Proton Pairs Research Articles

Unravelling the incorporation mechanisms of water in aluminous orthoenstatite: II. comprehensive 1H, 29Si and 27Al NMR measurements

AbstractAluminum has been shown to significantly enhance the water incorporation capacity of orthoenstatite (OEn), but the incorporation mechanisms remained to be clarified. We performed a comprehensive one- and two-dimensional 1H, 29Si and 27Al NMR study on four hydrous aluminous OEn samples containing 1–8 wt% Al2O3 synthesized at 1.5 GPa and 900 °C to clarify the issue. The combined 1H MAS and static (non-spinning) NMR, 1H double-quantum and triple-quantum MAS NMR, and 27Al→1H CP MAS NMR and HETCOR results, in particular, unambiguously revealed that a large part of the incorporated water are present as proton pairs in Mg vacancies adjacent to Al, with one proton of each pair for the dominant proton pairs exhibiting significantly weaker hydrogen bonding than those in Al-free OEn. Proton pairs in Mg vacancies remote from Al are minor or absent for samples with 4–8 wt% Al2O3, and more abundant for a sample with 1 wt% Al2O3. Isolated protons due to coupled substitutions of Al + H for 1Si and 2Mg (both with weak hydrogen bonding) were also detected, but are less abundant than hitherto considered. The observed NMR peaks match well with those predicted for the corresponding OH defect models from our first-principles calculations. Thus, the enhancement of water solubility by Al for OEn are due to not only coupled substitutions of Al + H for 1Si and 2Mg, but also interactions of Al with proton pairs in Mg vacancies. These mechanisms may also be important in other nominally anhydrous aluminous silicate minerals.

Unravelling the incorporation mechanisms of water in aluminous orthoenstatite: I. First-principles calculations

We performed first-principles calculations on the energy, and NMR and polarized infrared (IR) spectra for anhydrous and hydrous aluminous orthoenstatite (OEn) models to help clarify the incorporation mechanisms of Al and OH defects in OEn. Our calculations revealed that proton pairs in M2 vacancies ((2H)M2) adjacent to a tetrahedral Al (AlIV) are energetically more favorable than those remote from Al, and may contribute to the observed correlated 1H NMR peaks near 3.7 and 8.0 ppm, and IR bands near 3550–3570 and 3066 cm−1 (A4 band) for aluminous OEn. Coupled substitutions of AlVI (octahedral Al) + H for 2Mg were found to adopt multiple configurations, and may contribute to the observed IR bands near 3520, 3475 and 3320 cm−1. Coupled substitution of AlIV + H for 1Si may contribute to the observed IR band near 3380–3400 cm−1. 4H in SiB vacancies ((4H)SiB) adjacent to an AlVI were found to be energetically more favorable than those remote from Al, and may be the origin for an IR band observed near 3600–3620 cm−1. These results allow the incorporation mechanisms of water in synthetic and natural aluminous orthopyroxenes to be deciphered from the available NMR and IR data, and suggest that both (2H)M2 defects associated with Al and simultaneous coupled substitutions of Al + H for 2Mg and 1Si contribute to the observed correlation between Al and water incorporation, and the nearly unity AlIV/AlVI ratio. (4H)SiB defects associated with Al may also be present in some synthetic OEn and mantle-derived orthopyroxene.

Revealing Active Sites and Reaction Pathways in Direct Oxidation of Methane over Fe-Containing CHA Zeolites Affected by the Al Arrangement.

Fe-containing zeolites are effective catalysts in converting the greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O into valuable chemicals. However, the activities of Fe-containing zeolites in methane conversion and N2O decomposition are frequently conflated, and the activities of different Fe species are still controversial. Herein, Fe-containing aluminosilicate CHA zeolites with Fe species at different spatial distances affected by the arrangement of framework Al atoms were synthesized in a one-pot manner in the presence or absence of Na. The arrangement of framework Al atoms was identified by 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectra and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) curves. Ultraviolet (UV)-vis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and NO adsorption fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were adopted to analyze Fe speciation. The higher proportion of Fe species in the 6 MR of Fe-CHA zeolites in the presence of Na was confirmed by the NO adsorption FTIR spectrum. The activities of proximal and distant Fe sites in reactions including direct oxidation of methane to methanol, methanol to hydrocarbon, and N2O decomposition were compared at different temperatures to provide the corresponding active sites and reaction pathways. The distant, isolated Fe and isolated proton were more active in the direct oxidation of methane to methanol and tandem conversion of methanol to hydrocarbon reactions than the proximal, isolated Fe and paired protons, respectively. Additionally, proximal, isolated Fe sites afforded higher activity in N2O decomposition. These findings guide the design of highly active catalysts in methane oxidation, methanol to hydrocarbon, and N2O decomposition reactions, addressing energy and environmental concerns.

