Pakistani Nationals Research Articles

Frequency of Infraorbital Nerve Injury Associated with Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures in Patients Reporting to Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar

Background: infraorbital nerve injury is very common in patients sustaining Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. As a result patient's suffer from paraesthesia, anaesthesia or huperalgesia in the infraorbital region.Objective: To determine the frequency and type (anaesthesia, paraesthesia, dysesthesia and hypoesthesia) of infraorbital nerve injury associated with zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from Ist Jan 2020 to Sep 2020. Total 72 patients diagnosed with zygomatic bone fractures, age between 16 to 65 years and Pakistani nationals were included in the study. Patients who presented with only maxillary and Lefort III fractures, previous infraorbital nerve sensory disturbances, diabetic and neurological disorders were excluded. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 22.0. P=0.05 was considered significant.Results: Overall mean age was 31.36±10.043 years and mean pain score was 2.96±3.29. Males (72.22%) were more than females (27.78%). Frequency of infraorbital nerve injury was in 50 (69.4%). Among types of infraorbital nerve injury most common type was paraesthesia (n= 20, 40%) followed by anaesthesia (n=15, 30%) and hypoesthesia (n=5, 10%). Overall infraorbital nerve injury was more in males than females and results were statistically significant (P=0.026). Types of infraorbital nerve injury stratified by genders (P=0.135) and age groups was not statistically significant (P=0.324). Conclusion: The frequency of infraorbital nerve injury in ZMC fracture is quiet higher so the clinician should be vigilant about infraorbital nerve injury while managing ZMC fracture. Keywords: Infra orbital nerve injury, Oral and maxillofacial trauma, Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture.

Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Association With Coronary Artery Disease in Pakistani Adults.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially coronary artery disease (CAD), are a major health burden, and their incidence is rising in countries like Pakistan. The objective of this research was to assess the prevalence and association of cardiovascular risk factors with CAD in Pakistani adults. The research was carried out from January 2023 to December 2023 at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad and Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan, using a cross-sectional design. Based on predefined criteria, 320 individuals who were Pakistani nationals and over the age of 18 years old were included. Those having a history of congenital heart disease, pregnancy, significant comorbidities, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were excluded. Medical, lifestyle, and demographic data were collected, and clinical evaluations were carried out by qualified healthcare workers. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and relevant statistical tests. A p<0.05 was statistically significant. The study investigated cardiovascular risk factors and demographic traits in 320 adult Pakistanis. The majority of participants (n=181; 56.56%) were male and aged between 18 and 45. University education was predominant (n=170; 53.13%). Specifically, 147 participants (45.94%) had dyslipidemia, 74 (23.12%) had diabetes mellitus, and 112 (35.0%) had hypertension. Diabetes mellitus (OR: 9.60, 95% CI: 4.52-20.38, p<0.001), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.29-2.75, p=0.001), and hypertension (OR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.72-4.15, p<0.001) showed significant correlations with CAD. Poor socioeconomic status (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.31-6.89, p=0.009) and genetic propensity (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.02-3.92, p=0.040) were also significantly associated with CAD. Our study highlights diabetes as strongly linked to CAD in Pakistani adults, while socioeconomic status emerges as a significant predictor.

The Role of Religious and Secular Dynamics in Shaping Pakistani National Identity: Challenges and Opportunities

The Role of Religious and Secular Dynamics in Shaping Pakistani National Identity: Challenges and Opportunities

Comparison of Soft Tissue Chin Thickness in Adult Patients With Various Mandibular Divergence Patterns.

Objective This study aimed to compare the soft tissue chin (STC) thickness at different levels in patients presenting for orthodontic treatment with different vertical facial types. Materials and methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan, on 195 subjects. Patients presenting for orthodontic treatment, both genders, aged from 18 to 32 years, and Pakistani nationals were included. Patients with any craniofacial deformity, syndrome, cleft lip and palate, previous orthodontic or orthognathic treatment, and multiple missing teeth and prostheses in edentulous areas were excluded. Vertical facial patterns and STC thickness were recorded from pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare STC among various vertical facial patterns. Post-hoc analysis was done using the Tukey test. Results There were 126 females (64.62%) and 69 males (35.38%). The mean age was 21.66 ± 3.44 years. All three soft tissue chin thickness distances significantly differed among vertical facial patterns (p<0.001). Multiple comparisons show that the distance between soft and hard tissue pogonion was insignificant between low and normal anglefacial heights (p=0.5). Similarly, no significant difference was observed for the distance between softand hard tissue menton in low and normal angle subjects (p=0.4). The rest of the multiple comparisons were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion The STC thickness is significantly associated with vertical facial divergence. While planning orthognathic surgery or genioplasty of the mandible, due consideration should be given to vertical divergence of the face to avoid unwanted facial changes.

