Palestinian Refugee Camps Research Articles

Fracturing Communities: Aid Distribution in a Palestinian Refugee Camp

This article examines the practices of humanitarian aid distribution from the perspective of aid recipients rather than providers through an immersion in the daily home life of Palestinian residents of Nahr al-Barid refugee camp (north Lebanon) in 2011. It argues that in the name of distributing aid fairly, humanitarian aid providers put in place a pervasive system of surveillance to monitor, evaluate, and compare residents' misery levels by relying on locally recruited aid workers. This regime of visibility was designed to be one directional; NGOs never disclosed how much aid they had available, nor when or how it would be distributed. The inclusion of local aid workers in this opaque framework turned a process that relied on community and neighborhood ties into an impersonal machine that fostered doubt and suspicion and ultimately hindered the community's ability to engage in collective political action.

Use and acceptance of complementary and alternative medicine among medical students: a cross sectional study from Palestine

BackgroundTeaching Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in medical schools is becoming prevalent worldwide. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate medical students’ knowledge and attitude toward CAM. Therefore, this study was designed to assess CAM knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among Palestinian medical students.MethodsThis study was developed in a cross-sectional design. It targeted medical students at An-Najah National University, between January and April of 2018. We gathered the data from students using a questionnaire printed as a hard copy. Medical students of both sexes in their 4th, 5th, or 6th year of studies were included in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: demographic characteristics and detailed practices of the participants, their attitude and held beliefs towards CAM, and their knowledge on CAM. Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test were used to test if there were differences between knowledge about CAM and the characteristics of the participants.ResultsOf the 300 medical students who were offered the questionnaire, 251 students (43.8% male and 56.2% female) were included in the final analysis. Out of a maximum of 8 points, the mean knowledge score of the participants was 2.0 ± 1.6. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in overall knowledge score among students of different year groups, with students at lower levels obtaining higher scores (P < 0.001). Additionally, the highest knowledge scores were found in students with low income, and students who came from the Palestinian refugee camps (P < 0.001). Students frequently recommended CAM modalities, with herbal medicine being the most recognized and used CAM modality and Ayurvedic medicine being the least recognized and recommended one. Social media was the most popular source of information about CAM, cited by 72.9% of the participants. Participants generally had a good attitude towards CAM but held varying beliefs about it.ConclusionsIn the current study, a knowledge gap regarding CAM was found among medical students in our sample, despite their good attitude towards the subject. Also, there was a general acceptance to include materials on CAM within the curriculum of medical students.

Impacts of Intermittent Water Supply on Water Quality in Two Palestinian Refugee Camps