Subshell gaps and onsets of collectivity from proton and neutron pairing gap correlations

Throughout the nuclear chart, particle-hole correlations give rise to giant resonances and, together with the proton–neutron interaction, deformation and rotational bands. In order to shed light on many-body correlations in open-shell nuclei, I explore macroscopic properties that could manifest from the collective behaviour of protons and neutrons. Intuitively, the correlation of proton and neutron Cooper pairs can be inferred from the respective pairing gaps, that can precisely be extracted from the AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation through odd-even atomic mass differences. This work shows that the combination of large and close-lying proton and neutron pairing gaps is sensitive to onsets of collectivity and subshell gaps in superfluid nuclei, away from major shell closures. Trends of reduced transition probabilities or B(E2) values — which describe the collective overlap between the wave functions of initial and final nuclear states — are revealed in overall agreement with data. Specially interesting is the peak of collectivity in the tin isotopes at 110Sn, instead of at midshell, as expected by large-scale shell-model calculations; a situation that has astounded the nuclear physics community for quite some time.

Jet-induced enhancement of deuteron production in pp and p-Pb collisions at the LHC

Jet-associated deuteron production in pp collisions at s=13 TeV and p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV is studied in the coalescence model by using the phase-space information of proton and neutron pairs from a multiphase transport (AMPT) model at the kinetic freezeout. In the low transverse momentum (pT) region pT/A<1.5 GeV/c, where A is the mass number of a nucleus, the in-jet coalescence factor B2In-jet for deuteron production, given by the ratio of the in-jet deuteron number to the square of the in-jet proton number, is found to be larger than the coalescence factor B2 in the medium perpendicular to the jet by a factor of about 10 in pp collisions and of 25 in p−Pb collisions, which are consistent with the ALICE measurements at the LHC. Such large low-momentum enhancements mainly come from coalescence of nucleons inside the jet with the medium nucleons. Coalescence of nucleons inside the jet dominates deuteron production only at the higher pT region of pT/A≳4 GeV/c, where both the yield ratio d/p of deuteron to proton numbers and the B2 are also significantly larger in the jet direction than in the direction perpendicular to the jet due to the strong collinear correlation among particles produced from jet fragmentation. Studying jet-associated deuteron production in relativistic nuclear collisions thus opens up a new window to probe the phase-space structure of nucleons inside jets.

Gold Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenations: The Role of Heterolytic H2 Dissociation

AbstractHydrogenations are fundamental transformations in organic synthesis, and the industrial applications span from food, petrochemical, fine chemicals to pharmaceuticals synthesis where hydrogenations of multifunctional molecules should be carried out in a chemoselective way. In this concept article we aim at providing an overview on the activation of molecular hydrogen (H2) via heterolytic dissociation, which is responsible to unlock high activity of gold catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenations. The key benefit of heterolytically dissociated H species is their preference for hydrogenating polar unsaturated groups like C=O, C=N, and C=S, as these polar bonds are ideal acceptors for proton and hydride pairs. We will provide examples on how to obtain enhanced chemoselectivity on alkynes, α, β‐unsaturated aldehydes and nitro‐compounds hydrogenations with gold catalysts.

