Paliurus Spina-christi Research Articles

Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity Paliurus spina-christi Miller leaf and seed extracts: PASS predictions, in silico studies on xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P450 1A1

Paliurus spina-christi Miller (PSC) is a shrub plant with important biological activities. For this reason, the phytochemical and biological activities of the PSC leaf and seed extracts were investigated in our study. This study performs phytochemical analyses (total phenol and flavonoid content, LC-ESI-MS/MS, and GC-MS/MS) and bioactivity assays (antioxidant) for the PSC leaves and seeds. In silico study and PASS prediction of main compounds in LC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS analysis were also investigated. The leaf extract showed a high total phenolic and flavonoid content. In addition, the contents of hesperidin (25.548 mg/g extract) were high in the LC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS analyses. It was noted that the leaf extract's antioxidant activities were higher than standard. The molecular docking of hesperidin with xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P450 1A1 had high MolDock score (-179.68, -149.156) and binding energy (-11.40 kcal/mol, -9.90 kcal/mol), respectively. This investigation pioneered using PSC leaf extracts as food supplements and medicine.

Exploring herbal preconditioning strategies to improve adipose tissue stem cell therapy efficacy

The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), specifically those sourced from adipose tissue, has become a focal point in regenerative medicine, showing potential for effective cell therapy. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) offer hope in treating various conditions, yet their viability and integration rates are hindered by the harsh post-transplantation environment marked by inflammation and oxidative stress at the injury site. Lawsonia inermis (henna), Zizyphus spina-christi (Christ's Thorn), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) are three plants known for their potent antioxidant properties primarily due to their rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Their potential health benefits make them valuable in both traditional medicine and modern therapeutic applications.This research delves into investigating and contrasting the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from Lawsonia inermis, Zizyphus spina-christi, and Glycyrrhiza glabra on human adipose tissue stem cells as a pre-conditioning method to alleviate oxidative stress in cell therapy. ASCs were isolated from the pelvic cavity and abdomen, characterized using flow cytometry, and prompted to differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. They were then subjected to different concentrations of the aforementioned herbal extracts at varying time frames, followed by MIC and MTT analysis. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay are both used to evaluate the effects of substances on cell viability and cell growth receptively. RNA extraction from ASCs and evaluation of antioxidant gene expression were conducted via Real-time PCR. Flow cytometry data confirmed the presence of MSC markers in the isolated cells from ASCs. Analysis of the herbal extract concentrations revealed that 50 ng/ml had a toxic effect on ASCs, establishing a toxicity reference point for adipose-derived MSCs. Real-time PCR results showcased a notable increase in the expression of antioxidant genes post-preconditioning with hydroalcoholic extracts. This study underscores, for the first time, the safety and lack of toxicity of preconditioning with these extracts for h.ASCs, enhancing their resilience and acclimatization under oxidative stress conditions, potentially boosting the therapeutic potential of h.ASCs. The antioxidant properties of Lawsonia inermis, Zizyphus spina-christi, and Glycyrrhiza glabra may enhance the expression of antioxidant genes (Sod, Gpx and Cata) through several mechanisms, including the activation of transcription factors like Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), which regulates antioxidant gene expression; modulation of signaling pathways such as MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) and PI3K/Akt (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein Kinase B); and influencing epigenetic modifications like histone changes or DNA methylation that can alter gene expression. However, further research is necessary to clarify the specific mechanisms by which these plant extracts enhance antioxidant gene expression and to explore their potential therapeutic applications in combating oxidative stress-related diseases. Future proposals should consider more gene investigation and in vivo applications, as well as the long-term effects of pre-conditioning.

DETERMINATION OF SEASONAL CHANGES OF FEED VALUE OF COMMON GRAZABLE SPECIES AŞAĞI GÖKDERE MACQUIS SHRUBLANDS

This study was conducted in the years of 2018-2020 to determine the feed value of common shrub species that can be grazed in the maquis area around Aşağı Gökdere village of Isparta. Ten species (Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Quercus cerris, Phillyrea latifolia, Spartium junceum, Crataegus monogyna, Paliurus spina-christi, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus and Arbutus andrachne) were used in the study. Leaf samples were collected from these species in each season. Dry matter content, crude protein content, NDF, ADF, total digestible nutrients, relative feed value and tannin content were determined. According to the analysis of variance, the differences between seasons and shrub species were found to be statistically significant in all traits analyzed. According to the two-year averages, when the seasons were compared, the highest crude protein content, total digestible nutrients and relative feed value were obtained in spring, decreased as the seasons progressed, and the lowest values were obtained in winter. The lowest dry matter ratios, ADF and NDF values were obtained in spring and they increased in parallel with the progression of the seasons. The lowest condensed tannin ratios were obtained in spring and summer, while the highest values were determined in autumn. When the species were compared, the lowest dry matter and condensed tannins contents were found in Spartium junceum, while NDF and ADF ratios were found in P. spina-christi. The highest crude protein content was determined in Quercus infectoria, while total digestible nutrients and relative feed value were determined in P. spina-christi species. As a result, it was observed that shrubs, shrub-formed trees and shrubs in the maquis have an important potential as high quality feed for ruminants during the critical period in semi-arid and arid regions.