We investigated the quality of treated drinking water in Aida Camp and Alazzah Camp, two Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank. Water supply in the two camps is intermittent: Water deliveries are first stored in a centrally located community tank before being pumped through distribution networks to users, who then store the water in rooftop tanks. Between March 2016 and June 2017, we examined water quality within the distribution system in the camps, testing 520 samples in Aida Camp and 198 samples in Alazzah Camp for total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, and residual chlorine. We observed deterioration in water quality in both camps, but the deterioration was more pronounced in Aida Camp where 2.5% of community-tank samples, 5.0% of network samples, and 10% of rooftop-tank samples contained one or more colonies (per 100 mL) of total coliform bacteria. In Alazzah Camp, 3.7% of community-tank samples, 2.5% of network samples, and 5% rooftop-tank samples contained one or more colonies (per 100 mL) of total coliform bacteria. E. coli was detected in two samples from Aida Camp and one sample from Alazzah Camp. In both camps, average residual chlorine concentrations were higher in the community tanks than in rooftop tanks. The main factor influencing water quality deterioration in rooftop tanks in Aida Camp appears to be air temperature. We recommend more systematic water testing in the camps and greater transparency in reporting test results to camp residents.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among school children aged 6–18 years in Ein Al-Helwa Palestinian Refugee Camp, Lebanon: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome is characterised by the presence of several metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycaemia, central obesity (also known as abdominal obesity), elevated blood pressure, and an abnormal blood lipid profile. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising rapidly around the world as childhood obesity is increasing. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in school children aged 6–18 years residing in Ein Alhelwe Refugee camp in Saida, Lebanon. MethodsSchool children aged 6–18 years from the first to twelfth grades from two United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) schools were randomly chosen. We used a school-based cross-sectional study design with two stages. The first stage included measurements of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood pressure. In the second stage, blood tests were carried out for fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Approval was obtained from the ethics committee at Al Hamshari Hospital in Saida, Lebanon. Written permission was obtained from the UNRWA and the principals of the two schools for the first stage, and informed written consent was obtained from parents on behalf of the children involved in the second stage of the study. FindingsThe first stage of the research included 487 participants (258 female, 229 male) and the second stage included 73 participants (36 overweight participants [12 male, 24 female] and 37 obese participants [19 male, 18 female]). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 15·2% (74 of 487) and 14·4% (70 of 487) among all age groups, respectively. Among Palestinian refugee school children in Saida aged 10–18 years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was more pronounced when the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III) definition was used (30·9%; 21 of 68) compared to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition (11·8%; eight of 68), with no statistical differences between male and female participants. Note that the IDF definition can be applied to children aged 10–18 years, of whom there were 68 participants, and for comparison between IDF and NCEP ATP-III, prevalence of metabolic syndrome was calculated for participants in this age range. Low HDL cholesterol (52·1%; 38 of 73), central obesity (46·6%; 34 of 73), and raised blood pressure (42·5%; 31 of 73) were the leading three common metabolic abnormalities among children who were overweight or obese. InterpretationThis study has shown that metabolic syndrome is common among children who are obese or overweight, who are aged 10–18 years, living in Ein Al-Helwa Refugee Camp in Saida, Lebanon. These data raise the importance of early prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its components (abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose) to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular complications in susceptible individuals. A potential limitation of this study is that the small sample size may not accurately reflect the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. FundingPalestinian Civil Society Organizations Commission, Life Hope Center, and Palestinian Red Crescent Society Al Hamshari Hospital.

Conflicts and Relative Deprivation in Ein El Hilweh: Palestinian Refugees in the Shadow of the Syrian Civil War

Abstract About 450,000 Palestinian refugees live in Lebanon today. With the arrival of over 1 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon since the Syrian civil war started in 2011, Palestinians were no longer the largest refugee group in Lebanon, and many newcomers settled in Palestinian refugee camps. Previous research has considered how recipient societies relate to refugees; this study analyses inter-group competition and conflict among refugees from different countries by analysing Palestinians’ perceptions of refugee camp life and attitudes towards Syrian refugees. Focus-group interviews were conducted in the largest camp in Lebanon, Ein El Hilweh. Respondents experienced relative deprivation due to the influx of Syrian refugees, who were accused of taking Palestinian jobs and increasing poverty. Respondents complained of increasing violence and social problems (e.g. radicalization and drug use) due to the demographic changes. Especially women experienced that their freedom of movement had become limited in the camp but found it difficult to consider migration. Increasing desperation had also weakened Palestinian resistance identity and trust in resistance organizations.

The Politics of Governance and Urban Marginality: A Camp Studies Perspective

ABSTRACTDesigned to provide temporary shelter to the displaced, in protracted refugee situations camps become places of long-term residency and undergo processes of urban change. The complex realities of protracted encampment challenge the dichotomy between the city (as a norm) and the camp (as an exception) that underpins dominant theoretical models of refugee camps. Instead, the theoretical lens of urban margins allows us to circumvent this binary and analyse the camps from the perspective of their relation to the city and the state. Rather than a specific location, this article approaches urban marginality as a condition produced by unequal power relations behind the enforcement of a particular urban order. Based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork, it draws on the case of Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank. Unlike the majority of studies on Palestinian camps that focus either on top-down politics of exclusion or political agency of camp residents, the article examines how different actors, interests and modes of exercising power (both formal and informal) intersect in camp space and produce, as well as resist and subvert, the condition of urban marginality.

The Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Post 1990: Dilemmas of Survival and Return to Palestine

This article addresses the issue of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, their camps, their resistance, and the challenges they have been facing “as refugees” to survive in the deeply divided state of Lebanon and to return to Palestine. Currently there are about 450,000 Palestinian refugees scattered among 12 official and recognized Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon as well as many refugee gatherings; this number is part of the 6 million Palestinian refugees who are scattered in the world as a result of the establishment of the Zionist entity in 1948. However, on December 11, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly issued the UN resolution 194, during its third session, which stipulated that Palestinians have the right of return to their homes in Palestine. The Palestinian right of return is a Right and therefore it is not negotiable and cannot be compromised under any condition and/or circumstance. There have been continual attempts and proposals to terminate this Palestinian right of return to historic Palestine. To stop these toxic proposals from reaching their goals and to achieve their strategic goal, the Palestinian resistance has the legitimate right to use any means necessary, including armed struggle against the occupiers. The Palestinians in Lebanon are part of this process and they have been struggling on all levels to achieve their civil and human rights in order to improve their social and economic conditions in their refugee camps. Furthermore, the Palestinians have the legitimate right to continue their national struggle against Israel, which is the only way for the Palestinians to achieve their national goal for total liberation. However, there have been additional challenges affecting the Palestinians and their refugee camps in Lebanon post 1990; by the end of the Lebanese Civil War, the Palestinian refugee camps witnessed the emergence and growth of takfiri groups. Consequently, the Palestinian refugees have been sandwiched between oppressive Lebanese rules and the rise of the takfiris inside the camps. The article attempts to answer the following questions: What are the challenges affecting the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon? How can the Palestinians protect their identity from erasure and achieve their right of return to Palestine? Which internal and external groups currently control the camps? In what ways has takfiri ideology impacted the Palestinian identity? How can the Palestinian refugees and their camps survive under such conditions?

In search of dignity: Political economy and nationalism among Palestinian camp dwellers in Amman

This article aims to problematize the well-rehearsed argument that the rise of the neoliberal tide has submerged alternative values and moral codes. In al-Wihdat, a Palestinian refugee camp in Jordan, neoliberal understandings of prosperity do not fully encompass vernacular notions of prosperity. Palestinian refugees value well-being not only on the basis of income but also in terms of the ethical and political qualities often entailed in “being poor.” However, if neoliberal desires tarnish the moral environment by bringing excessive individualism and anomy, poverty, too, can be detrimental to refugees’ well-being. Rather than simply being an unconditioned source of dignity and a superior moral stance, refugees recognize poverty as being a condition fraught with deeply ambivalent images and feelings. Refugees navigate this inconsistency through the conscious cultivation of what I describe as “connectivity” for the realization of full dignity and, ultimately, the pursuit of happiness.

Children's Cognitive Perception of their Neighborhood: Reading the Cognitive Maps of Children from Al-Wihdat Palestinian Refugee Camp in Amman, Jordan

In urban spaces, children constitute a major segment of those growing up there, and children illustrate their ideas on the cities they live in, how they perceive their neighborhoods as users of the...

Yarmouk minors: their situation and displacement… their agency through cultural forms, psychosocial activities and through daily life actions

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on exiled minors from Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp. It elucidates how the trauma of Yarmouk, resulting from the Syrian conflict, evokes the Nakba of 1948 and the loss of Palestine. It explains generally how this trauma has affected minors of Yarmouk, but on the other hand how they are able to engage positively in such situations. Therefore, it focuses on the agency of Yarmouk minors, and explores it through investigating their cultural forms such as poem reciting and singing, as well as through focusing on their engagement both in psychosocial activities and daily life actions. Poems that emphasize the displacement from Palestine and Yarmouk as well as illustrate the imagination of the lost land. Daily activities and psychosocial that stress the pursuit for a normal life. Theoretical concepts borrowed from Anderson, Chatterjee and Hage are employed in order to enable us understand in which ways minors demonstrate their agency in order to maintain the daily survival. The data analysed in this paper stems from interviews with Yarmouk residents, both adults and minors, along with visual materials such as videos and photos provided by relief workers and activists.

MHealth use for non-communicable diseases care in primary health: patients' perspective from rural settings and refugee camps.

