Pakistan International Airlines Research Articles

The impact of debt and equity decisions on business performance: Evidence from International Airline Corporation

Capital structure decision remains always interesting puzzle for practitioner as well as for researchers. Capital structure of company fluctuates from company to company, country to country, nature of business to business and firm age to age. The current study examines the impact of capital structure (financial leverage and equity decision) on airline performance. The analysis is performed on secondary data. Data is taken from the financial statements of under consideration study of Pakistan International Airline. Sample period is taken from 2004 to 2020. The financial performance is measured by ROA and ROE, while independent variables are debt to asset (DTA), debt to equity (DTE), and size (natural log of total assets). Two econometric models are developed for the analysis. Regression and correlation are used to measure the impact of debt and equity on company performance. The study demonstrated that DTA has a statistically significant negative relationship with the dependent variable, ROA. Model 1 results indicated that only DTA was the good predictor of ROA and size had no significant relationship with ROA. Model 2 results demonstrated that the size had a significant but positive relationship with ROE. Meanwhile, DTA had an insignificant association with ROE.

Elevating Organizational Performance: Decoding the Power of HRM Practices at Pakistan International Airlines

The study assessed Human Resource Management's (HRM) impact on Pakistan International Airlines' (PIA) performance, exploring its contribution to financial success and the role of employee engagement. 371 valid responses were collected from 400 distributed questionnaires, achieving an 86% response rate, with 35% female and 65% male respondents. Data analysis employed SPSS for descriptive analysis and Cronbach's Alpha for reliability. The study's main goals were to evaluate PIA's HRM practices, revealing a positive HRM effect on performance through SPSS regression analysis. Governance and HRM practices were identified as root challenges. Recommendations included VIP protocol elimination, increased employee development investment, monitored flights by senior staff, and strong HRM implementation to promote efficiency, productivity, and growth. The study stresses a dedicated HR department's importance for competitive advantage, providing insights for PIA's strategic decisions and performance enhancement.

From Asian premier airline to trouble airline: rebranding for revival of Pakistan International Airlines

From Asian premier airline to trouble airline: rebranding for revival of Pakistan International Airlines

Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Labor Unions in Pakistan: A case study of Public Sector Organizations

The study focuses on socioeconomic factors motivating labor to become part of labor unions in Pakistan. Various socioeconomic variables were chosen and tested their impact on employees’ decision of joining union. The sample comprises of the respondents working in Pakistan international Airline, State bank and MEPCO. A total of 214 responses were collected through questionnaire via simple random sampling technique. In order to observe the effect of independent variables i.e. income, age, sex, education, marital status, household size and loan are examined on dependent variable i.e. peer family influence, job environment satisfaction, satisfaction with union and financial benefits associated with union. Employing regression tests, it was analyzed that family peer influence is negatively affected by education, household size, loan taken and by age. The results further indicate that job environment satisfaction is positively affected by age. The study also found that satisfaction with union is positively affected by education whereas it is negatively affected by marital status and household size. This research also concluded that financial benefits associated with union is positively affected by salary, education and age whereas it is negatively affected by marital status, household size and loan taken.

The Possibility of Lawful Act Economic Duress: Pakistan International Airlines Corp v Times Travel (UK) Ltd

The voidability of a contract procured by ‘economic duress’ is now well‐established, but the precise boundaries of the doctrine remain contested. In Pakistan International Airlines Corp v Times Travel (UK) Ltd [2021] UKSC 40, the Supreme Court confronted the longstanding controversy as to whether a threat to perform a lawful act can provide grounds for a threatened party to avoid a contract for economic duress. This note argues that the Court's decision to affirm the existence of ‘lawful act duress’ is welcome. It is further argued that the specific kind of lawful act duress identified by the majority and relevant to determining the appeal, described as ‘deliberate maneuvering via illegitimate means’, provides helpful (and defensible) clarification of the content of this doctrine, and that the Court was correct to hold that the contract in Times Travel was not voidable on this basis.

NEXUS BETWEEN FINANCIAL INNOVATION AND BANKRUPTCY: EVIDENCE FROM INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY (ICT) SECTOR

This study examines the reliability of Altman’s [Formula: see text]-score model to predict the financial failure of the ICT sector in Pakistan. Data for 11 PSE-listed (Pakistan Stock Exchange) ICT companies were collected through Altman’s [Formula: see text]-score model in the period 2013–2018. The innovative Altman [Formula: see text]-bankruptcy forecast technique has been used for the analysis. Results show that the four companies, Pakistan International Airlines Corp. Ltd., TRG Pakistan Ltd., World call Telecom Ltd. and Media Times Ltd. were in the distress zone; Pakistan Telecommunication Co. Ltd. was in the gray zone; and the remaining six companies (i.e., Hum Network Ltd., Nestle Technologies Ltd., Pakistan Int., Container Terminal Ltd., Pak Datacom Ltd., Pakistan National Shipping Corp. and Tele card Ltd.) were able to meet the safe zone criteria. On the other hand, the [Formula: see text]-score analysis suggests that seven ICT companies would not go bankrupt, while the remaining four companies failed financially and would not maintain businesses in the future. Furthermore, according to the innovative outcome analysis, X3-EBIT/TA has a significant positive relationship with X1-WC/TA and X4-TE/TL and X2-RETA has a significant positive association with X1-WC/TA and a negative association with X4-TE/TL.