Frequency and Pattern of Anterior Crossbite With Primary and Mixed Dentition in School Children

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and pattern of anterior crossbite with primary and mixed dentition in School Children. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. This study included 296 participants having either deciduous or mixed dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment, aged between 3-11 years, both genders and Pakistani nationals. Participants with a history of trauma, cleft lip/palate, or any craniofacial syndrome and systemic disease were excluded. Participant’s age, gender, skeletal class, and anterior crossbite (ACB) were recorded. The Chi-square/Fisher exact test was run to compare ACB and their pattern among gender, age group, and skeletal class. RESULTSThere is a relatively high rate of anterior crossbite in this population, which is about 10%. The females were 169(57.09%) and males were 127(42.91%). The mean age was 6.92 ± 1.68 years. Overall, the ACB was present in 31(10.47%). The most common pattern of ACB was single incisor involvement (n=11, 35.48%) followed by two incisors (n=9, 29.03%), and the least was four incisors (n=5, 16.13%). The difference for ACB was statistically significant among skeletal classes (p&lt;0.001). The frequency of ACB was higher in skeletal class 1 (n=17, 54.84%) and in skeletal class 3 (n=13, 41.94%) than in class 2 (n=1, 3.23%). CONCLUSION The frequency of anterior crossbite is about 10%, which is relatively higher than in other populations. Most anterior cross bites are dental due to one or two incisor involvement, which can be corrected easily at the mixed dentition stage.

Examining the Relationship between Severity of Thrombocytopenia and the Pattern of Malaria: A Hospital-Based Study

OBJECTIVES To determine the association between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the pattern of malaria. METHODOLOGY This descriptive cross-sectional study included 194 patients who tested positive for malarial parasites on peripheral smear examination. The study comprised smear-positive malaria cases, both males and females, who were Pakistani nationals aged between 8 and 50. Exclusion criteria were individuals with dengue, typhoid, immunocompromised status, liver disease, and pregnancy. Data were recorded for age, gender, the pattern of malaria (Plasmodium (P). vivax, P. falciparum, or mixed), and type of thrombocytopenia (mild, moderate, and severe). The association between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the pattern of malaria was determined using a chi-square test, with the analysis stratified by gender. RESULTSThe mean age of the participants was 28.58±11.70 years, with 114 (58.76%) being male. The lowest platelet count (64,627 ± 43,062) was found in cases of falciparum malaria, while the highest mean platelet count was found in cases of vivax malaria (130,919 ± 107,723), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.004). The most common occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia was in falciparum malaria cases (n=11, 42.31%), and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.024). CONCLUSION Falciparum malaria has the lowest mean platelet count and more severe thrombocytopenia than vivax and mixed type.

The Analysis of Indicators of doing business and Foreign Direct Investment: A time series analysis for Pakistan

For many developing countries foreign direct investment is very important for the development of economies. The level of FDI for Pakistan is always remained low is compared to other developing Nations who are leading the world. It is also important to notice that to analyze the impact of various parameters which are used for starting in ease of doing business on FDI in Pakistan. At the analysis of ease of doing business indicators it was done to check how the environmental has been changing since 2012 to 2022. This time series data analysis is done for the period of 2012 to 2022 which impacted the multi-currency analysis for Pakistani Nation. Here regression model is run for status statistical software which transform the data and 4 indicators were significantly impacting on the FDI flows in Pakistan. This research also indicated that the contracts, taxes, electricity bills and permits having some significant impact on the FDI flows in economy.

Giving Voice to the Voiceless Causes, Challenges, and Opportunities in the Changing Paradigm through the Lens of marginalized communities in developing Countries

Digital leadership plays a pivotal role in addressing the needs of the fast-growing and changing scenarios of organizations and countries, mainly affecting and segregating society into different classes. This article aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for Digital leaders who are in touch with the digital practices in marginalized communities and working in various areas of Karachi, Pakistan. The study participants consisted of 15 Heads and coordinators of I.T. institutes. This study is based on a qualitative research approach, and data for the analysis was collected through snowball sampling technique in the marginalized areas of Sindh. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to inquire about the challenges and opportunities that digital leaders face especially working with marginalized communities. Data collected through semi-structured interviews were analysed through descriptive coding techniques. The findings revealed digital leaders are facing multiple issues related to the implementation and deregulation of digital practices especially in marginalized areas. Whereas, the Pakistani Nation has ample potential to uplift their lifestyles through acquiring skills and utilizing them in the right direction.