Performance, blood and antioxidant status in dual-purpose laying hens supplemented with aqueous extract of Christ's thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) leaves as phytogenic agent in subtropical conditions.

The potential of aqueous extract of Christ's thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaves (SLAE) to reduce the negative impacts of heat stress on production performance and physiological traits was investigated in dual-purpose layers under subtropical farming. A total of 200, 25-week-old laying hens (Inshas strain) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments including SLAE at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mL/kg, respectively. The average temperature-humidity index value was 26.69 during the experimental period. The SLAE contained saponin (0.045%), total flavonoid content of 17.9 mg of quercetin equivalent/ 100 g and overall antioxidant capacity concentration of 17.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g. The maximum final body weight (BW), BW gain, egg weight, number, and mass occurred at the level of SLAE7.5 inclusion. The egg quality was significantly higher in SLAE groups than in control, and overall, SLAE7.5 had the most favorable influence at 28 and 32 weeks. Liver and kidney function, as well as lipids profile, improved significantly by SLAE inclusion; the lowest concentrations of these parameters were in SLAE7.5 hens. Treatment with SLAE7.5 increased total antioxidant capacity and endogenous antioxidant enzymes compared to control, whereas no effect on superoxide dismutase was noticed. The addition of SLAE at 7.5 mL/kg diet improved egg laying performance and quality, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant status during hyperthermia conditions.

Cyclopeptide alkaloids from the Greek shrub Paliurus spina-christi and their in silico binding affinity to Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV

A new cyclopeptide alkaloid, spinachristene A (1), along with two previously described, sanjoinenine (2) and oxyphylline C (3), were isolated from the fruits of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. All three metabolites are being isolated for the first time from the genus Paliurus. A model for the in silico binding affinity of compounds 1-3 to Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP4), which is related to type 2 diabetes (T2D), was developed. According to our model, compounds 1-3 were ranked in positions 9/12, 11/12 and 8/12, respectively and are predicted to exhibit significant affinity to DPP4, in the range of low 2-digit μΜ.

Plant-Assisted Synthesis of Ag-Based Nanoparticles on Cotton: Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Studies.

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications.

Molecular Docking Studies and In Vitro Activity of Paliurus spina-christi Mill Extracts as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors.

Obesity is a risk factor for the onset of chronic diseases. One of the most promising approaches to treating obesity consists of reducing dietary fat absorption using extracts from plants because they contain phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. Paliurus spina-christi, belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, is one of the five species belonging to the Paliurus genus. Herein, the aerial parts of the plant were extracted with methanol through the pressurized cyclic solid-liquid extraction using the Naviglio extractor®. The extracts were analyzed with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and investigated for their in vitro biological potential. The phytochemical analysis revealed that rutin has been shown to be the most abundant flavonoid component. The best antiradical activity was observed for the fruit extract with an IC50 value of 53.41 ± 1.24 µg/mL. This extract also has a better inhibitory capacity on lipid peroxidation evaluated at a different time of incubation. Potent lipase inhibitor activity of the extract from fruits was also demonstrated with in vitro experiments. This property can be attributed to a direct interaction of main components of P. spina-christi extract with the human pancreatic enzyme as demonstrated by the results of molecular docking experiments conducted on the crystallographic structures of lipase.

The Flora of Communities with Paliurus spina-christi Mill. and the Problem of their Primary Nature in Piedmont Dagestan

The Flora of Communities with Paliurus spina-christi Mill. and the Problem of their Primary Nature in Piedmont Dagestan

Inhibitory effect of Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Celtis tournefortii L. and Nigella sativa L. on Nε–(Carboxymethyl) lysine in meatballs