Robust 1D selective correlation NMR spectroscopy for rapid chemical and biological applications

Selective homonuclear proton correlation NMR spectroscopy (COSY) provides a useful detection tool for elucidating molecular structures and identifying chemical compositions in 1D spectroscopic patterns. However, conventional 1D selective COSY experiments highly rely on the performance of selective excitation on targeted signals and their applications generally suffer from spectral congestion in complex chemical and biological samples. Herein, based on the concept of targeted excitation on coupled proton pairs and spectroscopic separation on their respective COSY responses, we propose a 1D selective NMR approach that is capable of individually recording direct coupling correlation information of targeted proton groups for analyses on complex samples, free of spectral congestion. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a medicine sample, a biological molecule, and a real metabonomics sample of human serum. This approach shows a promising analytical technique for structural studies and component analyses in chemical and biological applications. Keywords: NMR spectroscopy, Correlation spectroscopy, Targeted signal excitation, Spectral congestion, Molecular structure analysis.

Extended Fayans energy density functional: optimization and analysis

The Fayans energy density functional (EDF) has been very successful in describing global nuclear properties (binding energies, charge radii, and especially differences of radii) within nuclear density functional theory. In a recent study, supervised machine learning methods were used to calibrate the Fayans EDF. Building on this experience, in this work we explore the effect of adding isovector pairing terms, which are responsible for different proton and neutron pairing fields, by comparing a 13D model without the isovector pairing term against the extended 14D model. At the heart of the calibration is a carefully selected heterogeneous dataset of experimental observables representing ground-state properties of spherical even–even nuclei. To quantify the impact of the calibration dataset on model parameters and the importance of the new terms, we carry out advanced sensitivity and correlation analysis on both models. The extension to 14D improves the overall quality of the model by about 30%. The enhanced degrees of freedom of the 14D model reduce correlations between model parameters and enhance sensitivity.

Investigating the level structure of 206Rn: evolution from seniority regime to collective dynamics* *Supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10975191, U1867210, 11375023, 11475014, 11575018, 12075169 , 12322506), and the National Key R&D program of China (2016YFA0400504)

Excited states of have been examined via the ( , 5n) fusion reaction at a beam energy of 78 MeV. A number of transitions and levels are identified by the γ-γ coincidence measurement, further enriching the level scheme of . The full configuration shell model and nucleon-pair approximation (NPA) were utilized to investigate the single-particle configurations and seniority structures in . The results of these two calculations suggest that and states exhibit only a 50% component of a seniority-two state associated with a broken neutron pair. The collectivity of these two states primarily arises from configuration mixing due to residual proton-neutron interactions. Furthermore, and states are predominantly characterized by a seniority-two state marked by a broken proton pair.

Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in e±e± and e±μ± final states via WW scattering in pp collisions at [formula omitted] TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in scattering of same-sign W boson pairs in proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV at the LHC is reported. The dataset used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb−1, collected with the ATLAS detector during 2015–2018. The search is performed in final states including a same-sign ee or eμ pair and at least two jets with large invariant mass and a large rapidity difference. No significant excess of events with respect to the Standard Model background predictions is observed. The results are interpreted in a benchmark scenario of the Phenomenological Type-I Seesaw model. New constraints are set on the values of the |VeN|2 and |VeNVμN⁎| parameters for heavy Majorana neutrino masses between 50 GeV and 20 TeV, where VℓN is the matrix element describing the mixing of the heavy Majorana neutrino mass eigenstate with the Standard Model neutrino of flavour ℓ=e,μ. The sensitivity to the Weinberg operator is investigated and constraints on the effective ee and eμ Majorana neutrino masses are reported. The statistical combination of the ee and eμ channels with the previously published μμ channel is performed.

Mixed-species charge and baryon balance functions studies with PYTHIA

Mixed species charge and baryon balance functions are computed based on proton-proton (pp) collisions simulated with the PYTHIA8 model. Simulations are performed with selected values of the collision energy s and the Monash tune and the ropes and shoving modes of PYTHIA8 to explore whether such measurements provide useful new information and constraints on mechanisms of particle production in pp collisions. Charge balance functions are studied based on mixed pairs of pions, kaons, and protons, whereas baryon balance functions are computed for mixed low mass strange and nonstrange baryons. Both charge and baryon balance functions of mixed particle pairs feature shapes and amplitudes that sensitively depend on the particle considered owing largely to the particle production mechanisms implemented in PYTHIA. The evolution of balance functions integrals with the longitudinal width of the acceptance are presented and one finds that sums of such integrals for a given reference particle obey expected sum rules for both charge and baryon balance functions. Additionally, both types of balance functions are found to evolve in shape and amplitude with increasing collision energy s and the PYTHIA tunes considered. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Conceptualized Fusion Reactor based on Gas Turbine with High Temperature CO2

