Palatal Region Research Articles

Anatomical and Surgical Implications of the Usage of Bichat Fat Pad in Oroantral Communication, Maxillary, Palatal, and Related Surgeries-Narrative Review.

The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat's fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The knowledge of its anatomy and surrounding tissues plays a role in its mobilization and suturing onto the desired defect in the palatal or maxillary region. The BFP is mostly associated with the primary approach used for a fistula or bone surgery. Alternatively, the procedure can be performed with a single approach incision, which does not compromise the appearance or the function of the operating or adjacent areas. The most important inclusion criteria for BFP usage and surgical limitations are highlighted. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. The aim of the following narrative review is to present the surgical and anatomical implications of fat pads in maxillary and palatal surgeries.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate – Usual tumor at an uncommon site: A cytological diagnosis

ABSTRACT Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) (benign mixed tumor) is one of the salivary gland tumors affecting both major and minor salivary glands and accounts for 40%–70% of all tumors. This is a tumor of diverse histological and topographical presentation. PA is a benign tumor but poses a diagnostic dilemma because of its diverse histological and topographical presentation. A 36-year-old male patient reported to the outpatient department with a complaint of painless swelling in the upper left palatal region for the past 3 years. A preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology was done, and the patient was diagnosed with a pleomorphic adenoma, ruling out malignancy. PA, though a common entity, is still a challenging tumor for a pathologist. Its diverse morphological features make the tumor special and difficult to diagnose on cytology.

An Association of Morphological Characteristics of Palatal Rugae and Dental Malocclusion in an Adult Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction The formation of palatal rugae is completed in the early intrauterine stage, and because of their unique and permanent pattern in each individual, they can be utilized in forensics to identify a person. Objective The primary objective of this study was to determine an association between the rugae pattern and the dental malocclusion system described by Angle. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on pretreatment dental casts of 400 subjects in an age range of 18-40 years. The samples were divided according to Angle's system of classification of malocclusion into Class I, Class II, and Class III. The number, length, pattern, and orientation of the three anterior-most primary rugae on both sides of the palatal region were studied. Results Significant differences were noted in the mean number of palatal rugae and mean lengths of rugae 1 and 2 on the right side (p < 0.001) and rugae 3 on the left (p < 0.001) side among the different malocclusion groups. Curved and wavy patterns were predominant, and significant differences were found among the groups (p < 0.05), whereas non-significant differences were observed in the rugae orientation between the groups on the right and left sides. Conclusions The current study showed significant differences in the length, number, and pattern of the palatal rugae among Angle's classes of malocclusion. Clinical implications Palatal rugae can be effectively used to identify dental malocclusion at an early stage and can, therefore, help intercept the developing malocclusion.

ORAL CRYPTOCOCOSIS IN AN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PATIENT: A CASE REPORT

A 57-year-old male patient, immunosuppressed after heart transplantation, was hospitalized for suspected disseminated opportunistic infection. The patient complained of pain due to lesions in the mouth, fever, and diarrhea starting 15 days ago. Upon physical examination, crateriform erythematous ulcers covered by a purulent membrane were observed in the anterior region of the hard palate and upper labial mucosa, in addition to erythematous plaques on the upper attached gingiva. Ulcers were also observed in the nose wing and mentual region. Chest tomography revealed irregular reticular opacities in both lungs and ground-glass infiltrate. Biopsies from lung oral lesions were performed, which revealed a granulomatous inflammatory process and small rounded structures. Special Grocott-Gomori staining allowed confirmation of the fungal structure of Cryptococcus, and a final diagnosis of Cryptococcosis was reached. Treatment was conducted with Amphotericin B associated with Fluconazole, and after seven months of follow-up, complete remission of the lesions was observed. Support: CAPES, CNPq. A 57-year-old male patient, immunosuppressed after heart transplantation, was hospitalized for suspected disseminated opportunistic infection. The patient complained of pain due to lesions in the mouth, fever, and diarrhea starting 15 days ago. Upon physical examination, crateriform erythematous ulcers covered by a purulent membrane were observed in the anterior region of the hard palate and upper labial mucosa, in addition to erythematous plaques on the upper attached gingiva. Ulcers were also observed in the nose wing and mentual region. Chest tomography revealed irregular reticular opacities in both lungs and ground-glass infiltrate. Biopsies from lung oral lesions were performed, which revealed a granulomatous inflammatory process and small rounded structures. Special Grocott-Gomori staining allowed confirmation of the fungal structure of Cryptococcus, and a final diagnosis of Cryptococcosis was reached. Treatment was conducted with Amphotericin B associated with Fluconazole, and after seven months of follow-up, complete remission of the lesions was observed. Support: CAPES, CNPq.