This study was conducted to examine the effect of cooking at different temperatures on the formation of Nε–(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) after adding Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (PSC), Celtis tournefortii L. (CT) fruits, and Nigella Sativa L. (NS) seeds to the meatballs. Phytochemical and bioactivity properties were determined before adding PSC, CT fruits, and NS seeds to the meatballs. Then, PSC, CT fruits, and NS seeds were added to the meatballs at a rate of 2% and stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 16 days. CML, TBARS, pH, and aw analyses were performed on the meatballs. The highest phytochemical and bioactivity levels were detected in PSC fruit. The aw values detected in the meatball groups were found to be between 0.931 and 0.951 on the 0th day and between 0.963 and 0.985 on the 16th day, and the pH values ranged from 5.66 to 6.06 on the 0th day and from 6.10 to 6.74 on the 16th day. TBARS values of the meatballs were found to be between 1.17 and 1.98 on day 0 and 1.70–3.34 mg MDA/kg on day 16. CML levels in the meatballs were determined to be between 11.15 and 13.45 on day 0 and between 13.43 and 18.17 μg/g on day 16. The highest a* value was found in the meatballs with added CT fruit. It was determined that NS seeds had a negative effect on the a* value of the meatballs. In conclusion, adding PSC, CT fruits, and NS seeds can imbue meatballs with functional properties, thereby creating a more health-beneficial product for humans.

Древесная растительность аридных территорий Дагестана

The flora of Dagestan has been studied quite fully (numerous works by N.I. Kuznetsov, I.I. Tumadzhanov, Ya.I. Prokhanov, L.N. Chilikina, P.L. Lvov, etc.). At the same time, information about vegetation, including those related to arid light forests, is fragmentary and not systematized. In this article, we have made an attempt to assess the level of knowledge of woody vegetation in the arid territories of Dagestan; the results of many years of work on the altitudinal limits of their distribution, as well as the geobotanical description and classification of communities are presented. Arid light forests on the territory of Dagestan are formed by both coniferous and deciduous species. The former are represented by Juniperus oblonga M. Bieb., J. polycarpos C. Koch, J. sabina L. for Dagestan, we did not find them on the territory of the republic. Deciduous tree formations in the arid territories of Dagestan are mainly represented by the communities of the keep-tree (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.) and spirea (Spiraea hypericifolia L.). Other xerophilous tree species (Lonicera tatarica L., Cotinus coggygria Scop., some species of Rhamnus L. and Cotoneaster L., Rosa L., Celtis L., etc.) are included in other formations and do not form pure communities. Large natural massifs on the territory of Dagestan have been identified for Armeniaca vulgaris L. and species Berberis L. For the studied species of woody plants in arid territories, the habitats are marked, the areas and altitudinal limits are estimated, and the geobotanical characteristics of the communities with their participation are given.

Investigation the Effects of Jerusalem Thorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.), Oriental Hackberry (Celtis tournefortii L.) Fruits and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seed on Microbial Quality and Physicochemical Properties of Meatballs

This study was conducted to examine the effect of Jerusalem thorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill./PSC) and oriental hackberry (Celtis tournefortii L./CT) fruits and black cumin (Nigella sativa L./NS) seed on the microbial quality and physicochemical properties during the storage of meatballs +4 oC. For this purpose, PSC, CT fruits, and NS seeds were added to the meatballs at 2% to form four groups, including the control. Prepared meatball samples were covered with stretch film in polyethylene plates and stored at 4±1 °C for 16 days. Analyzes were made on the 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16th days of storage in the meatball samples. The pH values of the meatball samples were determined between 5.89-6.02 on day 0 and between 6.10-6.49 on day 16, aw values between 0.956-0.964 on day 0 and 0.971-0.980 on day 16. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total psychrotrophic bacteria (TPAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeast-mold counts of meatball samples were 5.14-5.53, 4.62-4.83, 5.04-5.32 and 3.40-3.87 log10 cfu/g, respectively on day 0, and 7.01-7.9, 7.64-8.24, 7.59-8.05 and 5.69-6.27 log10 cfu/g, respectively on day 16. It was determined that PSC and CT fruits and NS seed slowed down the microbial growth rate in the meatballs from the eighth day. The best antimicrobial effect was found in psychrotrophic bacteria for CT fruit, LAB and yeast-mold for NS seed. As a result, it can be recommended to add PSC, CT fruits, and NS seeds to their composition to extend the shelf life of meatballs up to one week. The results of this study can provide helpful information for anyone dealing with food and further studies investigating the shelf life of meat and meat products.