Author discovered the mechanism of Cold fusion that covalent bond compression of D-D transition electron to deep orbit which distance is a few femto- meters from the nucleus, which electron density between d-d is so dense that it shields the coulomb repulsive force to cause Fusion, and discovered that nucleus is constituted only by proton and internal electron and neutron is a pair of proton and electron in deep orbit. Dr. Ohmasa claims that his transmutation reactor produce produces precious metal from base metal, which shows experimentally and author discovered that femto-H2 fusion to metal cause transmutation, which proves the existence of femto-H2, and femto-D2 therefore current nucleus model is probed to be incorrect. Dr. Ohmasa also claims that CO2 can be reduced by burning with fossil gas fuel mixed with H2 and O2, and author hypothesized the cause that compression of C-O bond cause fusion between C and O to be P and Si based on the correct nucleus model and based on author’s Cold fusion mechanism of bond compression. Developing this mechanism and hypothesis, I would like to propose the conceptualized fusion reactor based on gas turbine with high temperature CO2. D-D bond can be compressed by high temperature CO2 and by the collision of high-speed blades in gas turbine to cause D+D fusion and C+O fusion, which reduce the CO2 emission. Reactor needs to be cooling to generate power by steam turbine and high- speed blade rotation produce power and causes fusions.

Incorporation mechanisms and infrared absorption coefficients of water in MgSiO3 orthoenstatite clarified via comprehensive NMR and vibrational spectroscopic measurements, and first-principles calculations

We performed 1H and 29Si NMR and infrared measurements, and first-principles calculations to clarify the nature of OH defects in MgSiO3 orthoenstatite. An orthoenstatite sample synthesized at 7 GPa and 1200 °C from a composition of MgSiO3 + 0.1 wt% H2O yielded two 1H MAS NMR peaks near 5.9 and 7.6 ppm that are correlated in 2D NMR spectra, and two infrared bands near 3361 and 3066 cm− 1 that correspond to the previously reported A3 and A4 bands. The first-principles calculations confirmed that they are due to a pair of protons in a Mg (M2) vacancy. The previously reported A1 and A2 infrared bands near 3687 and 3592 cm− 1 for orthoenstatite synthesized at low silica activities were confirmed to arise from four protons in a SiB vacancy. The latter is predicted to give two additional OH stretching bands associated with two strongly hydrogen-bonded O3b-H bonds with frequencies below the spectral range reported thus far. The previously reported infrared absorption coefficients were thus revised to account for the undetected bands. 1H NMR may be used to quantitatively detect all four protons (expected at 1–12 ppm). Other mantle minerals should also be examined for potentially overlooked OH defects with strong hydrogen bonding.

The effects of residual dipolar coupling on carnosine in proton muscle spectra.

Carnosine, an MR-visible dipeptide in human muscle, is well characterized by two peaks at ~8 and ~7 ppm from C2 and C4 imidazole protons. Like creatine and other metabolites, carnosine is subject to residual dipolar coupling in the anisotropic environment of muscle fibers, but the effects have not been studied extensively. Single-voxel TE 30-32 PRESS spectra from three different 3T studies were acquired from gastrocnemius medialis and soleus muscles in the human lower leg. In these studies, carnosine T2 values were measured, and spectra were obtained at three different foot angles. LCModel was used to fit the carnosine peaks with a basis set that was generated using shaped RF pulses and included a range of dipolar couplings affecting the C4 peak. A seven-parameter analytic expression was used to fit the CH2 doublets of creatine. It incorporated an optimized "effective TE" value to model the effect of shaped RF pulses. The fits confirm that the triplet C4 peak of carnosine is dipolar coupled to a pair of CH2 protons, with no need to include a contribution from a separate pool of freely rotating uncoupled carnosine. Moreover, the couplings experienced by carnosine C4 protons and creatine CH2 protons are strongly correlated (R2 = 0.88, P<0.001), exhibiting a similar 3cos2 θ - 1 dependence on the angle θ between fiber orientation and B0. T2 values for the singlet C2 peak of gastrocnemius carnosine are inversely proportional to the C4 dipolar coupling strength (R2 = 0.97, P < 0.001), which in turn is a function of foot orientation. This dependence indicates that careful positioning of the foot while acquiring lower leg muscle spectra is important to obtain reproducible carnosine concentrations. As proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carnosine is currently used to non-invasively estimate the muscle fiber typology, these results have important implications in sport science.