VAPING IS THE NEW SMOKING: CHANGES IN THE MUCOSA AND SALIVA RELATED TO VAPE

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarette, pod, and vape) have become increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. This report draws attention to the changes observed in the mucosa and saliva of a vaper. Male patient, 26 years old, former smoker, and exclusive vaping for four years. The patient related a history of a white plaque in the posterior region of the hard palate with one-year evolution. Excisional biopsy showed hyperkeratosis without dysplasia. After two weeks, the biopsy region showed a healing aspect. The palate showed the aspect of nicotinic stomatitis. Molecular changes in saliva and vape liquid were analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy. The vape liquid changed color after use despite a lack of compositional changes. The aspect of the saliva was gelatinous in contrast to that of a non-smoker. An increased amount of sugars, glycerol, and formaldehyde, together with a decreasing protein content, was detected. FAPESP (grants #2020/10362-0; #2020/10322-9). Electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarette, pod, and vape) have become increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. This report draws attention to the changes observed in the mucosa and saliva of a vaper. Male patient, 26 years old, former smoker, and exclusive vaping for four years. The patient related a history of a white plaque in the posterior region of the hard palate with one-year evolution. Excisional biopsy showed hyperkeratosis without dysplasia. After two weeks, the biopsy region showed a healing aspect. The palate showed the aspect of nicotinic stomatitis. Molecular changes in saliva and vape liquid were analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy. The vape liquid changed color after use despite a lack of compositional changes. The aspect of the saliva was gelatinous in contrast to that of a non-smoker. An increased amount of sugars, glycerol, and formaldehyde, together with a decreasing protein content, was detected. FAPESP (grants #2020/10362-0; #2020/10322-9).

THE ROLE OF DENTISTRY IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP OF POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS: A CASE REPORT

In 2017, a 66-year-old male patient, smoker and alcohol-addicted for the last 52 years, presented a white plaque with a diagnosis of epithelial hyperplasia with papillomatosis and mild epithelial dysplasia. The patient did not continue with follow-up care. Later, in May 2021, he returned for further exams, presenting an extensive, hard, ulcerated exophytic erythroleukoplakia, with undefined limits on the edge of the tongue. New biopsies were performed, and the anatomopathological examination showed moderately epithelial dysplasia in the soft palate region. The left tongue was diagnosed with moderately differentiated conventional squamous cell carcinoma staging cT3acN1cM0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment consisted of left partial glossectomy, together with radiotherapy (20 fractions x 250cGy/field). These findings are important because they imply that many patients with oral premalignant lesions are not diagnosed in a timely manner. thereby failing to receive the benefits of early detection. In 2017, a 66-year-old male patient, smoker and alcohol-addicted for the last 52 years, presented a white plaque with a diagnosis of epithelial hyperplasia with papillomatosis and mild epithelial dysplasia. The patient did not continue with follow-up care. Later, in May 2021, he returned for further exams, presenting an extensive, hard, ulcerated exophytic erythroleukoplakia, with undefined limits on the edge of the tongue. New biopsies were performed, and the anatomopathological examination showed moderately epithelial dysplasia in the soft palate region. The left tongue was diagnosed with moderately differentiated conventional squamous cell carcinoma staging cT3acN1cM0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment consisted of left partial glossectomy, together with radiotherapy (20 fractions x 250cGy/field). These findings are important because they imply that many patients with oral premalignant lesions are not diagnosed in a timely manner. thereby failing to receive the benefits of early detection.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of different anatomical subtypes of oral cavity cancer

Background The prognosis for oral cancer patients is still very poor worldwide. Early detection and treatment therapy remain the key issue to be addressed for improved patient survival. The characteristic Raman spectral features associated with the biochemical changes in the blood serum samples can be used for the diagnosis of diseases, particularly for oral cancer. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising technique for non-invasive and early detection of oral cancer by analyzing molecular changes in body fluids.Objectives To detect oral cavity anatomical subsites (buccal mucosa, cheek, hard palate, lips, mandible, maxilla, tongue and tonsillar region) cancers by using blood serum samples, SERS with principal component analysis is used.Material and Method SERS is employed with silver nanoparticles for the analysis and detection of oral cancer serum samples by comparing with healthy serum samples. SERS spectra are recorded by Raman instrument and preprocessed using the statistical tool. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) are used to discriminate between oral cancer serum samples and control serum samples.Results Some major SERS peaks are observed at 1136 cm−1 (Phospholipids) and 1006 cm−1 (Phenylalanine) remain higher in intensities for oral cancer spectra as compared to healthy spectra. The peak at 1241 cm−1 (amide III) is observed only in oral cancer serum samples while absent in healthy serum samples. Higher protein and DNA contents were detected in SERS mean spectra of oral cancer. Moreover, PCA is used to identify the biochemical differences in the form of SERS features which is used to differentiate between oral cancer and healthy blood serum samples, while PLS-DA is used to build differentiation model of oral cancer serum samples and healthy control serum samples. PLS-DA provides successful differentiation with 94% specificity and 95.5% sensitivity.Conclusions SERS can be used for the diagnosis of oral cancer and to identify metabolic changes that occur during disease development.

Recurrent soft palatal tumour: from pleomorphic adenoma to mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is common among major salivary gland neoplasms, however infrequent cases are reported for this growth over the palatal region. We presented a case of a 50-year-old gentleman whom presented with tumour over soft palate with 3 different histopathological reports. This gentleman had history of excision of right soft palatal mass on his first presentation which was reported as palatal pleomorphic adenoma, he however had tumour recurrence over the same site after 3 years whereby biopsy was read as squamous cell carcinoma. A wide local excision of the tumour was performed and final report was disclosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Nadir Görülen Bir Olgu:Oral Fokal Müsinöz

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM); It is a rare soft tissue lesion of unknown etiology. It was first described by Tomich in 1974. It usually occurs as a localized, asymptomatic pedunculated or sessile growth on the gingiva or hard palate. In the intraoral examination of a 14-year-old systemically healthy female patient who applied to our clinic with the complaint of gingival enlargement in the maxillary palate region, a well-circumscribed mass of approximately 2 cm in diameter, covered with normal mucosa, extending from the gingival to the hard palate, in the palatal region of the right first premolar and first molar teeth. The patient stated that he noticed the mass 3-4 years ago and did not experience any pain.The lesion was taken with excisional biopsy under local anesthesia and sent to the pathology department. The patient was diagnosed with OFM as a result of pathological evaluation. No recurrence after 1 year.

Various Types of Facial-Angular Artery-Based Flaps for Reconstructing Oral and Maxillofacial Defects Following Cancer Ablation.

The flap based on the facial-angular vessels (FAVs) has several names and cannot capture the hemodynamics. This study was performed to assess the reliability of various types of flaps based on the FAVs for reconstructing oral and maxillofacial defects following cancer ablation. Forty-three oral and maxillofacial defects were reconstructed with facial-angular artery island flaps (FAAIF, n =14), including V-Y advancement-type and rotation-type flaps based on FAVs and reverse-flow FAAIFs (R-FAAIF, n =29), including ipsilateral, contralateral rotation, full-thickness, and folded types, based on distal FAVs following cancer ablation. The patients (25 males and 18 females) ranged in age from 18 to 82 years. The lesions included basal cell carcinoma ( n =26), squamous cell carcinoma ( n =8), adenoid cystic carcinoma ( n =3), mucoepidermoid carcinoma ( n =3), verrucous carcinoma ( n =2), and nodular melanoma ( n =1). The tumors were classified as clinical stage I to III in 12, 25, and 6 cases, respectively. Lesions were observed in orbital ( n =4), infraorbital ( n =14), glabellar ( n =2), nasal ( n =4), cheek ( n =10), upper lip ( n =3), palate ( n =4), and lower gingival ( n =2) regions. The defects ranged in size from 2.0×2.5 to 5.0×12.0cm. The skin paddle ranged in size from 1.5×3.0 to 4.0×12.0cm. There was 1 flap failure, resulting in a flap success rate of 97.7%. Complications, including hematoma, infection, wound dehiscence, and fistula, occurred in 15 (34.9%) patients. Limitations of mouth opening and ectropion occurred in 12 (28.0%) patients. The esthetic outcomes were satisfactory in 36 (83.7%) patients but were not significantly different between the FAAIF and R-FAAIF groups. The patients were followed up for 6 to 60 months. At the time of the last follow-up, 27 (62.8%) patients were alive with no disease, 9 (20.9%) were alive with disease, and 7 (16.3%) had died due to their disease. There was no significant survival difference between the 2 groups. Various types of FAV-based flaps are valuable reconstructive options for the treatment of oral and maxillofacial defects following clinical stage I-III cancer ablation.

Does endodontics influence radiological detection of external root resorption? an in vitro study

BackgroundExternal root resorption (ERR) has a multifactorial etiology and is difficult to diagnose, which means that is continues to be of research interest. This work mainly aims to determine whether external root resorption can be differentially detected in root-filled versus non-endodontically treated teeth using digital periapical radiography (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodsThe Checklist for Reporting In-vitro Studies (CRIS) guidelines were followed throughout this study. This experiment highlights the preparation and generation of standardized synthetic teeth measured on three-dimensional records converted into Digital Imaging and Communication on Medicine (DICOM) file format. Twelve replicate maxillary incisors were randomized into two groups: (G1) six non-endodontically treated, and (G2) six endodontically treated teeth. In both groups, actual tooth lengths of all specimens were measured and compared with measurements obtained using DPR and CBCT. Simulated ERR lesions [0.12, 0.18, 0.20 mm × 0.5 mm depth in the mesial, distal and palatal apical regions] were created progressively, radiographic images were recorded, and 24 DPRs and 96 CBCTs were obtained in total. Eight blinded, previously calibrated researchers made a total of 1920 measurements (using Horos Software). Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank post-hoc tests [Bonferroni correction in multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05)].ResultsICC values for intra- and inter-examiner agreement were appropriate. DPR overestimated ERR detection compared to the actual and CBCT measurements [Mean diff = 0.765 and 0.768, respectively]. CBCT diagnosis of ERR lesions in specimens without root canal treatment was significantly more accurate than DPR diagnoses on both non-endodontically and endodontically-treated specimens [p = 0.044; p = 0.037, respectively]. There was an 18.5% reduction in sensitivity in all DPR diagnoses made on endodontic teeth versus those made on non-endodontically treated teeth. For the smallest ERR lesions, this sensitivity was even more marked, with 27.8 and 25% less sensitivity, respectively.ConclusionsThe results of this study highlight that both CBCT and DPR are good diagnostic methods for ERR. Nevertheless, root canal filling material influences diagnostic capability in ERR. The clinical significance was that the presence of intracanal material reduces the detection and diagnosis of ERR by DPR in teeth with root canal treatment.

Finite element analysis of two skeletally anchored maxillary molar distalisation methods.

To compare two methods of maxillary molar distalisation with skeletal anchorage using finite element analysis (FEA). Two digitised models were created: the miniscrew-anchored distaliser, which consisted of a distalisation method anchored in a buccal miniscrew between the first molar and second premolar (Model 1), and the miniscrew-anchored palatal appliance, which consisted of a distalisation method anchored in a miniscrew on the anterior region of the palate (Model 2). FEA was used to simulate both methods, assessing teeth displacements and stress concentration. The miniscrew-anchored distaliser showed greater buccal than distal displacement of the first molar, while the opposite was observed in the miniscrew-anchored palatal appliance. The second molar responded similarly in the transverse and anteroposterior perspectives with both appliances. Greater displacements were observed at crown level than in apical regions. Greater stress concentration was observed at the buccal and cervical regions of the crown in the miniscrew-anchored distaliser and the palatal and cervical regions in the palatal appliance. The stress progressively spread in the buccal side of the alveolar bone for the miniscrew-anchored distaliser and in the palatal root and alveolar bone for the palatal appliance. FEA assumes that both appliances would promote maxillary molar distalisation. A skeletally anchored palatal distalisation force seems to provide a greater molar bodily movement with less undesirable effects. Greater stress is expected at the crown and cervical regions during distalisation, and the stress concentration in the roots and alveolar bone depends directly on the region the force was applied.

Effect of various crown-root angles on the resultant stress on the root and periodontal ligament of a maxillary central incisor-A three dimensional finite element study

To evaluate and compare the resultant stress on the root and PDL of a Maxillary Central Incisor with various crown-root angles. Settings and Sample Population: Finite Element Models of Maxillary Central Incisor were used for simulation of stress on the root and PDL. Three FEM models of a Maxillary Central Incisor with different crown-root angles (170˚, 175˚ and 180˚) were constructed and subjected to a force of 2N respectively. The resultant stress generated in the periodontal ligament and root surface were recorded and compared between the models.: The model with the maximum change in crown-root angle (180˚) showed the maximum stress in both PDL and root surface. The stress recorded on the root surface was more on the cervical 2/3rd in the palatal region of the tooth as compared to the labial region. Maximum stress in the PDL was seen only in the cervical 3rd of the third model. With increase in the crown-root angles of a tooth, the stress in the PDL and on the root surface increases.