Preparation, Sensory and Storage Evaluation of Ber Candy in India

In the northern hemisphere, ber is a fruit that grows in tropical and subtropical climates. More than 600 species in 50 genera make up the family. The species Z. jujube Mill (Chinese date or jujube), Z. mauritiana Lamk (Indian date or ber), and Z. spina christi (L.) wild (Christ's thorn) are the most significant in terms of range and commercial value. Ber is grown on an estimated 22,000 hectares of land. The yield potential ranges from one to two quintals per tree each year. According to the current research, the organoleptic score of ber candy gradually decreased while being stored at room temperature. Up until nine months, candy was permissible. The product's storage stability is affected by a variety of circumstances. As a result, it is clear that the product loses its organoleptic quality and storage stability after a specific amount of time. Temperature has a significant impact on the product's ability to undergo several metabolic processes.

Anti-Cancer of Leaves Extracts of Christ's thorn Jujube in Muthanna Province against Human Cervix Carcinoma Cells Line in Vitro

Rhamnaceae plants have been demonstrated to have anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of the leaves of the species from this family, Christ's thorn Jujube (C.T.J.), on cancer cell lines. The viability of HeLa cells (human cervix carcinoma cells) was significantly and concentration-dependently decreased by hexane and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Christ's thorn Jujube. The leaf extract from Christ's thorn Jujube was more effective than the other extracts in both cell lines. The results of this study suggest that Christ's thorn jujube is a promising candidate for further research into potential new cytotoxic agents.

Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Three Parts of Paliurus spina-christi: A Linkage between Structure and Ability

Paliurus spina-christi Mill., a member of the Rhamnaceae family, is a traditionally used medicinal plant in the management of a panoply of human ailments. The current research focused on its phytochemical profile and biological properties evaluated by its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. The methanol extract was found to be the most effective antioxidant as evidenced by its DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, cupric and ferric reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), and high activity in phosphomolybdenum (PBD) assay, and also displayed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity. The n-hexane extract was the most effective AChE inhibitor (8.89 ± 0.08 mg GALAE/g) followed by the methanol (8.64 ± 0.01 mg GALAE/g) while the latter showed the highest BChE inhibition (2.50 ± 0.05 mg GALAE/g). Among the different solvent extracts of the stem, the methanolic extract showed highest antioxidant activity in the following assays: DPPH (909.88 ± 4.25 mg TE/g), ABTS (3358.33 ± 51.14 mg TE/g), CUPRAC (781.88 ± 16.37 mg TE/g), FRAP (996.70 ± 47.28 mg TE/g), and PBD (4.96 ± 0.26 mmol TE/g), while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest MCA (28.80 ± 0.32 mg EDTAE/g). The methanol extracts revealed the highest TPC and TFC among the different solvents used, and as for plant part, the stem extracts had the highest TPC ranging from 22.36 ± 0.26 to 121.78 ± 1.41 (mg GAE/g), while the leaf extracts showed the highest TFC ranging from 8.43 ± 0.03 to 75.36 ± 0.92 (mg RE/g). Our findings tend to provide additional scientific evidence on the biological and chemical activities of P. spina-christi, which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive chemicals with potential biomedical applications.

Characterization, pathogenicity and host range studies of Paecilomyces formosus associated with dieback of Christ's thorn trees (Paliurus spina‐christi Mill.) in Iran

AbstractChrist's thorn (Paliurus spina‐christi Mill.) tree is an important and valuable forestry species and has significant potential in afforestation and reforestation systems. In recent years, dieback symptoms were observed on Paliurus spina‐christi trees in Gilan‐e Gharb region of Kermanshah province, west Iran. During 2020 to 2021, Christ's thorn trees that exhibit branch dieback symptoms were sampled for fungal isolations. The pathogenicity tests, biochemical assay of growth, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium and morphological and molecular investigations (ITS and β‐tubulin regions) identified Paecilomyces formosus as a dieback causal agent. This is the first report of P. formosus pathogenicity on Paliurus spina‐christi trees. Furthermore, disease severity was assayed on 11 tree species under three different temperatures 15, 25 and 35°C. Disease severity caused by all isolates on detached branches was greater at 35°C than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and showed that these potential hosts are prone to this pathogen under high temperatures, which forest trees experienced in recent decades.

Assessment of the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. and its terpenic compounds

Type II diabetes mellitus is a common disease in the world and characterized by hyperglycemia. Prevention of diabetes by reducing hyperglycemia depends on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. In this study, the antidiabetic profiles of the Paliurus spina-christi Mill. fruit were investigated. The fruit of this species is used as an antidiabetic in folk medicine in Turkey. α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect studies were conducted to prove this effect. The n-hexane sub-extract of the methanolic fruit extract (IC50 = 445.7 ± 8.5 µg/mL) showed greater inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase than acarbose (IC50 = 4212.6 ± 130.0 µg/mL), in contrast to its slight/no inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The phytochemical investigation of the n-hexane sub-extract of the P. spina-christi fruit led to the isolation of three triterpenes, namely betulin (1a), betulinic acid (1b), and lupeol (2), and a sterol (β-sitosterol) (3). The structures of compounds 1-3 were further analyzed using extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR, and the results were compared with literature. Betulin (1a), betulinic acid (1b), and lupeol (2) are reported from this species for the first time. All the isolated compounds, especially betulin (1a) and betulinic acid (1b) mixture (IC50 = 248 ± 12 µM) showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than acarbose (IC50 = 6561 ± 207 µM). As extracts, the compounds were also found to be ineffective against α-amylase. Graphical abstract