Dynamics and thermochemistry of the negatively charged clusters in a 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate ionic liquid system.

The formation and fragmentation of negatively charged 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate ([HOCH2CH2NH2NH2]+NO3-, HEHN) ionic liquid clusters were examined using a guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer furnished with collision-induced dissociation of selected ions with Xe atoms. Measurements included the compositions of cluster ions formed in the ionization source, and the dissociation products, cross sections, and 0 K threshold energies for individually selected cluster ions. To identify the structures of the main cluster ion series [(HEHN)n(HNO3)0-1NO3]- formed, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to create initial geometry guesses, followed by optimization at the ωB97XD/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, from which global minimum structures were identified for reaction thermodynamics analyses. A comparison was made between the cluster formation and fragmentation in the negatively charged 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate with those in the positive mode (reported by W. Zhou et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2023, 25, 17370). In both modes, the cluster ions were predominantly composed of m/z below 350; loss of a neutral 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate ion pair represents the most important cluster fragmentation pathway, followed by intra-ion pair proton transfer-mediated 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine and HNO3 elimination; and all clusters started to dissociate at threshold energies less than 1.5 eV. The overwhelming similarities in the formation and fragmentation chemistry of positively vs. negatively charged 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate clusters may be attributed to their inherent ionic nature and high electric conductivities.

Proton and Neutron Pairing Properties within a Mixed Volume-Surface Pairing Type Using the Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov Theory

This work aims at systematic investigations of the proton and neutron pairing properties and Fermi energies in the region from the proton drip-line to the neutron drip-line. In order to obtain a more accurate mass formula with the Skyrme (SKI3) force, the global descriptive power of the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov model for pairing properties is applied. Systematic Skyrme–HFB calculations with a mixed volume-surface pairing are carried out to study the ground-state proton pairing gap, neutron and proton pairing energies, and the neutron and proton Fermi energies for about 2095 even-even nuclei ranging from 2 ≤ Z ≤ 110 to 2 ≤ N ≤ 236 . The calculated values of proton pairing gaps are compared with experimental data, by using the difference-point formulas Δ(3), Δ(4), and Δ(5), and compared with the proton pairing gap in the Lipkin–Nogami model. It is shown that the Skyrme (SKI3) force with the mixed volume-surface pairing can be successfully used for describing the ground-state proton pairing gap, proton and neutron pairing energies, and proton and neutron Fermi properties of the investigated nuclei, in particular, the neutron-rich nuclei and the exotic nuclei near the neutron drip-line. On the other hand, the calculated proton pairing gap shows the acceptable agreement with the available experimental values of the proton pairing gap with the use of the difference-point formulas Δ(3), Δ(4), and Δ(5) and with the data of the Lipkin–Nogami model over the whole nuclear chart.

Revised Centrality Measures Tell a Robust Story of Ion Conduction in Solids.

The three most commonly used centrality measures in network theory have been adapted to consider ion conduction time rather than the number of steps. Flow-IN centrality highlights sites with the largest flow of ions from the nearest neighbor sites. Return-flow centrality highlights sites with a fast rate of first returns for the conducting ion. Flow-through centrality highlights which sites support significant flow of conducting ions and appears more robust to removal of the most central vertices. Exploring these centrality measures with the sample system of proton conduction in yttrium doped barium zirconate shows flow-through centrality to provide a robust picture with high contrast between sites involved in the most probable long-range periodic conduction paths and kinetic Monte Carlo trajectories versus sites rarely visited. The flow-through centrality, including all paths further highlights that when the most central proton site is filled, the remaining highest flow-through centrality sites are nearby, corroborating earlier studies suggesting proton pair motion. Finally, while both return-flow and flow-through centrality measure images deteriorate with noise, image restoration is possible when a detailed balance is used to calculate the smaller rate constant in a forward/backward pair.

Effects of Intra-Base Pair Proton Transfer on Dissociation and Singlet Oxygenation of9-Methyl-8-Oxoguanine-1-Methyl-Cytosine Base-Pair Radical Cations.

8-Oxoguanosine is the most common oxidatively generated base damage and pairs with cytidine within duplex DNA. The 8-oxoguanosine-cytidine lesion, if not recognized and removed, not only leads to G-to-T transversion mutations but renders the base pair being more vulnerable to the ionizing radiation and singlet oxygen (1O2) damage. Herein, reaction dynamics of a prototype Watson-Crick base pair [9MOG·1MC]·+, consisting of 9-methyl-8-oxoguanine radical cation (9MOG·+) and 1-methylcystosine (1MC), was examined using mass spectrometry coupled with electrospray ionization. We first detected base-pair dissociation in collisions with the Xe gas, which provided insight into intra-base pair proton transfer of 9MOG·+·1MC[[EQUATION]][9MOG - HN1]··[1MC + HN3']+ and subsequent non-statistical base-pair separation. We then measured the reaction of [9MOG·1MC]·+ with 1O2, revealing the two most probable pathways, C5-O2 addition and HN7-abstraction at 9MOG. Reactions were entangled with the two forms of 9MOG radicals and base-pair structures as well as multi-configurations between open-shell radicals and 1O2 (that has a mixed singlet/triplet character). These were disentangled by utilizing approximately spin-projected density functional theory, coupled-cluster theory and multi-referential electronic structure modeling. The work delineated base-pair structural context effects and determined relative reactivity toward 1O2 as [9MOG - H]· > 9MOG·+ > [9MOG - HN1]··[1MC + HN3']+ ≥ 9MOG·+·1MC.

Search for the critical point of strongly-interacting matter in 40Ar + 45Sc collisions at 150A Ge V /c using scaled factorial moments of protons

The critical point of dense, strongly interacting matter is searched for at the CERN SPS in 40Ar + 45Sc collisions at 150A Ge V /c. The dependence of second-order scaled factorial moments of proton multiplicity distribution on the number of subdivisions of transverse momentum space is measured. The intermittency analysis is performed using both transverse momentum and cumulative transverse momentum. For the first time, statistically independent data sets are used for each subdivision number. The obtained results do not indicate any statistically significant intermittency pattern. An upper limit on the fraction of correlated proton pairs and the power of the correlation function is obtained based on a comparison with the Power-law Model developed for this purpose.

Search for a three-proton resonance state in d+12C, α+12C and 12C+12C collisions at 3.37AGeV

The new experimental results on the search and study of formation of a possible three-proton resonance state in a target fragmentation region in the total ensemble of collisions of deuterons (2H), [Formula: see text]-particles (4He), and carbon-12 nuclei with target carbon-12 nuclei at incident kinetic energy 3.37[Formula: see text]GeV per nucleon are presented. The narrow peak structure of a possible three-proton resonance state was observed with a four-sigma statistical significance in the spectrum of invariant masses of three protons in the analyzed ensemble of collisions in the collision events with four protons in the final state. The peak structure was not visible in the other channels with the number of protons equal 3, 5, and [Formula: see text]. The mass and width of this possible three-proton resonance state were estimated to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MeV/[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MeV/[Formula: see text]. The inclusive cross-section of formation of this possible resonance state was estimated to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mb. It was deduced that the three-proton resonances could possibly be formed as a result of capture by a two-proton resonance (with mass [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MeV/[Formula: see text]) of one more proton with a close velocity. The observed three-proton as well as two-proton resonances are likely to be the hadronic molecules. Taking into account an alpha cluster structure of carbon-12 nuclei, one of the possible mechanisms of formation of three-proton resonances could be the effective fusing of pair of protons with opposite spins, from one fragmenting alpha cluster, with a proton, originating from the second fragmenting alpha cluster.