Brassica Chinensis Research Articles

Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Growth, Physiology, Biochemistry, and Canopy Temperature Characteristics of Chinese Cabbage Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.)

The aim of this study was to clarify the response characteristics of Chinese cabbage pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) under two particle size (100 nm and 1000 nm) polystyrene microplastic (PS-MPs) stress conditions. This study can provide a theoretical basis and experimental reference for the interpretation of the physiological and ecological mechanism of microplastic pollution and the bioremediation of microplastic-contaminated soil. Hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the effects of two particle sizes (100 nm and 1000 nm) of PS-MPs on growth, photosynthetic physiology, antioxidant enzyme activities, nutritional quality, anatomical structure, and canopy temperature in Chinese cabbage pakchoi. The results showed that PS-MPs stress significantly inhibited the growth and development of Chinese cabbage pakchoi. When PS-MPs stress was increased, the phenotypic indicators were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, PS-MPs stress significantly enhanced the oxidative stress response of Chinese cabbage pakchoi, such as the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves. Such a change tended to decrease the thickness of fenestrated and leaf and spongy tissues. Moreover, PS-MPs stress significantly increased the canopy population temperature of the Chinese cabbage pakchoi leaves. Microplastic stress had obvious inhibitory effects and toxic damage on the growth, development, and physical and chemical properties of Chinese cabbage pakchoi.

Effects of Nano-copper Oxide on Physiobiochemical Properties of Brassica chinensis L. and Its Heavy Metal Accumulation Under Cadmium Stress

To investigate the effects of nano-copper oxide (CuO NPs) on plant growth, physio-biochemical characteristics, and heavy metal content under cadmium stress, a hydroponics experiment was conducted on the effects of single and combined treatments of CuO NPs (0, 10, 20, and 50 mg·L-1) and Cd (0, 1, and 5 μmol·L-1) on the fresh weight, photosynthetic pigment content, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, POD, SOD, and GR), and Cu and Cd contents in Brassica chinensis L. The results showed that under the single addition of CuO NPs, the fresh weight and activities of CAT, POD, and GR were inhibited as a whole. Photosynthetic pigment content and SOD activity increased first and then decreased with the increase in CuO NPs concentration, whereas MDA content in leaves and roots, and Cu content in subcells of B. chinensis L. increased with the increasing of CuO NPs. As compared with that in the control, CuO NPs promoted the growth of B. chinensis L., and the fresh weight increased by 8.70%-44.87% at 1 μmol·L-1 Cd. When the content of Cd was up to 5 μmol·L-1, a low content (10 mg·L-1) of CuO NPs promoted the growth of B. chinensis L., whereas a high concentration (50 mg·L-1) showed an inhibitory effect. The addition of CuO NPs could increase photosynthetic pigment and MDA contents under different Cd stress, and MDA content in leaves and roots of B. chinensis L. increased by 4.34%-36.27% and 13.43%-131.04%, respectively, than that in the control groups. Under the same concentration of 1 μmol·L-1 Cd, the addition of CuO NPs decreased the activities of CAT and GR, whereas the activity of POD increased. When the content of Cd was up to 5 μmol·L-1, CuO NPs increased the POD activity and inhibited the activity of SOD and GR. The activities of CAT and CAT in the leaves of B. chinensis L. initially showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. CuO NPs and Cd showed antagonistic effects, the maximum reduction of Cd content in leaves and roots of Brassica chinensis L. under 1 μmol·L-1 Cd treatment was 45.64% and 33.39%, and that under 5 μmol·L-1 Cd treatment was 18.25% and 25.35%, respectively. The content of Cu and Cd in subcellular organs of the plants decreased, but the proportion of soluble components increased. These results indicated that CuO NPs at low concentrations promoted plant growth under Cd stress and further inhibited the absorption of Cd but increased the oxidative damage to B. chinensis L.

Metabolic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Different Metabolite Biosynthesis Profiles between Purple and Green Pak Choi.