Ocena doświadczalna mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych po częściowym zastąpieniu wypełniacza popiołami dennymi z elektrowni węglowej

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) prepared with coal bottom ash (CBA) as an alternative mineral filler. In this study, the effect of CBA on rutting, stiffness and fatigue resistance was experimentally evaluated. Combinations of conventional filler (stone dust) with different percentages of CBA (at 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% by volume) were adopted. The HMA samples were prepared and tested using the Marshall mix design method. Following the Asphalt Institute MS-2 and the Pakistani National Highway Authority (NHA) General Specifications, sixty samples of HMA were compacted; stability tests at varying bitumen contents (3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, and 5.5%) were used to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) in the mixture for each percentage of CBA in the filler. For 0%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% CBA, the optimum bitumen contents of 4.27%, 4.47%, 4.53%, and 5.0% were obtained, respectively. They were used throughout the study. Three samples with the optimum binder content were made for each of the four analysed CBA proportions. The wheel tracker test was run on 12 OBC samples, and the dynamic modulus test was run on 12 OBC samples. The Marshall stability and flow test results showed that the samples prepared with 3% CBA as filler and an OBC of 4.53% satisfied the NHA requirements for flexible pavement. It was noted that CBA greatly improves the rutting resistance and stiffness of asphalt mixtures. It also improved the fatigue life. Therefore, adding up to 3% CBA by volume to stone dust used as filler in asphalt concrete can minimize the need for stone dust and provide a suitable method of CBA disposal.

Forensic Age Estimation from Lower Third Molar Maturity Index

Objective: To estimate age from mandibular third molar maturation stages in the patient presenting to the Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Jun to Jul 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: One hundred and fifty participants of either gender, ages 14 to 24 years, with good quality orthopantomogram (OPG) showing mandibular third molar tooth germs and Pakistani nationals were included. Participants with hypodontia, oligodontia, Amelogenesisimperfecta, Dentinogenesisimperfecta, history of trauma /fracture in the third molar region and any systemic disease were excluded. Data like age, gender and tooth maturation stages of right mandibular molars were recorded. &#x0D; Results: The mean age was 16.76±2.19 years. In 111(74.9%) cases, the variation in chronological age can be explained by mandibular third molar maturation stages. The only statistically significant predictor for age was Demirjian's stage of lower third molar (p=0.002,95% CI=3.643-15.442), while gender was not a significant predictor.&#x0D; Conclusion: The age can be estimated from the mandibular third molar with reliability in our population.

“I am born on the land of Pakistan. I am Pakistani.”: Terric nationalism among Hindu Pakistanis

ABSTRACT Pakistan is known for the problems of its religious minorities. Moreover, official Pakistani nationalism is religio-ethnic – a state created for the Muslims of British India. One would expect that Pakistan’s religious minorities don’t feel a sense of belonging to it. Drawing on more than 50 interviews and four months of extensive fieldwork among working class Hindu residents of a mixed Hindu-Muslim neighbourhood in Karachi, Pakistan, this article evidences that they felt belonging to the Pakistani nation based on an embodied connection they had with the land of Pakistan through birth, nourishment from the land and similarly embodied connections of their ancestors. By presenting the idea of terric nationalism, this article critiques the ethnic/civic nationalism binary. Further it makes a case for nationalism studies to focus on the subjectivity of the subaltern to build theory.

Construction of National Ideologies in Narratives of Pakistani National Heroes in English Language Textbooks at Higher Secondary level in Sindh, Pakistan

Textbook is not as it being to read out but too instill values, ethics and standards of society specified within the educational modules. Essentially, the educational programs of Pakistani educational programs are largely constructed on the celebration of history which is instructed in several subjects like, Islamiat, Social Studies, Pakistan Studies, history and languages. Such textbooks are being utilized as an instrument to proliferate and propagate national heroes whereas speaking to stories of Pakistani national figures. These top class personalities (heroes) carry certain covered up and expecting philosophies and ideologies. The point of this investigation is to investigate the aiming and covering up the belief systems carried by Narratives of Pakistani National Heroes in English Language Textbooks at Higher Secondary level in Sindh, Pakistan endorsed by Sindh Textbook Board. Besides this, paper also examines the distinctive features such as identity, ideology, theme, author’s objectivity and construction of certain ideas which are hidden behind the representation of national heroes. They promote the ideologies of Islam, nationalism, fundamental division of the Muslims and Hindus, patriotism and anti-India that can make young learners nationalist, religious and militaristic. These themes and ideologies can cause exploitation and manipulation of religious, misrepresentation of reality, misinterpretation of different facts, strengthening of various practices and so on. For this research study, the qualitative method was applied. TA (textual analysis) was the method which is applied in such types of research works. We applied Foucault Social Constructive Model as a systematic model to explore the intended and unknown ideologies that have been propagated and promoted by the Pakistani national heroes.

Impact Of Severity Of Covid-19 On Haematological Parameters In Patients Reporting To Saidu Group Of Teaching Hospitals, Swat.

In 2019 novel coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China and declared pandemic by world health organization. The disease caused by this virus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the corona family the actual virus responsible for COVID-19 is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective of the study was to determine the pattern of blood parameters in corona virus disease (COVID-19) positive cases and the association of these parameters with severity of COVID-19. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 105 participants who were confirmed positive by SARS-CoV-2 through real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, both genders, and Pakistani nationals. The participants who were below 18 years age and missing data were excluded. Haemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophil counts were calculated. Comparison of blood parameters was done among various severity classes of COVID-19 by running one way ANOVA. The level of significance was p≤0.05. The mean age of the participants was 50.6±6.26 years. Males were 78 (74.29%) and females were 27 (25.71%). In critical type COVID-19 the mean haemoglobin was least (10.21±1.07 g/dl) and highest in mild cases (15.76±1.16 g/dl) and these differences were highly statistically significant (p<0.001). TLC was highest in critical COVID cases (15.90±0.51x103 /μl) followed by moderate (12.44±0.65x103/μl). Similarly, neutrophil count was highest in critical (89±2.1) followed by severe (86±1.12). There is significant decrease in mean haemoglobin level and platelet count but increase in TLC in patients infected from COVID-19.

Curriculum and History Reflections on the Pakistan Studies Text Books Taught in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Though history as a discipline and historical instances are used for different agendas since centuries, it provided new grounds to ‘nation building’ after the emergence of Nation State in the previous colonies during the 20th century. The academicians and writers started writing and interpreting history to serve ‘national interests’ and promote ‘national sense’. Each State tried to sort out common features in the different ethnic and social groups living in that political boundary. The creation of Pakistan in August 1947 was a sort of unique experience when Islam was used as a common factor to unite heterogeneous ethnic entities. The ideological fathers, with the colonial legacy of identity crisis tried to promote common features for the Pakistani Nation. For this purpose, the new state managers formed different commissions which provided guidelines for textbooks writing. The successive governments followed the policy which developed ‘historical content’ in all textbooks for ‘constructing image’ of different individuals, institutions and creeds. This ‘insertion’ in textbooks might have some positive impact in promoting ‘Pakistani nation’ but the process culminated in alienation of multiple ethnicities on one hand and use of historical accounts as a propaganda tool on the other hand. The present paper is an attempt to scrutinize the historical content in the textbooks of Pakistan Studies taught at secondary level in public schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The scrutiny would be dealing with two aspects: a) authenticity of the material; b) presentation. The paper would cover textbooks for grade 9 and 10, published by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa textbook board.

Smile Preferences of Orthodontists and Patients from Frontal View about Gingival Display, Occlusal Cant and Smile ARC: A Study from Isra Dental College