Single cell sequencing of the mouse anterior palate reveals mesenchymal heterogeneity.

Cleft palate is one of the most prevalent birth defects. Mice are useful for studying palate development because of their morphological and genetic similarities to humans. In mice, palate development occurs between embryonic days (E)11.5 to 15.5. Single cell transcriptional profiles of palate cell populations have been a valuable resource for the craniofacial research community, but we lack a single cell transcriptional profile for anterior palate at E13.5, at the transition from proliferation to shelf elevation. A detailed single cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals heterogeneity in expression profiles of the cell populations of the E13.5 anterior palate. Hybridization chain reaction RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (HCR RNA FISH) reveals epithelial populations segregate into layers. Mesenchymal populations spatially segregate into four domains. One of these mesenchymal populations expresses ligands and receptors distinct from the rest of the mesenchyme, suggesting that these cells have a unique function. RNA velocity analysis shows two terminal cell states that contribute to either the proximal or distal palatal regions emerge from a single progenitor pool. This single cell resolution expression data and detailed analysis from E13.5 anterior palate provides a powerful resource for mechanistic insight into secondary palate morphogenesis for the craniofacial research community.

Comparative histological evaluation of intra- and extraorally de-epithelialized connective tissue graft samples harvested from the posterior palate region.

Autologous connective tissue graft (CTG) is generally considered the gold standard for peri-implant soft tissue phenotype modification and root coverage therapy. The presence of epithelial remnants in CTG has been associated with complications after soft tissue augmentation surgery. However, a specific method for de-epithelization that is patently superior has not been identified yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two different approaches to de-epithelialize CTG samples harvested from the posterior palate. Patients in need of periodontal or implant-related surgery that required harvesting a CTG from the posterior palate region were recruited. CTG samples harvested with an indirect approach were de-epithelialized using either an intraoral (IO group) or an extraoral (EO group) method. Tissue specimens were subsequently processed for histological analysis. The presence or absence of oral epithelial remnants was determined by two examiners using light microscopy. Twenty-four patients, who provided a total of 46 analyzable CTG samples, were enrolled in this study. Histological assessment revealed that 19 out of 22 samples in the IO group were free of epithelial remnants. In the EO group, 20 out of 24 samples did not exhibit epithelial residues. These results translate into 86.4% and 83.3% of epithelium-free samples in the IO and EO groups, respectively. Although the intraoral method may provide several practical advantages compared with the extraoral technique, both approaches for de-epithelialization of CTG samples harvested from the posterior palate region tested in this study were comparably effective. However, none of these methods ensured complete removal of the oral epithelium in a predictable manner, which should be considered in clinical practice.

Is there an effective way to control pain perception after free gingival graft removal? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The literature describes multiple ways to stimulate wound healing to reduce the patient's perception of pain. This systematic review aimed to evaluate if methods that enhance wound healing can reduce the patient's perception of pain after free gingival graft removal from the palate region compared to natural healing. A systematic review protocol was written following the PRISMA checklist. Electronic searches of five databases were performed to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that assessed the patient's perception of pain after the removal of a free gingival graft from the palate. The primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) score assessing the patient's perception of pain 7 days after the free gingival graft removal from the palate region. Of the 1,622 potentially relevant articles retrieved from the electronic databases, 16 RCTs were selected for qualitative analysis, and of these, 6 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. RCTs showed a significant VAS reduction associated with the use of methods to enhance wound healing. The pooled estimates revealed a significant overall VAS reduction of 2.20 (95% CI 2.32, 2.07) 7 days after surgery. The methods that presented the greatest reduction in the perception of pain were platelet-rich fibrin, hyaluronic acid, and autologous fibrin glue. Methods that enhance wound healing, including platelet-rich fibrin, hyaluronic acid, and autologous fibrin glue, can reduce pain perception after free gingival graft removal in the palate region. However, only 1 RCT investigated each approach, which hinders the conclusion regarding the best procedure to reduce the perception of pain.

