Pairs Of Slides Research Articles

Visual preference as a test of infant word comprehension

ABSTRACTThree experiments explored the usefulness of a visual preference technique for assessing word comprehension in infants. Pairs of slides were presented, and visual fixation to each recorded. The parent (in Experiments 1 and 2) or the experimenter (in Experiment 3) then prompted the child with the name of one of the slides (“Find the ——,” “Do you see the ——?”), and visual fixation to each was recorded again. Percentage fixation to the picture matching the word referent following the prompt question was compared to initial preference for that picture, providing a measure of the acceptability of the picture as a word referent, independent of its initial salience.The first experiment demonstrated increases in comprehension from 8–14 and 14–20 months. The second experiment established longitudinal stability of comprehension from 14 to 20 months. Word comprehension scores were related to parent report of vocabulary knowledge and difficulty of words. The final experiment measured 1-week test-retest reliability of the word comprehension score at 14 and 20 months and replicated the effect of word difficulty. Methodological and theoretical implications of these results are discussed, in particular, the profound effect of stimulus salience and the lack of sex differences in word comprehension.

Losing Hair, Losing Points?: The Effects of Male Pattern Baldness on Social Impression Formation1

In the voluminous research on the psychology of physical appearance, the psychosocial effects of common male pattern baldness (MPB) have been largely neglected. The present experiment examined the influence of MPB on the initial social perceptions of men by both sexes. Eighteen pairs of photographic slides of balding and nonbalding control men were matched on the actual age, race, and other physical attributes of the men. In a first‐impressions context, 54 men and 54 women rated these stimulus persons on seven dimensions of social perception. MPB caused generally less favorable initial impressions, including lower ratings of physical attractiveness, judgments of less desirable personal and interpersonal characteristics, and misperceptions of age. The moderating effects of perceivers' sex and age and stimulus persons' age were examined, mostly without consequence. The baldness stereotype was substantially attenuated when physical attractiveness was statistically controlled.

SIMPLE NON-INVASIVE EARLY DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIC CANCER TISSUES OF INTERNAL ORGANS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF CANCER TISSUE FROM SURROUNDING AREAS INFECTED BY CANCER RELATED VIRUSES, AS WELL AS EVALUATION OF THEIR MICRO-CIRCULATORY CONDITION & DRUG UPTAKE USING THE BI-DIGITAL O-RING TEST

In 1984, the author first developed a simple, quick, non-invasive, economical method of detecting cancer in specific internal organs, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT), with a microscope slide of specific cancer of a specific internal organ as a reference control substance. The detection rate for cancer screening was much greater than with any standard diagnostic tests. When imaging was performed using the BDORT, the area of positive response to the cancer positive slide was often much greater than the actual size of the cancer itself. This was due to the fact that most of the cancer tissue of the lungs or digestive system contained viruses such as HTLV-3 (often found in adenocarcinoma of the lung, stomach, head of pancreas, and colon) or HTLV-1 (often found in small-cell carcinoma of the lung and certain types of leukemia). The extent of the virus positive area was often far greater than that of the cancer tissue itself and was distributed in a much greater area surrounding the cancer. For this reason, the virus alone showed a response which could be mistaken for cancer tissue. The author succeeded in differentiating the exact location of cancer tissue itself from surrounding cancer related virus (with or without other microbes) positive area by using a pair of identical microscope slides with the same cancer tissue. One of the slides was exposed to ultra-violet rays (peak wavelength of 253.7 nm mercury vapor atomic resonance spectral line) for 40 seconds-4 minutes. After this exposure, the BDORT response to the virus (with or without other microbes) associated with the cancer tissue was completely eliminated, while the response to the cancer tissue was maintained. Using an ultraviolet exposed cancer slide, the imaging of the part of the body which responded to this virus-free cancer slide indicated the actual location of the cancer tissue, which was often confirmed by standard X-ray or other imaging methods when the thickness of the tumor was relatively large. These cancers detectable by standard laboratory tests had strikingly weakening response to the BDORT (-3.5 and -4), with ultra-violet exposed cancer slide as well as for antibody of Oncogen C-fos. The smallest size of cancer tissue detected by this method was less than 1mm in diameter in the very early stage of the cancer, which usually cannot be detected by current laboratory tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Esthetic preference for rectangles of vertical and horizontal orientation

Esthetic preference for vertical and horizontal rectangles was tested. The study was stimulated by renewed interest in television screen aspect ratios. Previous work by Schiffman (1966, 1969, 1978) on rectangle orientation had resulted in contradictory findings. In the present study, pairs of slides of identical solid-colored rectangles that varied only in horizontal or vertical orientation were embedded in a larger protocol of similar slide pairs and presented to 183 male and female undergraduate volunteers. Other slide stimuli were also presented and tested for preference and self-reports of relaxation upon viewing. The findings demonstrate no evidence of any predisposition toward a preference for one orientation over the other.

Acquisition of Route Network Knowledge by Males and Females

Abstract Male and female subjects were tested for spatial ability and were shown slides depicting pairs of intersecting suburban routes. They saw each route either one or three times. Pairs of test slides were then presented, and measures were taken of the judged angle and direct distance between the two scenes as well as of the time taken to make the judgment. In addition, subjects made judgments of the travel distances and placed target locations on a sketch map of the route network. The crucial comparison was between those judgments made across routes and those made within routes. Because these did not differ, it appeared that network knowledge had been acquired during original learning. Males were more accurate than females in angular judgment and in travel distance estimation. Further analysis of the angular estimates, using circular statistics, illustrated a tendency for females to underestimate the wider angles. The correlations between the various measures of spatial ability were low, suggesting t...

Memorization and “feature selection” in the acquisition of natural concepts in pigeons

Pigeons were trained on a successive discrimination task using complex visual stimuli. In Experiment 1, each photographic slide that contained a person had a corresponding “matched background” slide, one that showed the same scene with the person removed. Birds trained on a human positive discrimination acquired the matched pairs problem, but birds trained on a human negative discrimination performed poorly. This suggests a feature-positive effect for complex stimulus categories. Memorization control groups that were trained on a human-irrelevant discrimination also performed poorly with matched slides. However, subsequent experiments demonstrated that these effects depended on the use of matched pairs of slides. The human-as-feature effect was not obtained when human positive and human negative groups were subsequently trained with non-matched slides (Experiment 2), and memorization control groups acquired a human-irrelevant discrimination when trained with nonmatched slides (Experiment 3). Additional tests conducted in Experiments 2 and 3 found that performance was not disrupted when either the reinforced or nonreinforced slides were replaced. This effect was obtained when the category was relevant to the discrimination (Experiment 2) and when the category was irrelevant to the discrimination (Experiment 3). Finally, Experiment 4 demonstrated that memorization of a set of slides is possible when slides are sufficiently dissimilar, (i.e., nonmatched) but performance is not as good when the category exemplars are irrelevant to the discrimination.

Multiple solid-phase system for storage of dry ready-for-use reagents and efficient performance of immunoenzymatic and other assays

A modular system of independent but matching solid phases coated with the reagents for the slide immunoenzymatic assay (SIA) was developed. Antigen, antiserum, second antibody labeled with enzyme, and substrate are immobilized as dry films onto circles surrounded by a hydrophobic material on separate glass slides. The reagents stay on the circles ready for use for at least 1 year. Circles coated with the two reagents involved in each step of the assay are approximated to one another by pairing slides, one on top of the other. Hinged slide frames ensure exact superposition of circles with matching reagents separated by a gap 1 mm thick. This is occupied by a liquid column that forms from a 10 μl drop of water or buffer pre-deposited onto the circles of the bottom slide. The liquid bridge provides the milieu for interaction of reagents. Pairs of slides are incubated as needed for each step. The enzymatic reaction of the last step is read with a vertical beam spectrophometer. The same multiple-phase system can be used for immunofluorescence. Reactions occur faster using the system than when reagents are admixed in solution.

Effect of auditory numerical information on infants' looking behavior: Contradictory evidence.

Seven-month-old infants saw pairs of slides of two and three objects while listening to either two or three drum beats. Subjects looked longer at the noncorresponding display, particularly during the second block of 16 trials. These results are not in accord with those of Starkey, Spelke, and Gelman (1983). Although 7-month-old infants' attentiveness to a visually presented numerical event might be influenced by auditory information, the data call into question the suggestion that this influence is mediated by crossmodal matching of numerical information.

Cognitive processes and violent behaviour in young people

Forty-three subjects from secondary school took part in a correlation study investigating the nature of cognitive processes involved in the presentation of violent behaviour. Measures of violence were scores on "aggression items" of a self-report questionnaire. The experimental procedure involved binocular tachistoscopic presentation of neutral and violent slide pairs. Descriptions of the composite stimuli were scored for violent content. The main finding was that subjects who had reported more involvement in violent acts also reported seeing more violence in the stimulus array. This association held irrespective of age, IQ, socio-economic status and starting mood. It is argued that these findings indicate a perceptual, rather than a response, bias. A role for this bias as a possible maintaining condition in the presentation of aggressive behaviour is presented. The implications of the present findings for interventions with young people are discussed. It is suggested that cognitive techniques may prove more effective than traditional behavioural programmes.

Utilization of static and kinetic information for depth by young Malaŵians

The utilization of static and kinetic information for depth by Malaŵian children and young adults in making monocular relative size judgments was investigated. Subjects viewed pairs of objects or photographic slides of the same pairs and judged which was the larger of each pair. The sizes and positions of the objects were manipulated such that the more distant object subtended a visual angle equal to, 80% of, or 70% of the nearer object. Motor parallax information was manipulated by allowing or preventing head movement. All subjects displayed sensitivity to static information for depth when the two objects subtended equal visual angles. When the more distant object was larger but subtended a smaller visual angle than the nearer object, subjects tended to base their judgments on retinal size. Motion parallax information increased accuracy of judgments of three-dimensional displays but reduced accuracy of judgments of pictorial displays. Comparisons are made between these results and those for American subjects.

Discrimination shift learning and response inhibition of moderately and severely mentally retarded and non-retarded children.

Simple two-choice discrimination shift learning performances of 20 moderately and severely mentally retarded children were compared with those of 20 non-retarded ones. A learning task arranged with a pair of yellow circle and green triangle slides was used. No difference was found between mentally retarded and non-retarded children in the learning rate of initial discrimination, but the mentally retarded attained shift discrimination more slowly than the non-retarded. Also, the extinction of initial positive responses in mentally retarded children was slower than in non-retarded children. It was suggested that the difficulty of discrimination shift in severely subnormal children is due to failure to suppress a previously learned response to prior positive cues.

Recognition Accuracy as Evidence of Category-Consistency Effects in Person Memory

A forced-choice recognition paradigm was employed to test hypotheses regarding memory for information that is consistent or inconsistent with basic-level category representations. Slides and descriptive statements portraying nine stimulus characters were presented to subjects under impression-formation instructions. A subsequent recognition task required subjects to choose which one of a pair of stimulus slides had initially been described by the statement given as a cue for that trial. The “stimulus triad” (statement cue and two slide choices) for each trial was systematically structured in terms of basic category consistency and superordinate category consistency of the relationships among these three stimulus elements. Results from this recognition-accuracy task are compared with earlier reported findings of category-consistency effects in recall (Brewer, Dull, & Lui, 1981). The overall pattern of results from both measures indicates that memory for consistent information is category-based, but that me...

Sexual Orientation as Measured by Perceptual Dominance in Binocular Rivalry

Binocular rivalry is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when two different images are presented, one in either eve, in a binocular viewing device. Past studies have indicated that people's perceptual reports in a binocular situation reflect their actual feelings, affinities, and dispositions. In this study, groups of self-identified heterosexual (straight) and homosexual (gay) men served as subjects. They were presented with a series of sexually contrasted pairs of slides (heterosexual content paired with homosexual content) in a binocular device. The pictures they viewed contained specific heterosexual or homosexual visual stimuli with respect to the sexual preferences of men. It was found that perceptual reports significantly corresponded to sexual preference, with gay men reporting images of men and straight men reporting images of women.

Hemispheric Lateralization and Aesthetic Judgement

Pairs of slides depicting works of art were presented tachistoscopically to the left or right visual half-fields. Subjects performed an aesthetic judgement task, selecting the better work of art in each pair. Subjects with highly lateralized cerebral organization, as inferred by handedness or sex, performed significantly better in response to slides presented in one visual half-field (VHF) than in response to slides presented in the opposite VHF. Some of these subjects showed a left VHF superiority, while others showed a right RHF superiority. Subjects who were less lateralized showed no significant tendency to perform better in response to slides presented in one VHF or the other. The results are interpreted as an indication that subjects will perform a given task in a lateralized or a non-lateralized manner as a function of the interaction between individual differences in cerebral organization and the cognitive processes used to perform the task.

Adaptation and Cognition

In a previously reported experimental study from an ongoing program of research on the creative process, the type of cognition designated as homospatial thinking was shown to function in the creation of literary metaphor. Homospatial thinking consists of actively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same space, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities. Under experimental conditions involving facilitation of homospatial thinking through presentation of superimposed visual images, and control presentation of the same images separated and side by side, the superimposed presentation stimulated significantly more creative literary metaphors. In the currently reported experiment, the effect of such stimuli on creation in the visual arts was assessed. Forty-three artist subjects were randomly assigned either to a control group viewing three sets of slide photographs paired side by side on a projection screen or to an experimental group viewing the identical pairs of slide images superimposed on each other. Each subject created a pastel drawing stimulated by each of the three slide pairs. Resulting drawings were categorized according to the type of composition produced and quality of all drawings were independently rated by two internationally prominent artists. The primary results were that drawings produced in the superimposed slide condition which contained elements from both slides intermingled together were rated significantly more creative than a single element composition and also more creative than similar composition drawings stimulated by the separated slide condition (p less than .05). Production of a final drawing in which individual components are recognizable and intermingled together in response to the superimposed stimulus condition indicates the operation of homospatial thinking involving elements occupying the same space. Consequently, the results indicate a relationship between homospatial thinking and creative visual artistic effects.

A Simplified Projection System for Single-Frame Stereoscopic Fundus Slides

BOTH halves of a stereo pair of slides can be placed in the same 35-mm frame,' but stereoscopic projection of such slides requires an expensive slide projector attachment. An inexpensive slide projector adaptor that allows stereoscopic projection of single-frame stereoscopic slides and that can be assembled from available parts is described. The device consists of two base-in prisms to which polarizing filters are attached. A frame holds the prisms in place over the projector lens (Fig 1).

Personality and preference for painting style.

40 university students were asked to choose between the cubist or surrealist from among 15 pairs of slides of paintings according to their aesthetic preference. Their choices were correlated with scores on Rotter's internal vs external locus of control scale. The data support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between preference for cubism over surrealism and internal locus control and vice versa.

Plants, complexity, and pleasure in urban and suburban environments

This paper describes results of an experiment investigating the role of plant materials in affecting human response to the environment. Six pairs of photographic slides, representing five different urban or suburban landscape contexts (residential, industrial, urban commercial, stirp high way, and park) were selected—one without plants and one with plants. Other variables were held constant for each pair of slides. Groups of 10 to 15 subjects evaluated each slide for pleasure and complexity. For each pair of slides, scores of pleasure and complexity were compared using thet-test for independence of means. Results indicate that while plants generally increase pleasurable response to all landscape contexts, a hypothesized inverted U-shaped function between pleasure and complexity across the five landscape contexts was not adequately supported. The relationship between symbolic/associational affects and complexity affects of plants is discussed.

The size-color illusion.

Slides were made from Munsell color chips in three sizes, four hues, and two chromas; all had the same intensity. A direct-comparisons, forced-choice procedure was used with 100 male and female volunteers from psychology courses. When pairs of slides had the same size and chroma, the order of decreasing apparent size was red-purple, yellow-red, purple-blue, and green. At chroma/8, all comparisons were significant except yellow-red over purple-blue. At chroma/4, the same order was found, but the effect was not pronounced. When pairs were made up of identical hues but different chromas, the square with chroma/4 (less saturation) appeared significantly larger.

An Investigation of Lorenz's "Babyness"

FULLARD, WILLIAM, and REILING, ANNE M. An Investigation of Lorenz's Babyness. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1076, 47, 1191-1193. Lorenz's concept of babyness as an innate releaser for infant caretaking behavior was investigated in relation to its developmental aspects. 20 males and 20 females at grade levels 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and adults were presented with pairs of slides depicting human adults, human infants, animal adults, and animal infants and asked for their preference. Results indicated that for females there was a striking change in preference from adults to infants occurring between grades 6 and 8. Males also showed a significant increase in infant preference, but it was not so dramatic and occurred at least 2 years later. There was no difference in preference for animal versus human slides.