Paired Colorectal Cancer Tissues Research Articles

The miR-1269a/PCDHGA9/CXCR4/β-catenin pathway promotes colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. This research focuses on investigating the impact and underlying molecular mechanisms of protocadherin gamma subfamily A, 9 (PCDHGA9) on the invasion and metastasis of CRC, aiming to identify more precise molecular markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. PCDHGA9 expression was detected using quantitative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in 63 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues. Differential gene expression from high-throughput sequencing was analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) to explore the biological functions of PCDHGA9 and its potential regulated genes. Bioinformatics tools were employed to explore potential upstream regulatory microRNAs of PCDHGA9. Dual-luciferase assays were performed to demonstrate the regulation between PCDHGA9 and miR-1269a. Protein mass spectrometry suggested an interaction between PCDHGA9 and HOXA1. JASPAR predicted that HOXA1 may act as a transcription factor of CXCR4. Coimmunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase assays, and nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation experiments confirmed the molecular mechanism involving PCDHGA9, CXCR4, HOXA1, and β-catenin. Transwell, wound healing, and western blot assays were conducted to confirm the impact of PCDHGA9, miR-1269a, and CXCR4 on the invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) functions of CRC cells in in vitro experiments. A whole-body fluorescence imaging system was used to evaluate the combined impact of miR-1269a and PCDHGA9 on the invasion and metastasis of CRC in in vivo experiments. The expression of PCDHGA9 was found to be lower in CRC tissues compared with their corresponding adjacent tissues. Low expression of PCDHGA9 potentially correlated with worse prognosis and increased chances of invasion and metastasis in CRC. miR-1269a was highly expressed in CRC tissues and acted as a negative regulator for PCDHGA9, promoting invasion, migration, and EMT of CRC cells. PCDHGA9's interaction with HOXA1 downregulated CXCR4, a transcription factor, leading to accumulation of β-catenin and further promoting invasion, migration, and EMT of CRC cells. PCDHGA9, acting as a tumor suppressor, is downregulated by miR-1269a. The low level of PCDHGA9 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by releasing its interaction with HOXA1, promoting the expression of CXCR4, and causing invasion, migration, and EMT in CRC.

Abstract 2444: Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases 8 are significantly increased in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and mRNA levels are increased in 71% of tumors vs normal tissue

Abstract Introduction: Matrix metalloproteinases 8 (MMP-8) is a member of the MMP protease family mainly involved in degrading extracellular matrix. A variety of cells express MMP-8 and during pathological inflammation neutrophils release IL-1, IL-8, TNF-α, and GM-CSF which triggers MMP-8 secretion. MMP-8 aids tumors in evading immune detection during the development of CRC and also regulates the role of endothelial cell in angiogenesis. Increased MMP-8 tumor expression and serum levels has been noted in hepatocellular cancer and melanoma patients and are associated with adverse outcomes. There is limited data regarding blood levels of MMP-8 in CRC patients. This study compared preoperative (PreOp) plasma MMP-8 levels in patients with CRC and benign colonic pathology (BCP) undergoing bowel resection. Method: Patients with CRC or BCP who had elective colorectal resection who were enrolled in an IRB approved tissue and data bank for whom preop plasma samples were available were eligible. Data analyzed included demographic, clinical, operative, and final pathology reports. Blood specimens were quickly processed and plasma stored at -80°C. MMP-8 levels in Preop plasma samples were measured via ELISA, in duplicate, and reported as median +95% CI (ng/ml). MMP8 expression was examined in paired CRC and normal mucosal tissue samples from a subset of the CRC patients (n=20) via QRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted on formalin-preserved tissue sections (tumor/normal pairs) following standard protocols. The concept of MMP8 as CRC diagnostic marker was evaluated by assessing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The analysis was done with the Mann-Whitney test (significance, p<0.05). Results: 96 CRC patients (74% colon and 26% rectal cancer) and 96 BCP patients (32% adenoma, 64% diverticulitis, 4% other) met entry criteria. The CRC stage distribution was: Stage 1, 26%; Stage 2, 26% Stage 3, 40%; and stage 4, 8%. Median plasma MMP-8 levels were higher in CRC (8.21, CI: 6.92, 10.81) compared to BCP patients (5.59, CI: 4.68, 7.30; p<0.001). A non-significant increase in median MMP-8 levels were noted in STG IV vs STG I and STG II and STG III was found (38-89%). IHC validated the expression of MMP-8 in CRC tumors relative to normal colon. Increased expression of MMP-8 was seen in 71% of the tested CRC samples (12/17). The AUC value for the ROC curve was 0.653 (sensitivity 35%, specificity 0.95%). Conclusion: The median MMP-8 level in CRC patients was found to be 47% higher compared to BCP patients and 89% higher in stage IV vs stage II patients (p=0.06). The tumor is the most likely the cause of elevated plasma levels. Increased tumor expression of MMP-8 mRNA was noted in 71% of tumors. The low sensitivity of the ROC curve suggests MMP8 alone has no value as diagnostic factor. Larger studies are justified. Citation Format: Chandana S. K. Herath Mudiyanselage, Anuj R. Sharma, Neil Mitra, Aashutosh Sah, Xiaohong Yan, Pablo Palacios, Vesna Cekic, Richard L. Whelan. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases 8 are significantly increased in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and mRNA levels are increased in 71% of tumors vs normal tissue [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2444.

SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and β-catenin nuclear localization are associated with colorectal cancer progression

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy with high incidence and poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and potent therapeutic targets. It has been reported that SATB1 is associated with the malignant progression in CRC. To explore the role of SATB1 in CRC progression and the underlying mechanism, we evaluated the expression of SATB1 in the paired CRC tissues with immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the expression of SATB1 in lymph node metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion, and that in distant organ metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion. The retrospective analysis showed that patients with high expression of SATB1 had a significantly worse prognosis than those with negative and moderate expression. In vitro experiments that employing SATB1 over-expressing and depleted CRC cell lines confirmed that SATB1 contributes to cell proliferation and colonization, while inhibiting cell motility. Furthermore, the tissue immunofluorescence assay, Co-IP and Western blot were conducted to reveal that SATB1 induced translocation of β-catenin and formed a protein complex with it in the nuclei. In conclusion, SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and β-catenin nuclear localization are associated with the malignant progression and poor prognosis of CRC.

LINC00339 accelerates invasion and migration of colorectal cancer via mediating miRNA-30a-5p.

To analyze the biological function of LINC00339 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aim to provide directions in the early-stage treatment of CRC. LINC00339 level in 60 paired CRC tissues and paracancerous tissues was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The correlation between the LINC00339 level and clinical parameters was analyzed. Moreover, the LINC00339 level in CRC cell lines was determined as well. LINC00339 expression was changed in HCT-8 and HCT-116 cell lines by transfection of LINC00339 overexpression plasmid or anti-LINC00339. The regulatory effects of LINC00339 on the migratory and invasive abilities of CRC cells were evaluated through a series of functional experiments. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and rescue experiments were conducted to verify the interaction of LINC00339 and miRNA-30a-5p in mediating the progression of CRC. LINC00339 was upregulated in CRC tissues relative to paracancerous tissues. CRC patients with higher levels of LINC00339 had higher rates of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, and worse prognosis than those with lower levels. Knockdown of LINC00339 attenuated migratory and invasive abilities of HCT-116 cells. Overexpression of LINC00339 in HCT-8 obtained the opposite trends. In addition, we verified a negative correlation between LINC00339 and miRNA-30a-5p in CRC tissues. LINC00339 served as a ceRNA to absorb miRNA-30a-5p. Rescue experiments confirmed that miRNA-30a-5p knockdown revered the regulatory effects of LINC00339 on the migratory and invasive abilities of CRC cells. LINC00339 was closely correlated to metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. It accelerates CRC cells to migrate and invade via mediating miRNA-30a-5p.

Metabolomics analyses of cancer tissue from patients with colorectal cancer.

The alteration of metabolism is essential for the initiation and progression of numerous types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Metabolomics has been used to study CRC. At present, the reprogramming of the metabolism in CRC remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, comprehensive untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the paired CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues from patients with CRC (n=35) using ultra‑high‑performance liquid chromatography‑mass spectrometry. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis was performed on the differentially expressed metabolites. The changes in these differential metabolites were compared among groups of patients based on sex, anatomical tumor location, grade of tumor differentiation and stage of disease. A total of 927 metabolites were detected in the tissue samples, and 24 metabolites in the CRC tissue were significantly different compared with the adjacent normal tissue. The present study revealed that the levels of three amino acid metabolites were increased in the CRC tissue, specifically, N‑α‑acetyl‑ε‑(2‑propenal)‑Lys, cyclo(Glu‑Glu) and cyclo(Phe‑Glu). The metabolites with decreased levels in the CRC tissue included quinaldic acid (also referred to as quinoline‑2‑carboxilic acid), 17α‑ and 17β‑estradiol, which are associated with tumor suppression activities, as well as other metabolites such as, anhydro‑β‑glucose, Asp‑Arg, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE), lysophosphatidylinositol, carnitine, 5'‑deoxy‑5'‑(methylthio) adenosine, 2'‑deoxyinosine‑5'‑monophosphate and thiamine monophosphate. There was no difference in the levels of the differential metabolites between male and female patients. The differentiation of CRC also showed no impact on the levels of the differential metabolites. The levels of lysoPE were increased in the right side of the colon compared with the left side of the colon and rectum. Analysis of the different tumor stages indicated that 2‑aminobenzenesulfonic acid, P‑sulfanilic acid and quinoline‑4‑carboxylic acid were decreased in stageI CRC tissue compared with stageII,IIIandIV CRC tissue. The levels of N‑α‑acetyl‑ε‑(2‑propenal)‑Lys, methylcysteine and 5'‑deoxy‑5'‑(methylthio) adenosine varied at different stages of tumorigenesis. These differential metabolites were implicated in multiple metabolism pathways, including carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, nucleotide and hormone. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CRC tumors had altered metabolites compared with normal tissue. The data from the metabolic profile of CRC tissues in the present study provided supportive evidence to understand tumorigenesis.

Colonic stem cells from normal tissues adjacent to tumor drive inflammation and fibrosis in colorectal cancer

BackgroundIn colorectal cancer (CRC), the normal tissue adjacent to tumor (NAT) communicates actively with the tumor. Adult stem cells from the colon play a crucial role in the development of the colonic epithelium. In the tumor microenvironment, however, it is unclear what changes have occurred in colonic stem cells derived from NAT.MethodsUsing an intestinal stem cell culture system, we cultured colonic cells from NAT and paired CRC tissue, as well as cells from healthy tissue (HLT). Clonogenicity and differentiation ability were used to compare the function of clones from NAT, HLT and CRC tissues. RNA high-throughput sequencing of these clones was used to identify the molecular characteristics of NAT-derived clones. Coculture of clones from HLT and CRC was used to assess molecular changes.ResultsWe found that the morphological characteristics, clonogenic ability, and differentiation ability of NAT-derived clones were consistent with those of HLT-derived clones. However, NAT-derived clones changed at the molecular level. A number of genes were specifically activated in NAT. NAT-derived clones enriched pathways related to inflammation and fibrosis, including epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Our results also confirmed that NAT-derived clones could recruit fibroblasts in mice. In addition, HLT-derived clones showed high expression of FOSB when cocultured with tumor cells.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that colonic stem cells from NAT in the tumor microenvironment undergo changes at the molecular level, and these molecular characteristics can be maintained in vitro, which can induce fibrosis and an inflammatory response.AdcUiJqvdgZYHMRXwfb-XHVideo

STIP1 correlates with tumor immune infiltration and prognosis as a potential immunotherapy target: a pan-cancer bioinformatics analysis

To investigate the correlation of stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) expression level with prognosis of different cancers and its potential role in immunotherapy. TCGA, TARGET and GTEx databases were used for bioinformatic analysis of STIP1 expression level and its prognostic value in different cancers. We also detected STIP1 expression immunohistochemically in 10 pairs of colorectal cancer and adjacent tissues. We further analyzed the correlation of STIP1 expression level with tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration, immune regulators and outcomes of different cancers. STIP1- related proteins were identified using protein- protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and functional enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the regulatory pathways involving STIP1. Bioinformatics analysis showed that STIP1 was highly expressed in most tumors compared with the normal tissues (P < 0.05), which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of the 10 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues. STIP1 expression level was correlated with clinical stages of multiple cancers (P < 0.05), and in some cancer types, an upregulated STIP1 expression was correlated with a poor prognosis of the patients in terms of overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival and progression-free survival (P < 0.05). STIP1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration and immunomodulatory factors in most tumors (P < 0.05). PPI network analysis indicated that STIP1-related proteins included HSPA4, HSPA8, and HSP90AA1. KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the high expression of STIP1 in liver cancer was related mainly with valerate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and butyrate metabolism pathways; HALLMARK enrichment analysis suggested high STIP1 expression in liver cancer was involved in bile acid and fatty acid metabolism. STIP1 is up-regulated in multiple cancer types and its expression level is correlated with clinical tumor stage, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration and immunomodulatory factors.

PFKFB2 is a favorable prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer by suppressing metastasis and tumor glycolysis.

This study was to investigate the biological effect of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2) in colorectal cancer (CRC). PFKFB2 was selected by metabolism polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array from CRC cells under alkaline culture medium (pH 7.4) and acidic culture medium (pH 6.8). The expression of PFKFB2 mRNA and protein was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in 70 paired fresh and 268 paired paraffin-embedded human CRC tissues, respectively, and then the prognostic value of PFKFB2 was investigated. The effects of PFKFB2 on CRC cells were also verified in vitro, which were through detecting the change of migration, invasion, sphere formation, proliferation, colony formation, and extracellular acidification rate of CRC cells after PFKFB2 knockdown in alkaline culture medium (pH 7.4) and overexpression in acidic culture medium (pH 6.8). PFKFB2 expression was downregulated in acidic culture medium (pH 6.8). In addition, we found PFKFB2 expression decreased in human CRC tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, the OS and DFS rate of CRC patients with low PFKFB2 expression was significantly shorter than those of patients with high PFKFB2 expression. Multivariate analysis indicated that low PFKFB2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS in CRC patients. Moreover, the abilities of migration, invasion, spheroidizing ability, proliferation, and colony formation of CRC cells were significantly increased after depletion of PFKFB2 in alkaline culture medium (pH 7.4) and decreased after overexpression of PFKFB2 in acidic culture medium (pH 6.8) in vitro. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was found and verified involved in the PFKFB2-mediated regulation of metastatic function in CRC cells. Further, glycolysis of CRC cells was significantly elevated after knockdown of PFKFB2 in alkaline culture medium (pH 7.4) and decreased after overexpression of PFKFB2 in acidic culture medium (pH 6.8). PFKFB2 expression is downregulated in CRC tissues and associated with worse survival for CRC patients. PFKFB2 could inhibit metastasis and the malignant progression of CRC cells by suppressing EMT and glycolysis.

Bromodomain-containing protein 9 activates proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer via the estrogen pathway in vivo and in vitro.

Bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) has been reported to be upregulated in multiple malignancies and facilitate cancer progression. However, there is a paucity of data relating to its expression and biological role in colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, this current study examined the prognostic role of BRD9 in CRC and the underlying mechanisms involved. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting were used to examine the expression of BRD9 in paired fresh CRC and para-tumor tissues from colectomy patients (n=31). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess BRD9 expression in 524 paraffin-embedded archived CRC samples. The clinical variables are including age, sex, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), location of tumor, T stage, N stage, and TNM classification. The effect of BRD9 on the prognosis of CRC patients was explored by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), clone formation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to determine CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, respectively. Xenograft models in nude mice were established to investigate the role of the BRD9 in vivo. BRD9 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly upregulated in CRC cells compared to normal colorectal epithelial cells (P<0.001). IHC analysis of 524 paraffin-embedded archived CRC tissues showed that high BRD9 expression was significantly associated with TNM classifications, CEA, and lymphatic invasion (P<0.01). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that BRD9 [hazard ratio (HR): 3.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78-5.20; P<0.01] expression and sex (HR: 6.39, 95% CI: 3.94-10.37; P<0.01) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival in the entire cohort. Overexpressing BRD9 promoted CRC cell proliferation, while silencing BRD9 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells. Furthermore, we showed that BRD9 silencing significantly inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the estrogen pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that silencing BRD9 significantly inhibited the proliferation and tumorigenicity of SW480 and HCT116 cells in vitro and in vivo in nude mice (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that BRD9 high could be an independent prognostic risk factor for CRC. Furthermore, the BRD9/estrogen pathway may contribute to the proliferation of CRC cells and EMT, suggesting that BRD9 may be a novel molecular target in the therapeutic treatment of CRC.

FUNCTIONAL MAPPING OF NOVEL HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL ALTERATIONS IN COLON CANCER

Abstract Introduction Epigenetic alterations are related to the process of tumorigenesis and resistance to oncological therapies. Although more than 60 types of histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) have been described, the alterations that manifest simultaneously in tumor tissue have not been systematically studied in colorectal cancer (CRC). This project aims to develop a new screening methodology to delineate epigenetic alterations present in CRC and to obtain a set of biomarkers related to malignancy and tumor response. Methods Using state-of-the-art tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) techniques, a direct injection protocol will be performed to simultaneously identify the presence of &amp;gt;200 HPTMs-related peptides in a cohort of primary tumors and paired healthy CRC tissue. Patterning of spectra and statistical analyses will be performed with the automated processing algorithm EpiProfile 2.0. Results A histone extraction protocol optimized for human tumor samples was developed. Likewise, we managed to make MS/MS sample processing more flexible by implementing a multiplatform workflow (Thermo / Sciex), which will increase the screening and data analysis capacity. Through this process we managed to detect &amp;gt;200 peptides related to HPTMs in control samples, and we observed significant differences in certain HPTMs with pharmacological treatments in primary cultures. Conclusions These results will allow the identification of epigenetic biomarkers related to grade, stage and recurrence in the context of CRC.

Protamine 1 as a secreted colorectal cancer-specific antigen facilitating G1/S phase transition under nutrient stress conditions

PurposeCancer testis antigens (CTAs) are optimal tumor diagnostic markers and involved in carcinogenesis. However, colorectal cancer (CRC) related CTAs are less reported with impressive diagnostic capability or relevance with tumor metabolism rewiring. Herein, we demonstrated CRC-related CTA, Protamine 1 (PRM1), as a promising diagnostic marker and involved in regulation of cellular growth under nutrient deficiency.MethodsTranscriptomics of five paired CRC tissues was used to screen CRC-related CTAs. Capability of PRM1 to distinguish CRC was studied by detection of clinical samples through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cellular functions were investigated in CRC cell lines through in vivo and in vitro assays.ResultsBy RNA-seq and detection in 824 clinical samples from two centers, PRM1 expression were upregulated in CRC tissues and patients` serum. Serum PRM1 showed impressive accuracy to diagnose CRC from healthy controls and benign gastrointestinal disease patients, particularly more sensitive for early-staged CRC. Furthermore, we reported that when cells were cultured in serum-reduced medium, PRM1 secretion was upregulated, and secreted PRM1 promoted CRC growth in culture and in mice. Additionally, G1/S phase transition of CRC cells was facilitated by PRM1 protein supplementation and overexpression via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in serum deficient medium.ConclusionsIn general, our research presented PRM1 as a specific CRC antigen and illustrated the importance of PRM1 in CRC metabolism rewiring. The new vulnerability of CRC cells was also provided with the potential to be targeted in future.Graphical abstractDiagnostic value and grow factor-like biofunction of PRM1 A represents the secretion process of PRM1 regulated by nutrient deficiency. B represents activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway of secreted PRM1.

Impact of Cuproptosis-related markers on clinical status, tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: A multi-omic analysis

BackgroundCuproptosis, a novel identified cell death form induced by copper, is characterized by aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial enzymes and the destabilization of Fe–S cluster proteins. However, the function and potential clinical value of cuproptosis and cuproptosis-related biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. MethodsA comprehensive multi-omics (transcriptomics, genomics, and single-cell transcriptome) analysis was performed for identifying the influence of 16 cuproptosis-related markers on clinical status, molecular functions and tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC. A novel cuproptosis-related scoring system (CuproScore) based on cuproptosis-related markers was also constructed to predict the prognosis of CRC individuals, TME and the response to immunotherapy. In addition, our transcriptome cohort of 15 paired CRC tissue, tissue-array, and various assays in 4 kinds of CRC cell lines in vitro were applied for verification. ResultsCuproptosis-related markers were closely associated with both clinical prognosis and molecular functions. And the cuproptosis-related molecular phenotypes and scoring system (CuproScore) could distinguish and predict the prognosis of CRC patients, TME, and the response to immunotherapy in both public and our transcriptome cohorts. Besides, the expression, function and clinical significance of these markers were also checked and analyzed in CRC cell lines and CRC tissues in our own cohorts. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we indicated that cuproptosis and CPRMs played a significant role in CRC progression and in modeling the TME. Inducing cuproptosis may be a useful tool for tumor therapy in the future.

Synaptophysin-like 2 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Synaptophysin-like 2 (SYPL2) is a neuroendocrine-related protein highly expressed in skeletal muscle and the tongue. The involvement of SYPL2 in CRC, including its level of expression and function, has not been evaluated. To evaluate the correlations of SYPL2 expression with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and prognosis in patients with CRC. The levels of expression of SYPL2 in CRC and normal colorectal tissues were analyzed in multiple public and online databases. The associations between clinical variables and SYPL2 expression were evaluated statistically, and the associations between SYPL2 expression and prognosis in patients with CRC were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses. SYPL2 expression was assessed in 20 paired CRC tissue and adjacent normal colorectal tissue samples obtained from Fuyang People's Hospital, and the associations between SYPL2 expression and the clinical characteristics of these patients were investigated. Correlations between the levels of expression of SYPL2 and key targeted genes were determined by Pearson's correlation analysis. The distribution of immune cells in these samples was calculated using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to evaluate the biofunction and pathways of SYPL2 in CRC. SYPL2 expression was significantly lower in CRC tissue samples than in normal colorectal tissue samples (P < 0.05). High SYPL2 levels in CRC tissues correlated significantly with LNM (P < 0.05) and a poorer patient prognosis, including significantly shorter overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.9, P < 0.05] and disease-free survival (HR = 1.6, P < 0.05). High SYPL2 expression was an independent risk factor for OS in both univariate (HR = 2.078, P = 0.014) and multivariate (HR = 1.754, P = 0.018) Cox regression analyses. In addition, SYPL2 expression correlated significantly with the expression of KDR (P < 0.0001, r = 0.47) and the BRAF V600E mutation (P < 0.05). Higher SYPL2 expression was associated with the enrichment of CD8 T-cells and M0 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. GSEA revealed that SYPL2 was associated with the regulation of epithelial cell migration, vasculature development, pathways in cancer, and several vital tumor-related pathways. SYPL2 expression was lower in CRC tissue than in normal colorectal tissue. Higher SYPL2 expression in CRC was significantly associated with LNM and poorer survival.

LncRNAs AC156455.1 and AC104532.2 as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer.

Background There have been countless studies to date assessing specific oncogenic pathways in a range of tumor classes, but the role of N6-methyladenosine- (m6A-) related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be defined. Methods We analyzed such m6A-related lncRNAs by conducting analyses of the Pearson correlation with information originating from the databank of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The prognostic relevance of these lncRNAs in CRC was then assessed through a series of univariate Cox regression analyses, leading to the identification of two different m6A modification patterns; they are associated with clinical outcomes and have been used to estimate tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by the CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms. We tested the expression of m6A-related lncRNAs in twelve pairs of colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from patients by qRT-PCR. Results We discovered the prognostic risk signature composed of six m6A-related lncRNAs based upon TCGA data. When the overall survival of cases in the dataset of TCGA was investigated, the low-risk cases survived longer than the high-risk CRC cases in both the training and testing cohorts. ROC curves further indicated that m6A-related lncRNA prognostic signature (m6A-LPS) can effectively estimate the survival outcomes of patients in both of these cohorts. We found that lncRNAs AC156455.1 and AC104532.2 were upregulated in twelve colorectal cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues using qRT-PCR. Conclusions This data highlights that the lncRNAs AC156455.1 and AC104532.2 in CRC can be used as biomarkers for diagnostics and prognosis in CRC, demonstrating their potential as targets when designing novel immunotherapeutic regimens.

STING promotes proliferation and induces drug resistance in colorectal cancer by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway.

In recent years, reports regarding stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) have emerged rapidly, yet their association remains controversial. This research was aimed to provide an insight into the prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target significance of STING in CRC. CRC Cell lines of HCT116 and SW480, as well as 32 paired CRC specimens were chosen for this study. STING expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the correlation with clinicopathological factors. Data analysis of STING expressions in colon cancer and rectal cancer were performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. siRNA was transfected into cell lines for knocking down the expression of STING. Transwell assay was employed to evaluate cell migration and invasiveness. CCK-8 assay was used for assessing the change of cell proliferation. Drug sensitive test was involved to evaluate drug resistance of cell lines. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied for exploring potential downstream mechanism of STING in CRC progression and Western blotting is used for mechanism validation. In the thirty-two paired CRC and adjacent normal tissues, we found a significant up-regulated in STING expression with immunohistochemical staining in cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01), which was correlated with the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage of patients (P=0.028). Meanwhile, GESA enrichment analysis indicated a remarkable change in mTOR signaling following STING regulation. In HCT116 and SW480 cell lines of CRC, When STING was down-regulated, its biological behavior of cell viability, cell invasion and drug sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil were significantly reduced (P<0.05), we also observed the up-regulation of P-AMPK (P<0.05) and down-regulation of p-mTOR (P<0.05). STING expressions was significantly up-regulated in CRC tissues. Expression of STING was correlated with the TNM stage of patients. STING is found to promote cell proliferation, invasion ability and drug resistance mediating AMPK-mTOR signaling in CRC. STING could be a promising target for the sensitization of chemotherapy and inhibits CRC progression.

METTL3 dual regulation of the stability of LINC00662 and VEGFA RNAs promotes colorectal cancer angiogenesis

PurposeThe angiogenesis is among the primary factors that affect tumor recurrence and distant organ metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the most common chemical modifications in eukaryotic mRNA, especially at the post-transcriptional level. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) promoting angiogenesis in a variety of tumors has been reported. However, the mechanism of how METTL3 dual-regulates the stability of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and vascular-related factor RNAs to affect angiogenesis in CRC is unclear.Methods64 paired CRC and adjacent normal tissues were collected. In vitro, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), actinomycin assay, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) experiment,3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) and colony formation assay were performed. The functions were also studied in zebrafish model animals in vivo.ResultsWe found that the vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA), METTL3 and LINC00662 RNAs were highly expressed in CRC, and that METTL3 was significantly positively correlated with LINC00662 and VEGFA. The protein expression levels of CD31, CD34, VEGFA, m6A and METTL3 were all significantly increased in the CRC tissues. The angiogenesis experiments both in vivo and in vitro found that METTL3 and LINC00662 promoted angiogenesis in CRC. The actinomycin assay indicated that METTL3 maintained the stability of LINC00662 and VEGFA RNAs. In addition, the MeRIP experiment confirmed that the LINC00662 and VEGFA RNAs had METTL3-enriched sites.ConclusionThese findings suggest that METTL3 and LINC00662 may both serve as diagnostic and prognostic predictive biomarkers for CRC and potential targets for anti-vascular therapy.

Long-Read Nanopore Sequencing Identifies Mismatch Repair-Deficient Related Genes with Alternative Splicing in Colorectal Cancer.

Background Alternative splicing (AS) plays a crucial role in regulating the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its distribution remains to be explored. Here, we aim to investigate the genes edited by AS which show differential expression in patients with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI). Materials and Methods We applied long-read nanopore sequencing to determine the mRNA profiles and screen AS genes using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) method in ten paired CRC tissues. CRC tissue and plasma samples were used to validate the differential genes with AS using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results ONT sequencing identified 404 genes were downregulated, and 348 genes were upregulated in MSI cancer tissues compared with microsatellite stability (MSS) cancer tissues. In total, 6,200 AS events were identified in 2,728 mRNA transcripts. WGCNA revealed dMMR/MSI-correlated gene modules, including INHBA and RPL22L1, which were upregulated; conversely, HMGCS2 was downregulated in MSI cancer. Overexpression of RPL22L1, INHBA, and CAPZA1 was further confirmed in CRC tissues. INHBA was found to be associated with tumor lymphatic metastasis. Importantly, the levels of INHBA in CRC plasma were significantly increased compared with those in noncancer plasma. INHBA showed a higher level in dMMR/MSI CRC than in MSS CRC, indicating that INHBA is a useful biomarker. Conclusion Our results showed that ONT-identified genes provide a pool to explore AS-associated markers for dMMR/MSI CRC. We demonstrated INHBA as a promising signature for clinical application in predicting tumor lymphatic metastasis and screening dMMR/MSI candidates.

Upregulated LINC01088 facilitates malignant phenotypes and immune escape of colorectal cancer by regulating microRNAs/G3BP1/PD-L1 axis.

Long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC01088 is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Its biological function in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. Here, 36 paired CRC and para-cancerous tissues were collected. In vitro, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, qPCR, western blotting analysis and cellular functional experiments, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and dual-luciferase reporter system analysis were performed. In vivo, xenograft tumor mouse models were generated. Besides, patient-derived intestinal organoid (PDO) was generated ex vivo. We found that LINC01088 was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and CRC cell lines compared to adjacent normal tissues and colonic epithelial cells. High LINC01088 levels were correlated with adverse outcomes in patients with CRC. LINC01088 was mainly located in the cytoplasm. LINC01088 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape of colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, LINC01088 bound directly to miR-548b-5p and miR-548c-5p that were significantly upregulated Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding proteins 1 (G3BP1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, altering CRC cell phenotypes. In mouse xenograft models, LINC01088 knockdown restrained CRC tumor growth and lung metastasis. Furthermore, G3BP1 overexpression reversed LINC01088-knockdown-mediated inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Notably, LINC01088 knockdown downregulated PD-L1 expression, while G3BP1 overexpression restored PD-L1 expression in xenograft tumors. Besides, LINC01088 knockdown repressed CRC organoid growth ex vivo. Overall, these findings suggested that LINC01088 directly targeted miR-548b-5p and miR-548c-5p, promoting G3BP1 and PD-L1 expression, which facilitated colorectal cancer progression and immune escape.

AFF4 Predicts the Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer Patients and Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Metastasis via Promoting CDH1 Expression.

IntroductionAF4/FMR2 family member 4 (AFF4) is a core component of super elongation complex (SEC) and regulates the transcription elongation of many genes. AFF4 depletion or amplification is associated with multiple cancers, but its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been investigated so far.MethodsqRT-PCR and Western blot analyzed AFF4 expression in the paired clinical CRC tissues. The patients’ overall survival curve was determined using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. In vitro experiments, such as cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, were used to preliminarily ascertain the role of AFF4 in CRC. A CRC cell liver metastasis animal model was well established. Livers were harvested and examined histologically by a series of indicators, such as tumor nodules, liver weight, ALT/AST activity, and tumor cell identification by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.ResultsWe firstly examined the expression of AFF4 in colorectal cancer and normal tissues by collecting paired CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, revealing that AFF4 was significantly downregulated in CRC patients and lower expression of AFF4 was correlated with poor prognosis. Next, we observed that presence or absence of AFF4 in CRC cells had no effect on cancer cell proliferation, while AFF4 depletion significantly promoted the migration or invasion of CRC cells in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that AFF4 deficiency enhanced the metastatic capacity of CRC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that AFF4 upregulated the transcription of CDH1 gene, which encodes E-cadherin and suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Knockdown of AFF4 interfered with CDH1 transcription, resulting in downregulation of E-cadherin expression and the progression of CRC. Moreover, restored CDH1 expression could rescue the phenotype of CRC cells without AFF4.ConclusionsCollectively, our data demonstrated that AFF4 served as a significant novel regulator of CRC via CDH1 transcriptional regulation and a potential effective therapy target for patients with CRC.

LncRNA ARST is a Novel Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer.

BackgroundALDOA-related specific transcript (ARST) is a recently identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that suppresses glioma progression, while its role in other cancers is unclear. This study explored the role of ARST in colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodsThe present study included 60 CRC patients, 60 patients with colon polyps (CP), 60 colitis patients, 60 hemorrhoid patients and 60 healthy controls. All participants were subjected to the collection of plasma, and paired CRC and non-tumor tissues were collected from CRC patients. All samples were subjected to RNA isolation and RT-qPCR to detect the expression of ARST. ROC curve and survival curve analysis were performed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic values of plasma ARST for CRC.ResultsThe expression levels of ARST were lower in CRC plasma samples compared to that in the patient groups and controls (p < 0.01), while other patient groups and controls showed no significant difference. The expression levels of ARST were also lower in CRC tissues compared to that in non-tumor tissues (p < 0.01). Plasma expression levels of ARST effectively distinguished CRC patients from other patients and controls. The expression levels of ARST were closely correlated with patients’ survival. Chi-squared test analysis showed that ARST was closely associated with patients’ distant metastasis but not tumor size.ConclusionARST is downregulated in CRC, and it might be applied in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.