Retka prezentacija pleomorfnog adenoma kao peritonzilarni tumor - prikaz slučaja

Pleomorphic adenoma, which is considered to be the most common benign neoplasm of small salivary glands, occurs mainly in the region of the hard palate with mild predilection for women and the peak incidence between the third and sixth decades of life. We present the case of a fifty-one-year-old patient with a left peritonsillar region tumor that the patient has been familiar with for several years. Clinical and radiological examination (computed tomography) indicated a clearly limited, encapsulated tumor change in the left peritonsillar region, 2.5 x 2.5 cm in diameter. The change was completely surgically removed transorally and pathohistologically verified as a pleomorphic adenoma of the small salivary gland. Computed tomography and correct pathohistological diagnosis are essential for the decision on surgical treatment in order to completely remove the lesion. Although it is a benign tumor, early detection is important for a timely decision for surgical treatment. Complete excision of tumor is necessary to prevent regrowth and possible malignant transformation.

Reabilitação oral após maxilectomia parcial para remoção de adenoma pleomórfico: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Salivary gland tumors account for only 3%–5% of all tumors in the head and neck, 10%–15% of which originate from minor salivary glands. Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign lesion of the salivary gland, most commonly occurring in the region of the hard and soft palates. The treatment of choice for pleomorphic adenomas is with the partial or total function of the extension of the lesion, and placing palatal obturators are one method of reestablishing masticatory function and facial esthetics. This study aimed to rehabilitate a patient using a palatal implant following partial maxillectomy for the removal of a pleomorphic adenoma. A young patient with pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate underwent a partial right-sided maxillectomy procedure which removed the hard palate and alveolar regions of the molars. Prior to surgery, the patient was assessed to make a surgical guide for resection of the tumor, as well as a provisional obturator plate using orthodontic wire clasps. After healing, the patient was rehabilitated using a palatal obturator which had been incorporated into a removable partial denture. The clinical sequence used to fabricate the final prosthesis was as follows: initial molding after surgery, prosthesis design, preparation of the mouth, work molding, structure testing and orientation planning, teeth testing and installation, and periodic maintenance. Thus, we can conclude that the palatal obturator is an excellent means of restoring a patient’s oral function, facial esthetics, and overall quality of life.

An In vitro study to evaluate the depth of reduction achieved by three different techniques for porcelain fused to metal crown preparation

Introduction: A near-ideal preparation lays the foundation and is required for adequate retention and resistance for fixed partial dentures. It is advisable to achieve a near-ideal preparation for the longevity of the prosthesis. Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary left central incisors were mounted on the acrylic block. The samples were divided into groups with ten specimens: Group A-Free hand, Group B-Index, and Group C-Depth gauge. Group A was prepared using the freehand method, Group B was prepared using the putty index, and Group C was prepared using depth gauge bur. An index was prepared before and placed back on the tooth after preparation, and the gap was filled with low-viscosity elastomer. The thickness of the impression was measured at five different points under the microscope. The statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Student's t-tests. Results: The preparations (dimensions) achieved by the freehand method were 2.02 mm, 1.70 mm, 1.11 mm, 0.90 mm, and 0.60 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Similarly, for putty index these were 1.76 mm, 1.21 mm, 0.95 mm, 1.32 mm, 0.71 mm respectively at five predetermined points. Likewise, with depth gauge bur it were 1.88 mm, 1.35 mm, 0.77 mm, 1.09 mm, 0.73 mm, respectively, at five predetermined points. There was a significant difference between the Groups (P < 0.001). Intergroup comparisons between Group A, Group B and Group C showed a significant difference. Group A showed near-ideal preparation in the palatal cervical region compared to Group B and Group C. Conclusion: The freehand technique was the least effective of the three techniques. The use of depth gauge bur had yielded the preparation near the ideal and should be considered during tooth preparation.

Severity Of Oral Carcinoma With Respect To Various Addictions- A Study In WestBengal

Intake of oral and smoking tobacco, alcohol, betel nut, etc., with poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, and other variables are risk factors for oral cancer. The aim of the study is to determine whether there is any connection between the use of addictions, the location of cancer, and the age of the persons chosen from West Bengal's population. 104 patients with histopathologically confirmed oral cancer from the outpatient ENT head and neck surgery and oral and maxillofacial surgery departments of the Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan in Kolkata were chosen for the study, along with 100 controls. The controls and effected individuals completed a detailed questionnaire to provide information on their age, sex, addictive behaviors, and where their lesions were located, among other things. Microsoft Excel software was used to statistically evaluate the acquired data. Together with a strong connection seen in the occurrence of oral lesions in the palate region of the buccal cavity, a substantial association was seenbetween the occurrence of this malignancy and the number of addictions of the persons (p value 0.03). (p value 0.06). Age, however, does not significantly correlate with this cancer, emphasizing the significance of the concerned people' frequency and length of exposure to numerous risk factors.