Pak choi is one of the most important leafy vegetables planted in East Asia and provides essential nutrients for the human body. Purple pak choi differs mainly in leaf colour but exhibits distinct nutritional profiles from green pak choi. In this study, we performed metabolic and transcriptomic analyses to uncover the mechanisms underlying the differences in metabolite biosynthesis profiles between the two pak choi varieties. Metabolite profiling revealed significant differences in the levels of metabolites, mainly amino acids and their derivatives and flavonoids. Furthermore, 34 flavonoids significantly differed between green and purple pak choi leaves, and cyanidin and its derivative anthocyanins were abundant in purple pak choi. In addition, we found that the structural genes CHS, DFR, ANS, and UGT75C1, as well as the transcription factor MYB2, play a major role in anthocyanin synthesis. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in pak choi and offer a platform for assessing related varieties.

Morphological Characterization and Pathogenicity Test of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.)

Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) is an important leafy vegetable crop. It has good nutritional and medicinal value. Among all diseases affecting the plant, Alternaria leaf spot is a serious disease hampering its successful cultivation. Keeping in view this serious implication, an experiment on Alternaria leaf spot of Chinese cabbage caused by Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola and A. alternata was carried out at Main Experimental Station, Vegetable of ANDUA&T, Kumarganj Ayodhya for studying a means to effectively manage the disease. The disease was first appeared in the first week of November as small, yellow to brown spots with a light green to yellow halo. As the disease advances, several lesions coalesced, giving a blighted appearance. Stem and pods were also affected by the disease. The pathogen was readily isolated on 2% Potato Dextrose Agar medium and pathogenicity was proved following Koch's postulates. Cultural and morphological characters were observed as colonies of pure black amphigenous, effused, radial growth, conidia light brown to black in colour. The size of the conidia of A. brassicae, A. brassicicola and A. alternata were found 110.16 -162.0 µm, 94.08 – 120.72 µm and 25.44 - 46.32 µm, having septal variation 5-11, 0-8 and 2-6, respectively.

The Effect of Burned Rice Husks and NPK Fertilizer Application on The Growth of Bok Choy (Brassica Rapa L. Subsp. Chinensis)

Fertilizer is very important factor in achieving high productivity, especially in providing essential nutrients. The application of inorganic fertilizers without adding organic fertilizers potentially reduces soil fertility and damages soil structure. This study aimed to determine the effect of burned rice husks, NPK fertilizer application, on the growth of Chinensis bok choy (Brassica rapa L. Subsp. Chinensis). The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, with 5 treatment levels. The burned rice husks treatments comprised (0 gr, 90 gr, 110 gr, 130 gr, and 150 gr), while the NPK fertilizer treatments comprised (0 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.6 gr, 0.8 gr, 1.0 gr / 100 ml water). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA test. The results showed that the NPK fertilizer factor significantly influenced all parameters, including plant height, leaf number, wet weight, and dry weight. The burned rice husks factor and the interaction between burned rice husks and NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on all parameters, namely plant height, leaf number, wet weight, and dry weight of the Chinensis bok choy. The optimal treatment for the interaction of burned rice husks and NPK fertilizer "Mutiara 16" was with the N4S4 treatment (combination of NPK Mutiara 1.0 gr/100 ml water and burned rice husks 150 gr) for plant height, leaf number, wet weight, and dry weight parameters, while the optimal treatment for chlorophyll concentration content was with the N3S2 treatment (combination of NPK Mutiara 0.8 gr/100 ml water and burned rice husks 110 gr).

Agricultural Jiaosu Enhances the Stress Resistance of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis) by Recruiting Beneficial Rhizosphere Bacteria and Altering Metabolic Pathways

Agricultural Jiaosu (AJ) is a method of recycling agricultural wastes for improving soil properties, promoting plant growth, and enhancing plant stress resistance. However, the underlying mechanism by which AJ improves plant stress resistance needs to be determined. Therefore, in this study, two treatments of AJ spraying and water spraying were set up to determine the enzyme activities related to the stress resistance of pak choi after 30 days of growth, and the potential mechanism of AJ’s influence on the stress resistance of pak choi was revealed by transcriptome, metabolome, and rhizome microbiome analyses. Microbial community analysis revealed that the application of AJ does not alter microbial abundance in the rhizosphere; however, it can improve microbial diversity and enrich Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes in the pak choi rhizosphere. Metabolomic analysis revealed that these phyla were significantly positively correlated, with highly upregulated metabolites. Our findings suggest that AJ recruits beneficial microorganisms (BMs) in the rhizosphere and stimulates the expression of genes and metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid and glucosinolate biosynthesis, as well as glutathione and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathways. The use of AJ could considerably minimise the use of pesticides and fertilisers and improve the quality of the ecological environment.