GC-MS Analysis and Potential Apoptotic Effect of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Leaf and Flower Extracts against Breast Cancer Cells

In recent years, herbal medicines have become a significant novel source of treatment for various types of cancer, including breast cancer. Various investigations have declared that Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (PSC) shows antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties, but its effect on cancer cells is unknown. This study purposed to evaluate the possible anti-cancer effects of the ethanolic extract of the PSC in human MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The leaf and flower extracts of PSC were prepared in ethanol and volatile compounds were determined by GC-MS analysis. The possible cytotoxic effects of extracts were evaluated via MTT assay. Apoptotic effect was examined using the PI Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit. Significant cytotoxic effects were detected after 72 h treatment of ethanolic leaf and flower extracts in MCF-7 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Both leaf and flower extracts of PSC induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. On phytochemical screening, it was shown that the leaf extract of PSC contains pyrrolidine, 2-decenal, 2-undecanal, phytol, oleic acid, oleamide, squalane, vitamin E, and gamma-sitosterol and the flower extract contains pyrrolidine, 2-decenal, 2-undecenal, oleic acid, lupeol, and gamma-sitosterol. These data report that PSC leaf and flower extracts have cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Moreover, this study can be considered an in vitro background for further in vivo cancer experiments.

Биоразнообразие лесных экосистем Баситчайского государственного природного заповедника

The study analyzed the natural plant species of the Basitchay State Nature Reserve, located in the south of the Lesser Caucasus (Zangelan District), the population status of plants in the areas, the taxonomic composition of trees, shrubs and grasses. To this end, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Institute of Dendrology of Azerbaijan NAS got acquainted with the current situation in the district. During the monitoring, satellite images, GPS coordinates, etc. were used. Soil samples brought from the site were examined for 14 indicators of the mineral composition using Palintest equipment, soil sets 400. Quercus iberica grows in the forest cover of the mountainous part of the region and Carpinus caucasica, 2 types of junipers: Juniperus foetidissima, J. depressa Stev. and hybrid, there are Pistacia mutica, sorbus, mulberry, willow, poplar, hawthorn, foxglove, mountain xerophilous plants, shrubs, blackthorn, etc. Q. araxina, Celtis caucasica Willd., Carpinus orentalis, Pistacia mutica, Acer iberica grow on dry stony slopes, Ulmus araxina Takht. = U. minor Mill. Pyrus salicifolia forms woodlands with juniper. Such forests are characterized by xerophytic shrubs: Atraphaxis spinosa, Lonicera iberica, Cerasus microcarpa, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk. et. Camei, Rhamnus pallasii and Paliurus spina-christi. As a result, 27 species of trees, 18 shrubs and 11 species of herbs have been registered in the Basitchai State Nature Reserve. Of these species, 17 rare, endangered trees, 3 shrubs, 3 grass species, 6 trees and 2 shrubs of relict and endemic species have been identified.

Use of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. as a novel biosorbent: efficient biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution

Use of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. as a novel biosorbent: efficient biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution

Kahramanmaraş İlindeki Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Bitkisinin Antimikrobiyal ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the water and ethanol extracts obtained from the fruit and leaves of Paliurus spina-christi Mill., in the city of Kahramanmaras, were investigated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined using the CUPRAC, DPPH, and ABTS methods, and the results were evaluated by comparing them with those of BHT and Trolox, as standard substances. On the other hand, the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts were identified using the agar well diffusion method.
 According to the CUPRAC method, the antioxidant activities of the plant extracts at a concentration of 800 µg/mL were found to be lower than those of the standard antioxidant substances. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the plant was found to be higher than that of Trolox. In the ABTS method, the radical scavenging activity of the fruit of the plant was found to be high and close to those of the standard antioxidants. 
 According to the data obtained from the agar well diffusion method, ethanol extracts obtained from fruit and leaf parts on all microorganisms except Pasteurella multicoda and Bacillus cereus bacteria have the highest zone diameter. The ethanol extract of fruit of the plant was found to be more effective in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans.