Paint Research Articles

Experimental study on mechanical property and stone-chip resistance of automotive coatings

The damage of automotive coatings caused by stone impact is a problem that has attracted great attention from automotive companies and users. In this work, experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic tensile properties and stone-chip resistance of automotive coatings. Four kinds of paint films and three typical coatings (single-layer electrocoat coating, single-layer primer coating, and multilayered coating) were used. Under dynamic tensile load using split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB), the engineering stress-strain curves of the paint films at medium and high strain rates (from 50 to 600 s−1) were obtained. Results indicated that the mechanical properties of the paint films exhibited strong nonlinearity and strain-rate correlation. A modified anti-impact tester was used to complete repeatable single impact tests. The effects of some key parameters, i.e., impact velocity, impact angle, and paint film thickness, on the stone-chip resistance of coatings were systematically investigated. The influence of contact type under high-speed impact conditions was investigated as well. The surface morphologies of the coatings after impact were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the failure mechanism of the coatings under normal/oblique impact was discussed. In all experiments, the paint films showed brittle fracture behavior.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВЛИЯНИЯ СВОЙСТВ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УГЛЕРОДА НА КАЧЕСТВО СЕРЫХ И ЧЕРНЫХ ЭМАЛЕЙ И КРАСОК

The paper summarizes literature data on the properties and application of pigment carbon black. It is shown how the addition of carbon black affects the color and quality of paints and varnishes. Technical carbon by its nature, physicochemical, physical properties is the most suitable pigment for the production of black and gray varnishes and paints, it is compatible with film-forming substances and other components of paint and varnish compositions.

Improving thermal performance of existing uninsulated R.C. domes through passive cooling measures using polyurethane foam in double skin layer in hot climate.

Thermal insulation is a significant issue of building sustainability. Facades and roofs represent the exterior envelop of buildings. One of the weakest points in roof insulation is dome. Most of the domes in Saudi Arabia are thermally uninsulated due to the absence of practical insulation techniques. This paper concerns solving the problem of thermally uninsulated R.C. domes. A selected zone in Al-wali district in Makkah has around 68 thermally uninsulated R.C. domes made of 150 mm R.C. dome roof, 25 mm mortar layer with acrylic thermal emulsion paint from outside, and 3 mm gypsum plastering from inside. This construction has low thermal resistivity value (U-value = 10.3627 W/m2K) exceeding region code of 0.31 W/m2K. Three options were tested on three similar uninsulated domes. Firstly, creating 50 mm foam concrete layer covered by light acrylic ceramic microspheres-based for weather protection, an option that has been widely used by most owners. Secondly, creating 75 mm polyurethane foam layer covered by acrylic ceramic microspheres-based paint, an option that has difficulty in external cladding, maintenance, and aesthetic value. Thirdly, creating double-skin layer reinforced by 220 mm vertical steel bars, consisting of 75 mm polyurethane foam with an external cladding of 6 mm ceramic tiles, an option suggested by this paper based on most owners' preferences since it controls heat transfer and allows external cladding. Difference in temperature (ΔT) between inside and outside the three treated domes were reported using surface infrared laser thermometer. Option 1 was practical and economical, but ineffective (U-value =2.5445 W/m2K, ΔT= 5.8 ֯C). Options 2& 3 were almost similar, both were effective and satisfy area code (U-value =0.2949, 0.2920 W/m2K, ΔT= 14.3, 14.8 ֯C respectively).

PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIGMENTS AND BINDER IN LOW-COST EMULSION HOUSE PAINT USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of some basic paint components i.e., prime pigment, extender pigment and binder on pH, viscosity and density on white emulsion paint formulation. The research was aimed at producing low-cost white emulsion house paint and optimizing the pigments and binder in other to obtain the optimal conditions for which the best paint formulation can be obtained using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The pH, density, viscosity and cost were chosen as the responses while the prime pigment, pigment extender and binder were selected as the factors. Twenty (20) different samples of white emulsion house paint were successfully formulated and produced using Central Composite Design. The physico-chemical properties of twelve (12) of the produced paints fell within the conventional specified range by Nigeria Industrial Standard. The results obtained revealed that the pH, viscosity and density were largely affected by the concentration of the prime pigment, pigment extender and binder. Also , the analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the models showed that the developed models for viscosity, density, pH and cost were significant with F-values of 109.19, 99.55, 10.31 and 2278.53 respectively, and P-values less than 0.05 (P<0.05). In addition, the generated optimum conditions of the desired paint formulation were 66.85 g for the prime pigment, 440.56 g for the pigment extender and 0.108 L for the binder while the quality test optimum conditions were 5.819 poise for viscosity, 1352.836 g/L for density and 7.035 for pH at a cost of ₦336.465. Using the optimum conditions to validate the experiment, the obtained experimental values of 5.95 poise of viscosity, 1380 g/L of density and pH of 7.30 were close to the predicted values and it confirmed the validity and adequacy of the predicted models. While Percentage error deviation of 2.26%, 2.0%, 2.64% and 2.5% were calculated for the viscosity, density, pH and cost, respectively.

Analysis and Evaluation of Paint Film Thickness Variation due to Solvent Volatilization Based on Drying Rate Curves

During the drying process of paints, the solvent contained in the paint volatilizes and the film thickness decreases. Since this property is highly dependent on the drying temperature and can affect the quality of the paint, appropriate temperature conditions and film thickness control are required. In this study, a model based on mass transfer theory was developed to calculate the paint film thickness at an arbitrary elapsed time. As a validation test, wet film thickness was measured by a non-contact film thickness gauge and compared with the analytical results. As a result, accurate paint film thickness prediction was achieved by setting appropriate parameters for different drying conditions.

Study on the Synthesis of Water-dispersible Acrylic Resin Containing Hydroxyl Group`

Hydroxy acrylic resin is a long-chain polymer material formed by cleavage and recombination of double bonds of various acrylates and methacrylates under the action of initiators. Among them, MMA and BA provide the rigidity of the molecular chain and For flexibility, HEMA provides the hydroxyl groups required for cross-linking and curing, and MAA gives the resin water solubility. By rationally designing different monomer dosages, resin products with high gloss and high hardness are prepared, and through paint making experiments, the paint film Performance is tested.

Properties of Emulsion Paint with Modified Natural Rubber Latex/Polyvinyl Acetate Blend Binder

The direct use of natural rubber latex (NRL) as a binder for emulsion paints did not produce emulsion paints with good opacity, washability resistance, and regulated touch drying time, even when mixed with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). This study aimed to study the properties of opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and set drying touch time of emulsion paint with a binder added from a mixture of modified natural rubber latex (NRL) and PVAc. NRL modifications included UV photodepolymerization with TiO2 catalyst and grafting copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene (NRL-g-(MMA-co-St)). NRL was mixed with PVAC at ratios of 0/100; 15/85; 25/75; 35/65; 50/50; 100/0% w/w before being used as a binder for emulsion paint. Emulsion paint samples had different binder contents, namely 2, 4, 6, and 8% w/w. Tests on paint samples included opacity using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (EASYSPEC safas Monaco), washability using the Digital BGD 526 Wet Abrasion Scrub Tester, and drying time set using the ASTM STP500 procedure. The results showed that the opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and set drying touch time met the emulsion paint standards for all binder levels, except the 100% w/w modified NRL composition. The higher level of NRL in the binder causes these properties to decrease and become unstable. The best opacity (hidden power), washing resistance, and drying touch time were obtained on modified NRL with a concentration of 15% w/w. The binder content in the paint was around 4% w/w, with an opacity of about 1.78% abs, washing resistance of 12 times, and the set drying touch time to 80 min.

Effect of Polyurethane Non-Transparent Coating Process on Paint Film Performance Applied on Modified Poplar

Whether modified poplar can obtain a qualified or even excellent finishing effect on European and American furniture is worthy of deep study. To evaluate whether the conventional non-transparent coating process is suitable for modified poplar, a multi-level hybrid orthogonal experiment method was carried out to start research on how factors affect the paint film performance of the non-transparent coating process. The effect of experimental factors and levels on paint film performance is pointed out, and the optimal factors and levels are found. Parameter optimization of the polyurethane non-transparent finishing process based on modified poplar is carried out. An application basis was provided for the extensive use of modified poplar wood as a substrate in the European and American furniture markets. The conclusions are: (1) gloss of paint film can be improved by increasing the number of nitrocellulose (NC) lacquer transparent topcoats, (2) adhesion and thickness of paint film can be improved by polyurethane (PU) sealing primer, (3) the initial paint film’s abrasion is influenced efficiently by the coating process and coating sanding. PU sealing primer has an efficient influence on the later abrasion of paint film. The effect of modified poplar surface pretreatment on the mass loss of paint film tends to be stable.

Measuring small field profiles and output factors with a stemless plastic scintillator array.