Combined benefits of fermented washed rice water and NPK mineral fertilizer on plant growth and soil fertility over three field planting cycles

Washed rice water (WRW) is the leftover water after washing rice grains and is usually discarded. However, WRW contains nutrients leached from rice, making it a potential plant fertilizer. Reusing WRW promotes better water governance, particularly in the face of increased freshwater needs due to population expansion and climate change. Recent experiments in rain shelters have demonstrated the advantages of using WRW as fertilizer. Building on this, our study assessed WRW's efficacy in an open field against NPK fertilizer, both individually and in combination. The treatments were: R3 (3-day fermented WRW), N1 (full recommended NPK rate), N0.5R3 (half NPK rate and R3), and CON (tap water only). These treatments were tested over three consecutive planting cycles of choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) vegetable. At the end of each planting cycle, measurements were taken for the plant's growth, nutrient content and uptake, as well as various soil chemical properties and bacterial population. Plants were watered daily with 5 mm WRW (R3 and N0.5R3) or tap water (N1 and CON). N0.5R3 showed the best results in terms of plant growth, nutrient content, uptake, and soil nutrient levels. N0.5R3 supplied the most nutrients, especially N, P, and K. Increased plant growth also led to increased plant uptake of nutrients, including micronutrients. Macronutrients had a greater impact on plant biomass than micronutrients, as R3 and N1 had similar results. R3 soils had higher bacterial populations but were more acidic than N1 soils. The negative effect of NPK on bacteria was partially offset by combining NPK with WRW as N0.5R3. No carryover effects were observed, likely because of the high nutrient leaching from heavy rains. These findings confirm WRW's is an effective fertilizer in open fields, but measures like surface mulching are crucial to minimize nutrient leaching prior to its use.

A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique for the detection of seed-borne fungi in choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. Parchinensis)

In the present study seed-born fungi in choy sum (Brassica Chinensis Var. Parchinensis) was detected through a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique. Four common species of seed-borne fungi namely, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium namyslowskii, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Aspergillus niger were found to grow in choy sum in southern China. A novel finding was that P. decumbens had the greatest inhibition of the germination of Choy sum seeds, resulting in a non-germination rate exceeding 62.8%. The existing standardized seed sterilization treatment failed to completely kill P. decumbens, so a way to nondestructively identify and filter out P. decumbens–infected seeds wereevolved is urgently needed. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved a discrimination accuracy of 95% in on-line nondestructive detection of P. decumbens–infected choy sum seeds. By detailing the design and application of an innovative product, this study lays a foundation for the development of intelligent equipment, and it provides a decision-making basis for seed breeding industrialization and germplasm supervision. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 689-694, 2023 (June) Special

A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique for the detection of seed-borne fungi in choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. Parchinensis)

In the present study seed-born fungi in choy sum (Brassica Chinensis Var. Parchinensis) was detected through a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based nondestructive technique. Four common species of seed-borne fungi namely, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium namyslowskii, Lichtheimia corymbifera, and Aspergillus niger were found to grow in choy sum in southern China. A novel finding was that P. decumbens had the greatest inhibition of the germination of Choy sum seeds, resulting in a non-germination rate exceeding 62.8%. The existing standardized seed sterilization treatment failed to completely kill P. decumbens, so a way to nondestructively identify and filter out P. decumbens–infected seeds wereevolved is urgently needed. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy–based partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved a discrimination accuracy of 95% in on-line nondestructive detection of P. decumbens–infected choy sum seeds. By detailing the design and application of an innovative product, this study lays a foundation for the development of intelligent equipment, and it provides a decision-making basis for seed breeding industrialization and germplasm supervision. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 689-694, 2023 (June) Special

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of High-Glucosinolate-Synthesis Lines of Brassica rapa.

Excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are associated with the development of various diseases, including cancer. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties, and doubled haploid lines (DHLs) of Brassica rapa with high GSL contents (HGSL) were intentionally developed from two edible subspecies of Brassica rapa: B. rapa subsp. trilocularis and B. rapa subsp. chinensis. The purpose of the present study is to assess the capacity of HGSL DHLs to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, compared to pak choi as a parental control. Our findings demonstrate that HGSL DH lines effectively suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, leading to the reduced levels of nitric oxide at non-toxic concentrations. Additionally, these lines exhibited scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species and free radicals. The enhanced antioxidant capacity of HGSL DHLs was mechanistically attributed to the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, such as NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1). Furthermore, we confirmed that these effects were mediated through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway via p38 phosphorylation. Moreover, HGSL DHLs demonstrated inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. Collectively, our results indicate that HGSL DHLs possess better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties compared to the parental control pak choi in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that HGSL DHLs of Brassica rapa could be considered as a beneficial daily vegetable for reducing the risk of inflammation-associated diseases.

Comprehensive metabolome and growth effects of thiamethoxam uptake and accumulation from soil on pak choi

Extensive use of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TMX) results in its deposition in soil, which can then be absorbed and translocated in vegetables. Here we analyzed the comprehensive effects of TMX on pak choi. The TMX translocation factor (TF) was 0.37–11.65 and 0.46–39.75 for low and high treatments over 28 d, respectively, indicating its ready ability to move from the roots to the leaves of these plants. This uptake was associated with significant decrease in the fresh weight, and increase in vitamin C (VC), soluble sugars and soluble solid of pak choi. A metabolomic analysis revealed that fatty acids and purine nucleosides significantly decreased, and flavonoids and carbohydrates increased in the presence of TMX. TMX exposure thus influenced plant growth and disrupted the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism pathways. Our study raises concerns for food safety risk associated with TMX-contaminated soil.

Atmospheric Application of Trace Amounts of Nitric Oxide Increases Yield, Reduces Cd Concentration, and Improves Antioxidant Properties in Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soil

Atmospheric Application of Trace Amounts of Nitric Oxide Increases Yield, Reduces Cd Concentration, and Improves Antioxidant Properties in Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soil

Fuzzy Logic dalam Pengontrolan Nilai Intensitas Cahaya LED pada Mini Plant Factory Budidaya Tanaman Pak Choy (Brassica Chinensis L.) Hidroponik

Ideally, the Pak Choy plant (Brassica Chinensis L) is cultivated with microenvironmental conditions of temperature 150C- 320C, humidity 60% - 80% and the same intensity of sunlight as other vegetable plants, namely in a vegetative vase of 300-400 micromols/m2/second and a period of generative 500-1000 micromols/m2/sec . The challenge of agriculture today is to meet the increasing need for food with limited land and uncertain plant microenvironmental conditions, one solution to this problem is planting using a plant factory system. Fuzzy logic has an effective method for controlling plant factory control systems, due to its flexibility and simple calculations. The purpose of this research is to find the PWM value in the plant factory control system that suits the optimal needs of pak choy vegetable cultivation. There are 4 stages in the research, namely the primary data input of the LED plant factory, Fuzzyfication, Fuzzy Interface System and Defuzzification. Data was taken using a lux meter and there were a total of 56 fuzzy rules and 4 fuzzy rules that did not have a value of 0. The lighting level/light intensity control system based on fuzzy logic was obtained with a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) value of 872.1662 for a light intensity set point of 8000 Lux.