Objective: Was to determine preferences of orthodontists and patients about gingival display, occlusal cant and smile arc. Material and methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 65 participants (15 orthodontists and 50 patients). The inclusion criteria were participants who gave consent, Pakistani nationals, age from 20 to 45 years, and Layperson/patients. Exclusion criteria were mentally retarded, uncooperative, color blinded individual and dental students, dental attendants and technicians. Adobe photoshop CS6 was used to alter the smile arc, occlusal plane and gingival display incrementally. Student t test was run to compare the smile preferences between orthodontists and patients. P≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.15±6.29 years. Females (n=38, 58.5%) were more than males (n=27, 41.5%). For 0mm gingival show the score assigned by laypersons (6.86±0. 756) was statistically higher than orthodontists (6.40±0.507) (P=.031). Gingival show of 5mm was less acceptable to laypersons (1.92±0.752) than orthodontists (3.27±0.594) statistically (P&lt;0.001). Ideal smile arc was attractive for both laypersons (8.04±0.638) and orthodontists (9.33±0.724) but statistically more among orthodontists (P&lt;0.001). Significant difference was found between perception of orthodontists and laypersons for normal smile (P=.034) and canted smile (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Significant differences exist between opinions of orthodontists and laypersons in evaluating gingival display, smile arc and occlusal cant. Patient should be participated in treatment planning involving alteration of these smile parameters. Keywords: Smile perception, gingival show, smile arc, occlusal cant

Improvement in Quality of Life after Septoplasty

Background: Septoplasty is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the ENT department. It is done when a patient presents with a deviated nasal septum, due to which he is not able to live his life to the fullest due to persisting symptoms of congestion, breathing difficulties and recurrent infections etc. It negatively affects his quality of life. In Septoplasty, the deviated nasal septum is removed and the remaining tissue repaired, which should alleviate some of his symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of septoplasty on the symptoms with which a patient first presented due to deviated nasal septum and whether or not their quality of life improved after surgery. Study type, settings and duration: A cross-sectional study was done on the patients who had undergone the procedure of septoplasty in the month of August and September, and a follow-up of their treatment was taken by ENT department on the telephone 1 month later and was documented. Methodology: After the approval of SMDC-IRB, the patients who had undergone Septoplasty in August and September 2021 in Shalamar Hospital were recruited and called upon via a telephone. After obtaining consent, they were asked questions from the self-administered questionnaire regarding the post septoplasty symptoms and the questionnaire itself was duly filled by the ENT department. The response forms were then transported into excel sheets and data was analyzed, response was recorded as percentage and frequency, for demographics, improvements and/or persistence in symptoms and whether they would suggest this procedure to a closed one. Results: This was a cross sectional study with a sample size of 194. According to the analysis there were 46% (n=90) males and 53% (n=104) females in our study. All the study participants were Pakistani nationals. 70% (n=136) underwent septoplasty and 30% (n=58) underwent septoturbinectomy. When asked that will you repeat the same surgical procedure for persistent issue 27% (n=54) said Yes while 72% (n=140) said No. We asked the study participants that will they prefer same surgical procedure for someone they know, 96% (n=187) said yes while 4% (n=7) said no. There was a highly significant (p &lt; .000) difference between perceived symptoms before surgery and after surgery among patients who went for septoplasty and septoturbinectomy. Practical implication: This study signifying the life improvement after septoplasty will entrust the community for a better outcome after the procedure. Evidence based betterment in the life of patients will be encouraging for a more flourishing essence of being. Conclusion: Majority of the people who underwent Septoplasty greatly benefited postoperatively as their symptoms associated with a deviated nasal septum that negatively affected their life before, showed immense improvement and henceforth, their quality of life also ameliorated. Key words; Septoplasty, ENT, Quality, post-procedure, Improvement.

Trends of Drug Practices in Pakistani National Athletes for Amplification of Game / Sport Performance

Aims: The primary aim of the present research was to provide awareness about the latest trends of drug practices of national athletes of Pakistan for the improvement of their sport performance.&#x0D; Methodology: The samples were national athletes belonging to various sports departments of national level. The athletes were selected using snowball and convenient sampling approaches. The questionnaire employed for the data collection was self-administered. With the optimistic consent of the athletes, 80 questionnaires were dispatched at their home addresses. Therefore, 62 athletes (77.5%) returned the filled questionnaires. The requisite information of all filled questionnaires was coded in SPSS-26 software to get the desired results. Moreover, descriptive statistics through frequencies and percentages was executed to draw the findings and further discussions of the present study.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the national athletes was noted 34.17 years with 2.8 std. deviation and the age range was found between 30 to 38 years. The descriptive statistics of drug practices by national athletes calculated through occasionally, sometimes and frequently. Majority of the national athletes followed and practiced the trends of drugs while participating in their national games and championships to enhance their sport performance to approach the winning position and get the medals.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was concluded that athletes may not aware the side effects and hazards of these drug practices using anabolic steroids, charas, marijuana, aspirin, cocaine, and heroin. National associations and federations should conduct seminars and awareness workshops for the athletes prior to their participation in sport competitions so that national athletes may save themselves from the side effects and afterwards physical damages.