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 85% of deaths in Lebanon and contribute to remarkable morbidity and mortality among refugees and underserved populations. This study assesses the perspectives of individuals with hypertension and/or diabetes in rural areas and Palestinian refugee camps towards a population based mHealth intervention called ‘eSahha’.MethodsThe study employs a mixed-methods design to evaluate the effectiveness of SMSs on self-reported perceptions of lifestyle modifications. Quantitative data was collected through phone surveys, and qualitative data through focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed.ResultsAbout 93.9% (n = 1000) of respondents perceived the SMSs as useful and easy to read and understand. About 76.9% reported compliance with SMSs through daily behavioral modifications. Women (P = 0.007), people aged ≥76 years (P < 0.001), unemployed individuals (P < 0.001), individuals who only read and write (P < 0.001) or those who are illiterate (P < 0.001) were significantly more likely to receive and not read the SMSs. Behavior change across settings was statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionWhile SMS-based interventions targeting individuals with hypertension and/or diabetes were generally satisfactory among those living in rural areas and Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, a more tailored approach for older, illiterate and unemployed individuals is needed.

The Functionality of Communal Coping in Chronic Uncertainty Environments: The Context of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon

ABSTRACTMost research suggests that communal coping, where a group of people own and act upon a shared stressor or uncertainty together, enhances mental health and fosters coping efficacy. The majority of this research, however, has been conducted in the United States in contexts where stress and uncertainty are relatively short-lived and with samples that are economically secure and moderately to highly educated. The purpose of this study was to understand how socio-emotional conditions, such as exposure to trauma and interparental conflict, influence the functionality of communal coping for adolescents in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, where chronic uncertainty is normative. One hundred eighty-five Palestinian adolescents (M age = 15.75) residing in two refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon completed a cross-sectional survey. The results showed that communal coping with immediate family members was only beneficial for adolescents’ mental health and hopelessness when their parents had moderate to little conflict and not high levels of conflict. Similarly, when adolescents had experienced trauma, engaging in high levels of communal coping accentuated, as opposed to buffered, the harmful effects of uncertainty on mental health.

Perspective

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Foreign Policy Effects on Malaysian Medical Volunteers in Lebanon in the 1980s

On 8 July 1987, the first team of Malaysian volunteers under the Malaysian Medical Volunteers left for war torn Beirut to volunteer in emergency medical service in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon. It was the most intense and dangerous phase of the bloody 15-year long Lebanese civil war. The Malaysian Medical Volunteers (MMV) is the earliest known example of Malaysians being involved in international volunteering services especially in conflict zone in the Middle East. The example of the MMV has been a role model for other international groups such as the Medical Relief Society (MERCY). While is it known that altruism and religious affinity underpinned the motivations of Malaysians in their decision to volunteer, it is not known whether foreign policy effects their decision to volunteer their services abroad. This article seeks to shed light into this question by tracing the evolution of the MMV and the experience of the volunteers in Lebanon from 1987-1988.

Giving voice to the voiceless: vulnerable refugees in Lebanon

ABSTRACTSeven years on, Syria’s Arab Spring has mutated into a civil war marked by attacks by President Assad against civilian communities, interventions by foreign powers and the rise of the so-called Islamic State, Nusra Front and numerous other terrorist organisations. This research report focusses on Mar Elias camp, the smallest Palestinian refugee camp in the heart of Beirut, now inhabited by a large number of refugees from Syria. The aim is to record the voices and concerns of refugees from Syria. Through doing so, it looks beyond a narrow focus on radicalisation and terrorism recruitment within the camp. Instead, the refugee’s needs, and the human security and protection challenges they are faced with are outlined. This study adopts a participatory approach involving direct interviews with Syrian refugees in every stage of the research process. The research focuses on the perceptions, lived experiences and expectations of Syrian refugees, and the Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS) population. The aim is to grant a voice to the voiceless, record their own narratives, and to offer them the opportunity to report on the security challenges that confront them. The research is an outcome of nine months of humanitarian fieldwork in the Mar Elias camp as a community development project officer on the project ‘Urban Neighbourhoods Mobilised to Respond to WASH (water, hygiene and sanitation), Shelter and Protection Needs.’ Information was gathered during focus group discussions, needs assessments and one-on-one interviews. The participatory research is significant since it allows people to be actively involved in defining their priorities and seeking solutions and facilitates the study of perceptions, and caters for marginalised and vulnerable groups. It is hoped to show how through participatory research, marginalised people can raise their concerns and have their voices heard in order to allow for more accurate information about the communities involved, and to question assumptions such as those that prioritise framing security within the camps in the narrow context of counter terrorism.