COVID-19 and business renewal: Lessons and insights from the global airline industry

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the fortunes of multiple companies around the globe. Accordingly, questions are increasingly being asked about how organizations can revitalize during and after a crisis. Yet, we have limited understanding of how organizations renew themselves during crises over time. We explore this question through the lens and examination of two South-Asian airlines: Pakistan International Airlines and Sri Lankan Airlines. The cases offer important insights into the reasons behind underperformance of state-controlled enterprises and renewal activities. We shed light on strategic renewal (SR) in the wake of increasing liberalization and deregulations in the global airline industry. To this end, we propose a four-stage approach towards renewing such underperforming organizations to respond effectively to black swan events and external shocks.

A Critical Analysis of Pakistan International Airline's Human Resource Management Practices

Many human resource (HR) practices are ineffective in many state-owned firms because they are not implemented as they should be. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is a semi-government organization. The dilemma lies in the fact that PIA's human resources management practices are responsible for its downfall. This research aims to examine PIA's human resources management practices, mainly recruitment and selection, compensation and benefts, and training and development. Primary data was collected through questionnaires from 96 employees of the head offce in Karachi (Pakistan). F-test was used to check the overall relationship of PIA performance (fnancial and non-fnancial) with recruitment and selection, compensation and benefts, and training and development practices at PIA. The fndings revealed that from PIA employees' perception, there is a positive relationship between PIA training and development practices with the performance of PIA (fnancial and non-fnancial). In contrast, there is a negative relationship between recruitment and selection and compensation and benefts practices of PIA with PIA's performance (fnancial and nonfnancial). Moreover, this study recommends that PIA decrease its recruitment and selection practices and compensation and benefts practices to increase its performance (fnancial and non-fnancial). PIA should focus more on its training and development practices of existing employees to enhance its performance (fnancial and non-fnancial aspects).

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES (PIA): REHABILITATING CORPORATE SICKNESS

Continuous improvement or development of all types of organizations is a mandatory element for the economic growth of any country. The fast-growing pace of the economy in the world results in the augmented competition and it sometimes leads to the problem of corporate or industrial sickness. This study aims to identify Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) sickness status and to devise the strategies by exploring revival or rehabilitating factors. The commonly used Altman’s Z-score graphs have been developed and analyzed to determine sickness of an opted entity from 2008 to 2016 and to explore the revival or rehabilitating factors, interviews from representatives (sampled using purposive sampling technique) of all selected departments of PIA have been taken through a semi-structured questionnaire. The interview transcripts were analyzed through thematic content analysis and the thematic map has been developed. The findings identified clearly showed corporate sickness in PIA and authors worked on the optimal course of actions to rehabilitate the sickness and devised strategies to turn PIA into competitive entity through analyzing various internal & external reasons. This study suggests key recommendations to the Government of Pakistan to prevent the public sector (existing) entities getting sick in future.

The impact of airline service quality on passengers’ behavioral intentions using passenger satisfaction as a mediator

This research study measures the perception of airline service quality based on data collected from Pakistan International Airline (PIA) passengers using SERVQUAL. It investigates the impact of service quality dimensions on passenger's behavioral intentions in presence of mediator (passenger satisfaction). The data is collected through an adopted SERVQUAL instrument from the respondents in the domestic and International waiting lounges of PIA. The data is analysed using reliability statistics, correlation analysis and through hierarchal regression analysis. A systematic random sampling technique is used to analyze the study sample and PROCESS macros was used to run mediation analysis. The results reveals that passenger's satisfaction mediates the relationship between airline service quality and behavioral intentions. Practically, PIA should not only improve on Service Quality but should build up quality consciousness among on ground and inflight employees; pay attention to reliable factors and establish customer goodwill through enhanced services; regard reliability factors and enhance employee accomplishment. Implications of these results for management policy and practice are highlighted as guidelines. PIA managers can now better understand the importance of service quality and its long-term benefits in the form of customer loyalty.