Characterization and application of Fe-modified biochar alleviating Cr(VI) stress in pak choi seedling cultivated in Cr-polluted hydroponics

Chromium (Cr) is one of the common environmental pollutants, which causes severe health hazards on human health and environmental security. In this study, we characterized two biochars, a raw biochar (RBC) and a Fe-modified biochar (MBC) made from poplar wood chips and determined the effect of the two biochars on remediation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in hydroponic system by monitoring Pak choi growth. Results showed the surface area, pore number and pore volume were significantly higher in MBC than in PBC, but the pore size was larger in PBC than in MBC. When compared to the control, low concentrations of Cr(VI) (≤2 mg L−1) promoted the growth and biomass production of Pak choi by 10–78%. In contrast, the high concentrations of Cr(VI) (≥4 mg L−1) showed a significantly reduction of the growth and biomass production of Pak choi by 10–28%. Fe-modified biochar (MBC) had a more significant impact than RBC on the remediation of Cr in the Cr(VI) pollution and improved growth and biomass production of Pak choi to a greater extent. Our study indicated that MBC has a better effect on degrading Cr(VI) pollution. The findings provide scientific basis and reference for the remediation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems by using biochar.

Effect of Several Types and Doses of Organic Fertilizer on The Growth and Production of Pakcoy Plant (Brassica chinensis)

Pakcoy is one of the Brassicaceae family’s vegetable plants which is currently highly very popular with the public. Pakcoy production in West Sumatra continues to decline due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers. Chicken manure is a particular kind of organic fertilizer alternative that can replace inorganic fertilisers. This study’s objective is to ascertain the impact of various organic fertilizer types with different bio activators and doses on development and plant production. Experiment was compiled utilizing a factorial pattern set up in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the first treatment of organic fertilizer varieties, namely: Chicken manure (CM), Chicken manure with N21 bio activator (CMN), and Chicken manure with banana weevil LMO bio activator (CMM). The second treatment of doses of organic fertilizers: 5, 10, 15, and 20 t.ha−1. The treatment combined was repeated 3 times, for a total of 36 experimental units and each experimental unit had 9 clumps of plants. The measured value was examined using the STAT program and followed by the DMRT test. The findings indicated that the application of chicken manure + banana weevil LMO gave the best results toward leaf length, leaf width, canopy width, number of leaves, wet weight, and dry weight pakcoy plant

Hyperspectral image ground-object identification method based on spectral segment fusion combination and depth residual network

An algorithm based on the spectral segment fusion combination and deep residual network is proposed to improve the recognition accuracy of the objects of interest in the WHU-Hi dataset, particularly for cruciferous plants. The accuracy of the objects of interest was effectively improved, as well as the recognition accuracy of other ground objects, and the time efficiency was improved as well. The optimal combination of spectral segments was determined, and spatial and spectral information was extracted from the deep residual network for ground object recognition research. Experimental results showed that the classification accuracy of the cruciferous plants of interest, namely, pak choi, Brassica chinensis, and small Brassica chinensis, increased from 81.36%, 84.2%, and 83.8% to 98.32%, 99.22%, and 98.35%, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of interested trees and grass also increased from 77.6% and 89.09% to 99.12% and 98.33%, respectively, and the overall accuracy, KAPPA, and average accuracy of the three datasets were all improved. The time efficiency was also improved by an order of magnitude.

Study of ammonia removal in aquaponic system with Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica chinensis (var. parachinensis)) and mechanical filter for tilapia cultivation

Water quality is one of the important factors to increase the success of fish farming production apart from disease factors and fish seed quality. Oreochromis niloticus or commonly called tilapia is one of the fish that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. The challenges of increasing intensive aquaculture production are stocking density and high protein feed while maintaining good water quality. High stocking densities and high protein feed can increase ammonia in the water which can cause death in fish, for that some quality control of aquaculture can be done, namely using mechanical filters (Granular activated carbon and biofoam) and aquaponic. The difference between these two methods was in the media used, mechanical filters used granular activated carbon and biofoam, while aquaponics used Chinese flowering cabbage (caisin) (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). To determine the effectiveness of reducing ammonia from the two methods, this study will compare water quality parameters with mechanical filters and aquaponic filter methods by using plant medi, namely (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). This research was conducted for 30 days to measure several water quality parameters including temperature, DO, pH, TDS and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The results during the study showed that the recirculating aquaponic system was better than the recirculating system with a mechanical filter (Granular activated carbon and biofoam) for SR, FCR and TDS parameters while the temperature, pH, DO and TAN parameters for 30 days were not much different between the recirculating aquaponic system and the recirculating system using a mechanical filter (Granular activated carbon and biofoam).