Using Mobile Health to Enhance Outcomes of Noncommunicable Diseases Care in Rural Settings and Refugee Camps: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundRural areas and refugee camps are characterized by poor access of patients to needed noncommunicable disease (NCD)–related health services, including diabetes and hypertension. Employing low-cost innovative eHealth interventions, such as mobile health (mHealth), may help improve NCDs prevention and control among disadvantaged populations.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of employing low-cost mHealth tools on the accessibility to health services and improvement of health indicators of individuals with NCDs in rural areas and refugee camps in Lebanon.MethodsThis is a randomized controlled trial study in which centers were allocated randomly into control and intervention sites. The effect of an employed mHealth intervention is assessed through selected quality indicators examined in both control and intervention groups. Sixteen primary health care centers (eight controls, eight interventions) located in rural areas and Palestinian refugee camps across Lebanon were included in this study. Data on diabetic and hypertensive patients—1433 in the intervention group and 926 in the control group—was extracted from patient files in the pre and postintervention periods. The intervention entailed weekly short message service messages, including medical information, importance of compliance, and reminders of appointments or regular physician follow-up. Internationally established care indicators were utilized in this study. Descriptive analysis of baseline characteristics of participants, bivariate analysis, logistic and linear regression were conducted using SPSS (IBM Corp).ResultsBivariate analysis of quality indicators indicated that the intervention group had a significant increase in blood pressure control (P=.03), as well as a significant decrease in the mean systolic blood pressure (P=.02), mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P<.01), and in the proportion of HbA1c poor control (P=.02). Separate regression models controlling for age, gender, and setting showed a 28% increase in the odds of blood pressure control (P=.05) and a 38% decrease in the odds of HbA1c poor control (P=.04) among the intervention group in the posttest period. Females were at lower odds of HbA1c poor control (P=.01), and age was statistically associated with annual HbA1c testing (P<.01). Regression models for mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure, and mean HbA1c showed that a mean decrease in HbA1c of 0.87% (P<.01) pretest to posttest period was observed among the intervention group. Patients in rural areas belonging to the intervention group had a lower HbA1c score as compared with those in refugee camps (P<.01).ConclusionsThis study underlines the importance of employing integrative approaches of diseases prevention and control in which existing NCD programs in underserved communities (ie, rural and refugee camps settings) are coupled with innovative, low-cost approaches such as mHealth to provide an effective and amplified effect of traditional NCD-targeted care that can be reflected by improved NCD-related health indicators among the population.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03580330; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03580330 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/70mhVEUwQ)

Metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults in Palestinian refugee camps

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the main reasons for elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obese and overweight individuals are at high risk of developing these chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize and establish sex-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015, 689 (329 men and 360 women) aged 18–65 years from three refugee camps in the West Bank. International Diabetes Federation and modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel definitions were used to identify MetS.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was high, 63.1%; Obesity (42 and 29.2% in women men; respectively and overweight 25.8 and 28.9% in women and men; respectively. The prevalence of MetS among obese and overweight was significantly higher (69.4%) according to IDF than NCEP definition (52%) (p < 0.002) with no significant differences between men and women using both definitions; (IDF; 71.8% men vs. 67.6% women, and (NCEP/ATP III; 51.9% men vs. 52.2% women). The prevalence of MetS increased significantly with increasing obesity and age when NCEP criterion is applied but not IDF. The prevalence of individual MetS components was: high waist circumference 81.3% according to IDF and 56.5% according to NCEP, elevated FBS 65.3% according to IDF and 56% according to NCEP, elevated blood pressure 48%, decreased HDL 65.8%, and elevated triglycerides 31.7%. Based on gender differences, waist circumferences were significantly higher in women according to both criteria and only elevated FBS was higher in women according to IDF criteria. Physical activity was inversely associated with MetS prevalence according to NCEP but not IDF. No significant associations were found with gender, smoking, TV watching, and family history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus.ConclusionIn this study, irrespective of the definition used, metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in obese and overweight Palestinian adults with no gender-based differences. The contribution of the metabolic components to the metabolic syndrome is different in men and women. With the increase of age and obesity, the clustering of metabolic syndrome components increased remarkably. More attention through health care providers should, therefore, be given to the adult population at risk to reduce adulthood obesity and subsequent cardiovascular diseases.