Leadership competencies and job satisfaction among Aviation employees of Pakistan International airline (PIA)

Job satisfaction and leadership style has always been tested and correlated in the past to understand the impact of the leadership on the degree of job satisfaction of employees. Since the passage of time employee satisfaction has become a great aspect of organizational success, therefore, different theories of management and leadership have been proposed. In the recent contest, theory of leadership competencies has been developed that measures the different competencies of the managers and leaders. In the current study, three independent variables namely emotional quotient (EQ), intelligence quotient (IQ), and managerial quotient (MQ) are being tested on the employee’s job satisfaction level of PIA. Data was gathered by questionnaires and 212 responses were received. SPSS were applied for analysis of data and there is a confirming connection amid job satisfaction and the EQ, MQ, and IQ of PIA employees along with the positive relationship between the Leadership competencies (LC) and the job satisfaction and lastly the significant relationship between job satisfactions.

New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation

This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. Instead, this note recommends that the law should employ an amended formulation of the criminal offence of blackmail in its place.

Assessment of perceived service quality using servqual mod-el: a case study of Pakistan international airline (PIA) in-flight hospitality

The service industry is rapidly growing worldwide with latest and sophisticated tools and strategies for satisfaction of their ultimate customers. Provision of an exceptional service is the lifeblood of airline survival, with the airline’s mid-flight operations being the most crucial fragment of the whole service encounter. This study hence quantifies and weighs the perceived service quality against the desired service quality expected by the customers of Pakistan International Airlines during flight operations, through the 5 main dimensions of SERVQUAL exemplified by the 30 service attributes. The main objective of this study is to find out gap between perceived service quality and expected service quality.This research is quantitative in nature, Factor Analysis and one sample T-Test were used for analysis of data and close-ended questionnaires were used to collect the data from sample of 120 passengers who travelled through PIA at least once is last 12 months. According to the results shown by the Factor Analysis, 8 components were retained or extracted out of 30 variables; all the variables have high correlation with components as overall correlation measured by Factor Analysis is 0.804 which is excellent in the practice. According to KMO and Bartlett’s test, the sampling accuracy remained .857 which is quite good measurement. In addition to that, one sample T- test shows that variable Assurance scores 2.88 average mean perception out of 3.0 average mean expectation touches the expectations but not up to desire level of quality. However, other variables like responsiveness, Empathy, Reliability and Tangibility score 2.78, 2.67, 2.67, and 2.64 respectively.Average Mean Difference Gap (P-E) shows variable Assurance reveals low level of gap -0.12. However, this does not fill the quality gap of minimum 3.0 of Average Mean Expectation. This study exhibits tremendous service gap in other variables as Responsiveness -0.22, Empathy -0.33, Reliability -0.33 and Tangibility possesses -0.35 in terms of Average Mean Difference Gap.The necessity of this research study was deeply felt as a thin of number of passengers prefers PIA services. The service quality of PIA is diminishing with poor service strategies, insufficient facilities and lack of inflight hospitality measures for passengers; therefore, this research will help the key decision makers to identify the areas to improve, and take necessary remedial actions. Â

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational Justice Development and LMX in Pakistan International Airline

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational justice (OJ) in a public sector organization. PIA was the case study of the following research and therefore data was collected from certain selected employees in PIA, while the findings of this study was generalized over the entire employee base of PIA and also over the other public sector organizations of the country. The design of the research is quantitative and the data collection method is primary. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 391 employees of PIA. The sample size was identified based on Slovin’s formula for sample size calculation. Several statistical techniques such as reliability, correlation, and partial least square method analysis were applied to identify the relationship between the variables. The researcher has also conducted a detailed discussion over the findings of this study, while comparing it with the evaluations carried out by past studies regarding the subject matter under consideration. The findings of the study indicate that a positive relationship exists between EI and LMX as well as between EI and OJ.

Demystifying Ideology: A Socio-Semiotic Analysis of Billboard Advertisements

The aim of the present study is to investigate the hidden ideologies in the billboard advertisements in the landscape of Lahore. The following questions have been designed: How do the billboard advertisements represent different ideologies in the landscape of Lahore? What types of ideology are implied in the billboard advertisements in the landscape of Lahore? The nature of the research is descriptive and qualitative. The sampling of the study is based on four billboards displayed in the main boulevard of Pakistan International Airline Society Lahore. The socio semiotic theoretical framework of Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996-2006) has been used. Those metafunctions such as representational, interactive and compositional have been investigated in this study. The study revealed that certain ideologies have been implied in the advertisements by the advertisers in order to achieve their aim which is to make their products popular, hence, the fulfilment of economic interests.