Detection of Imported Measles Outbreak (Clusters) in Al-Buraimi Governorate during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Series Study

During the first wave of pandemic in 2020, the initial prodromal symptoms of COVID-19 were similar to vaccine preventable diseases like Measles apart from typical rash and probability of missing such cases during COVID-19 will lead to local spread of cases. The most significant risk lies in children below five years, especially unvaccinated expatriate children who contribute to imported cases of measles from highly endemic countries.&#x0D; &#x0D; After initial confirmation of 3 cases in April 2020, this outbreak was epidemiologically investigated in Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman, which included data on clinical symptoms, exposure information, travel history, immunization, and history of contact with others. Among the positive cases, 75% were girls; 6 were Afghani nationals and 2 were Pakistani nationals. However, most cases were reported between Afghani nationals 6 (75%) due to their low vaccination status. Genotyping B3 was isolated, and the virus traced back to Pakistan as the country of origin.&#x0D; &#x0D; In 2019, the Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella (RVC), has declared Oman as a measles and rubella-free nation. The rationale of this study is to have a clear understanding of the events that led to the importation of genotype B3 measles outbreak in Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman, during initial phase of first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020 which highlighted the existence of vigilant surveillance system of the country. &#x0D; &#x0D; The field investigation was done to confirm an outbreak and to prevent transmission by isolating the cases and vaccinating the unvaccinated children and lastly to make critical recommendations that should be applied to prevent similar outbreaks in the future.

Utility of Panoramic Radiograph for Assessment of Mandibular Asymmetry as Compared with Posteroanterior Cephalogram

Objective: Was to assess the mandibular asymmetry on panoramic radiograph (OPG) as compared to PA (posterior anterior) cephalogram. Materials and method: A total of 15 participant’s records with age above 12 years; both genders; Pakistani nationals; clear OPG and PA cephalogram available; and full biodata available were included. Radiographs of participants with unerupted or missing teeth in anterior or posterior region were excluded. Three linear measurements (condylar, ramus, and body length) and one angular measurement (gonial angle) were performed on both OPG and PA cephalograms. Paired t test and Pearson correlation test were applied between OPG and PA cephalogram for condylar, ramus, and body length and gonial angle to see the relationship. Results: The females were 6(40%) and males were 9(60%). The mean condylar length measured on OPG was 8.44 ± 2.96mm and on PA cephalogram was 9.98 ± 2.73mm with mean difference of 1.5mm and no statistical difference (p=0.1007). Similarly the ramus length (p=0.706), corpus length (p=0.066) and gonial angle (p=0.333) were not statistically different measured on OPG and PA cephalogram. Very high correlation was found for measurements on OPG and PA cephalogram for condylar length(r=0.97), ramus length (r=0.96), body length (r=0.93) and was very highly statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). But the correlation for gonial angle was moderate and not statistically significant (p=0.035). Conclusion: The panoramic radiograph can be used for initial diagnosis of mandibular asymmetry. Keywords: Mandibular asymmetry, panoramic radiograph, posterior-anterior cephalogram

Post Cementation Sensitivity of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement as a Luting Material

Objective: Was to determine the frequency of post cementation sensitivity of glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and methods: This cross sectional study included 86 participants with age from 20 to 65 years, both males and females, Pakistani nationals, abutment teeth with vital pulp without attrition, erosion or abrasion and no pulp capping agents used. The participants who had undergone Orthodontic treatment in last three months, or used bleach, having periodontal surgery, using medication like carbamazepine or analgesics and Psychiatric patients were excluded. Participants were asked about post cementation sensitivity on call at 24 hours. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square test was applied for comparison among gender and age groups. Results: The mean age was 40.27±10.68 years. The females were 33 (38.37%) and males were 53(61.63%). Postcementation sensitivity was found in 10(11.63%) participants. The most common type of sensitivity was moderate present in 5(5.81%) followed by severe present in 3(3.49%) and least was mild present in 2(2.23%) participants. The frequency of postcementation sensitivity was higher in younger age (n=7, 35%) than older ages statistically (p=0.003). Similar results were found for type of postcementation sensitivity (p=0.046). Conclusion: The frequency of post cementation sensitivity is quiet higher and most frequent in young ages. Keywords: Post cementation sensitivity, glass ionomer cement, luting agent.