of these cassava varieties to crude oil contamination appears to be optimistic. Consequently crop farmers are adviced against planting cassava and other arable crop at crude oil impacted soil for the risk of uptake of heavy metal in crop tissues. 
 Keywords: Remediation, Heavy metal, Oil-contaminated soil, Organic amendment, Growth properties, Cassava

Effect of soil amendments on leaf pigmentation and N status in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) grown in crude oil contaminated soil

Growth studies on TMS 30572, NR8082 and Local cassava cultivars grown on previously crude oil polluted soil were conducted to assess effects of oil palm bunch ash (OPBA), dried poultry manure (DPM) on Leaf pigmentation and N2 status of test crops. In addition, physical and chemical properties of soils were determined. The pH was raised from 5.62±1.50 in control soil to values that ranged between 6.97±1.23 to 9.24±1.89 in soil treated with organic amendment. The result of organic amendment ensures reduction of C: N ratio from 50:1 in control to critical threshold that ranged between 8:1 – 10:1 for improved decomposition and soil quality. SPAD measurement revealed no significance (P≤ 0.05) in readings for both treatments and control experiments. However, the interactive effect of both cassava variety and type of amendments were significant. Cultivar TMS 30572 was found to be brought to high productivity under treatment with combined OPBA + DPM and recorded highest chlorophyll content per unit area of leaf surface with Chl. a/Chl.b ratio of 2.13 and thicker leaf blade. While Leaf chlorophyll is directly associated with the efficiency and capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus and hence chlorophyll content in this study was found to be directly related to good health status of the test crops. Results revealed that quality of crude oil contaminated soil was greatly enhanced by organic amendment.