The influence of spiritual values on employee’s helping behavior: the moderating role of Islamic work ethic

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of spiritual values (i.e., sense of meaning, sense of community, and wisdom) on employee’s helping behavior. This study also investigated the moderating effect of the Islamic work ethic (IWE). The research framework was supported by the Al-Ghazali theory of soul. A cross-sectional design with purposive sampling was used to collect data from 344 first-line managers within the Pakistan airline industry. A total of 316 useable questionnaires with a response rate of 49.37% was used for data analysis. Partial least square (PLS) second-generation structural equation modeling (SEM) method (Smart-PLS software) was employed to test the hypothesized relationship. The current study findings revealed that spiritual values had a positive influence in affecting employees’ helping behavior. In addition, the moderation test showed a significant influence of IWE on the specific relationships of spiritual values and helping behavior. Implications for theoretical and practical discussion and limitations of the study are taken into account along with suggestions for future research. This study enriches the existing literature on spiritual values, employee behavior, and IWE.Abbreviations:IWE: Islamic Work Ethic; AVE: Average variance extracted; IATA: International Air Transport Association; PLS: Partial Least Square; SEM: Structural Equation Modeling; PIA: Pakistan International Airline

Measuring and Comparing the Desired and Actual Service Quality of Pakistan International Airline

Service quality is a critical component in any company’s performance. Bad service creates a lousy brand image in the eyes of customers which is difficult to remove. Pakistan International Airline (PIA), a well-known airline in Pakistan is receiving criticism from its passenger’s regarding service quality. However, there are very few studies focusing on the improvement of service quality of PIA. In this research, the authors have identified the critical components of customer satisfaction with the help of Parasuraman service quality model. The authors have identified the desired and actual quality gap. The study concludes that reliability and empathy are the top most essential components of customer satisfaction. There is a significant difference in all desired and actual components of service quality. The components which PIA needs immediate improvement are its ability to provide dedicated services and better food quality during flight.

Investigating Customer Satisfaction of Airline Passengers in Aviation Sector of Pakistan

This study aims to measure customer satisfaction by exploring service quality, trust and physical environment as drivers of customer satisfaction in airline industry of Pakistan. The study used a cross-sectional research design. The data collection was done by survey research method through a structured, adopted, modified and self-administered questionnaire. There were 576 questionnaires that were distributed to passengers of three airlines namely; Pakistan International Airline (PIA), Shaheen International Airline (SAI) and Air Blue (ABQ), in five airports of Pakistan. The hypothesis were tested simultaneously on 446 passengers out of 576 questionnaire that were distributed getting a response rate of 71 %. The data was analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0) and PLS-SEM (using Smart PLS version 3.2.8) at the 0.05 critical level. The study findings were in line with previous research and expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) of customer satisfaction. The findings have shown significant association among variables that were examined in the study. Despite the significant association among trust, physical environment and service quality, this study is an addition in the theoretical knowledge of airline industry of Pakistan. Additionally, the study explores influence of trust, physical environment and service quality and their association to how the passengers perceive the service quality, physical environment and their level of trust on service providers whether the passengers are satisfied or not from the international airlines of Pakistan. Also, this study deliver understandings for future research in service marketing area and help travel agencies to employ the implementation of role of service quality, customer trust and physical environment as main drivers of customer satisfaction.

Women and Pakistan International Airlines in Ayub Khan's Pakistan

ABSTRACTThis article weaves together several unique circumstances that inadvertently created spaces for women to emerge away from the traditional roles of womanhood ascribed to them in Pakistan. It begins by tracing the emergence of the Pakistan International Airlines as a national carrier that provided an essential glue to the two wings of Pakistan. Operating in the backdrop of nascent nationhood, the airline opens an opportunity for the new working women in Pakistan. Based on first-hand accounts provided by former female employees, and supplementing it with official documents, newspaper reports and the advertising used for marketing at the time, it seeks to provide an illuminating insight into the early history of women in Pakistan. While the use of women as markers of modernity and propaganda is not new, here within the context of Cold War and American cultural diplomacy, the ‘modernist’ vision of the Ayub-era in Pakistan (1958–1969), and its accompanying jet-age provide a unique lens through which to explore the changing role of women. The article showcases a different approach to understanding the so-called ‘golden age’ of Pakistani history: a neglected area of the international history on Pakistan, which is far too often one-dimensional.

Constructive Change: What Can Ethical Leaders Do?

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of ethical leadership as a predictor of change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. The authors used structured surveys were administered to employees and their supervisors of bank, hotel, hospital and Pakistan international airline in Pakistan, with a time lag of 25 days. A structural equation model approach was initially used to confirm measurement model and later on for hypothesis testing. The results found a positive relationship between ethical leadership and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior, both directly and indirectly through felt responsibility for constructive change. Using cognitive evaluation theory (CET), this study attempts to explain the psychological mechanism of felt responsibility for constructive change between ethical leadership and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior based on the tenet that external factor (e.g. ethical leadership) enhance employees’ intrinsic motivation of felt responsibility...