CULTIVATION OF FAMILY MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ORGANIC RICE IN PAYU PUTAT VILLAGE, WEST PRABUMULIH SUBDISTRICT, PRABUMULIH CITY

Payu Putat Village, known for its fertile soil and ample land, has excelled in vegetable production, including rice, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Despite these advantages, insufficient agricultural knowledge and management have given rise to environmental challenges, such as floods, surplus harvests leading to waste, and depressed vegetable prices due to oversupply, consequently diminishing farmer incomes. To combat these issues, PT. Pertamina EP Adera Field launched the Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Agriculture program (PSRLB) in Desa Payu Putat, focusing on the Family Medicinal Plant and Organic Rice Cultivation (Bu Togar Panik) sub-unit. Bu Togar Panik's mission is to educate and support farmers in transitioning from conventional to organic farming methods, emphasizing the effective use of household waste as organic fertilizer. The program aspires to transform Desa Payu Putat into an organic agriculture hub, offering a diverse range of commodities and setting an example for other villages to harness natural and human resources for organic farming. Crops include organic rice and eight vegetable types: water spinach, long beans, basil, cherry tomatoes, purple eggplant, bird's eye chili, bok choy, and cucumbers. Additionally, nine Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) varieties, such as red ginger, pineapples, galangal, sambang, and moringa leaves, are cultivated. Launched in 2022, the program in 2023 includes activities such as organic rice cultivation training, MOL and organic pesticide preparation training, herbal basic and advanced training, facility and infrastructure procurement, group management training, and land development. Bu Togar Panik has demonstrated positive outcomes, such as organic compost and MOL production, diverse organic crops, and the formation of local farmer groups.

Quality Otomation System and monitoring of Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis L.) in Hydroponic Greenhouses based on Fuzzy Logic using Arduino Uno

Hydroponic greenhouses is a form of maintenance optimal plants with minimal water use. However, growing plants in this environment requires careful monitoring and control of various parameters such as pH and nutrient availability. In this study we used NFT Hydroponics (Nutrient Film Technique) a soilless plant cultivation technique that uses nutrient solutions flowing in shallow channels under plant roots. This method allows efficient and optimal plant growth with less use of water and nutrients compared to conventional cultivation. 
 The pakcoy quality monitoring system in this hydroponic greenhouse is made using an Arduino Uno microcontroller equipped with a dfrobot pH sensor and a dfrobot tds sensor to monitor the quality of the bok choy plants automatically. We get the data by the tool will be processed using fuzzy logic to control the pH quality of the water and the nutrients of the bok choy plants to maximize the efficiency and production of the bok choy plants. The results showed that using this technology can monitor and control the water quality and environment for bok choy growth efficiently and accurately.

Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS C 5 in Brassica rapa L.

Brassica rapa L., which includes Chinese cabbage, turnip, and pak choi, has more complex flowering time regulation than does Arabidopsis thaliana due to the presence of multiple paralogous flowering time genes. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the key genes regulating the flowering time, and B. rapa has four FLC paralogs. BrFLC5 on the reference genome is deemed a pseudogene because of a mutation (from G to A) in the splice site of the third intron, but there are some accessions with a G nucleotide in the splice site. In this study, we genotyped 310 B. rapa accessions and found that 19 had homozygous and 81 had heterozygous putative functional BrFLC5 alleles. Accessions of turnip showed the highest proportion with a functional BrFLC5 allele. BrFLC5 acts as a floral repressor when overexpressed in A. thaliana. The BrFLC5 expression level varied in pre-vernalized plants, and this transcriptional variation was not associated with the G/A polymorphism in the third intron. Three accessions having a higher BrFLC5 expression in pre-vernalized plants had a 584-bp insertion in the promoter region. Many regions homologous to this 584-bp sequence are present in the B. rapa genome, and this 584-bp inserted region has tandem duplications of an AT-rich sequence in its central region. The possibility that a high expression of a functional BrFLC5 could contribute to producing premature bolting-resistant lines in B. rapa vegetables is discussed.