Barriers to treatment of mental health problems for Palestinian people in refugee camps in Jordan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAbout 2·1 million Palestinians live in Jordan, and 370 000 Palestinians live in Jordanian refugee camps. Conflict in their country of origin, poverty, unemployment, and squalid camp conditions are some of the environmental factors that render Palestine refugees susceptible to mental health problems. The aim of this study was to identify the barriers that contribute to the treatment gap in mental health-care services for Palestinian refugees in the Baqa'a refugee camp north of Amman, Jordan. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, qualitative, semi-structured interviews of health-care professionals working at health centres for Palestine refugees in Jordan were done by a British researcher in the English language in the presence of an interpreter. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. Ethical approval was granted by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the University of Leeds. Written consent was obtained from all participants. Findings16 health-care professionals were interviewed during a 3 week period in May, 2015. 14 participants were based in health-care centres at the Baqa'a refugee camp, and two participants were based at the Field Office of the UNRWA in Amman, Jordan. All (100%) participants reported that underfunding was the most common barrier to accessing treatment. Other major barriers were sex (reported by 15 [94%] participants), stigma and religion (12 [75%]), and culture (ten [63%]). InterpretationWe suggest the following policy recommendations to overcome the barriers to accessing and using mental health-care services in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan: (1) allocation of more resources for the provision of mental health-care services; (2) establishing a health and social care model that adopts a holistic approach to treating mental health problems in Palestinian refugees, incorporating a framework that facilitates enhanced communication and cooperation between faith leaders and health-care providers; and (3) launching anti-stigma campaigns that are culturally and religiously sensitive and specific. FundingNone.

Speculating with Care: Learning from an Experimental Educational Program in the West Bank

In 2012, I was involved in the experimental study program, Campus in Camps, which is located in the West Bank and which brought together 15 third-generation refugees to study the contemporary condition of Palestinian refugee camps and to speculate about their potential futures. In this article, I draw on my experience at Campus in Camps in order to reflect on how design and speculation can be activated by designers and non-designers to speculate with care about the matters of their own lives. To explore the potential held by the design speculations produced at Campus in Camps, I draw on the work of feminist philosopher Marìa Puig de la Bellacasa around “matters of care”. To think about the aspects of care and speculation activated throughout the different phases of the educational program, I mobilise Alfred North Whitehead’s metaphor that compares speculation to the flight of an airplane.

Contributors to Screening Positive for Mental Illness in Lebanon's Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp.

This study evaluates contributors to the mental health status of Palestinians, Syrians, and nonrefugee residents of Lebanon's Shatila Refugee Camp. Primary health care clinic patients in Shatila were screened for mental illness between 2012 and 2013 using the K6, the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and the Modified Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Logistic regressions enabled the consideration of potential contributors to participants' positive mental illness screens. The sample (n = 254) included 63.4% Palestinians, 18.5% Syrians, and 18.1% nonrefugees. People lived in the camp for 21.1 years (±17), 63% had stable housing and 78% had war event exposure. Mental illness prevalence was 51.6% in total (34.8% serious mental illness [SMI] alone, 5.1% PTSD alone, 11.4% comorbid SMI/PTSD, and 0.08% comorbid psychotic spectrum disorder SMI/PTSD). For Palestinians and nonrefugees, respectively, stable housing accounted for a 79% and a 98% reduction in positive SMI screen risk. For Syrians, access to paid employment accounted for a 66% risk reduction. Stable living situations and economically productive employment for those trapped in a refugee situation, even in the face of war trauma, seem most important for ensuring reduced mental disorder risk.