To fabricate a 1D stemless plastic scintillation detector (SPSD) array using organic photodiodes and to use the detector to measure small field profiles and output factors. An organic photodiode array was fabricated by spin coating a mixture of P3HT and PCBM organic semiconductors onto an ITO-coated glass substrate and depositing aluminum top contacts. Four bulk scintillators of various dimensions were placed on top of the photodiode array. A fifth scintillator was used that had been segmented by laser etching and the septa filled with black paint. Each detector array was first calibrated using a reference field of 95cm SSD, 5cm depth, and 10×10 cm2 field size for a 6 MV photon beam. After calibration, profiles were measured for three small field sizes: 0.5×0.5 cm2 , 1×1 cm2 , and 2×2 cm2 . Using the central pixel of the array, output factors were measured for field sizes of 0.5×0.5 cm2 to 25×25 cm2 . Small field profiles were compared to film measurements and output factors compared to ion chamber measurements. The segmented scintillator measured profiles that were in good agreement with film for all three field sizes. Output factors agreed to within 1.2% of ion chamber over the field size range of 1×1 cm2 to 25×25 cm2 . At 0.5×0.5 cm2 the segmented scintillator underestimated the output factor compared to film and a microDiamond detector. Bulk scintillators failed to produce a good agreement with film for measured profiles and deviations from ion chamber for output factors were apparent at field sizes below 5×5 cm2 . In comparison to a bulk scintillator of dimensions 5×5×0.5 cm3 the etched scintillator saw a reduction of 5.1, 7.1, and 10.5 times the signal for field sizes of 0.5×0.5 cm2 , 1×1 cm2 , and 2×2 cm2 , respectively. The reduction of signal comes from reduced cross-talk that was present in all of the bulk scintillator geometries to various degrees. A 1D SPSD array was demonstrated with various scintillator designs. The etched scintillator array demonstrated excellent small field profile measurements when compared to film and output factors (down to 1×1cm2 field size) when compared to micro ion chamber and diamond detector measurements.

Electrostatics comfort in buildings and offices: Some experiences and basic rules

Electrostatic charges may cause several damages to electronic devices, sensible products or processes. They may also lead to electric discharges which represent a hazard for explosive atmospheres or may cause serious problems in equipment in hospitals. For these well-known situations there are standards that give rules and solutions to users and designers. However, there is still a large field of possible electrostatic problems which cannot be classified into damages or dangers but that represent rather a problem of discomfort to users. Some examples are electrostatic discharges in homes, offices, shops, supermarkets, public areas or public car parks. The general solutions proposed in the standards for electrostatic charges in industrial environments, may not be applicable or cost-effective for these situations. These cases represent an original technical problem aimed at solving the troubles caused by electrostatic charges to users. Solutions may be inexpensive, definitive (i.e. without maintenance or requiring very long periods for maintenance) and, in some situations, they may reduce at a maximum their visual impact for esthetical reasons (e.g. the use of coating with conductive black painting are seldom acceptable).This paper will describe some representative examples of electrostatic discomfort in non-standardized environments, gathered after 15 years of experience. Some practical solutions will be proposed.

Investigations at the Trypillia settlement near Hlybochok village in Cherkasy Oblast

The Trypillia settlement is located at the western edge of Hlybochok village (former Zvenyhorodka district of Cherkasy Oblast), at the plateau of the western bank of the Hirskyi Tikych River. According to the geophysical surveys, the settlement size reached 100 ha. Its dwellings were organized into two ellipses. The remains of two dwellings (ploshchadki) were excavated in 1994—1995. Ploshchadka No. 1 was located in the southern part of the external construction ellipse, while ploshchadka No. 2 was located in the second internal ellipse at the eastern part of the site. The remains of both houses had a rectangular shape and included several layers of burnt clay. Houses had fireplaces on the lower storey. The second house also included an elevation of rectangular shape with grinding stones. Living areas are associated with the upper storey of houses. The majority of materials, mainly kitchen and table pottery, were found between the layers of burnt clay. Kitchen pottery (6—7 %) is represented by conical bowls and pots with S-shaped profiles with poor ornamentation. Table pottery (92—93 %) is represented by ceramics ornamented with black monochromic painting. Nearly 45 % of pottery forms and 25 % of ornamentation schemes were reconstructed. Ceramic shapes are represented by bowls, goblets, biconical, spherical and conical vessels, amphorae, pear-shaped vessels, leads, craters, pots and binocular-shaped vessels. Anthropomorphic figurines were found in fragments. The Hlybochok settlement is referred to the late phase of Nebelivska group (the end of BII period) of the development of the Western Trypillia culture. The settlement is dated to the range of 3925—3825 BC. The Nebelivska group marks the migration of the Western Trypillia culture populations to the north-eastern direction, towards the Middle Dnieper region. Its further development between the Ros and the Dnieper rivers resulted in the formation of Kanivska local group, which pottery is also characterized by the influence of the Eastern Trypillia traditions. In the indigenous area the Nebelivska local group was replaced by the Tomashivska group.

Experimental investigation of the solar distiller using nano-black paint for different water depths

World nations are continuously thriving to find a prompt solution to the scarcity of potable water. In recent years, solar distiller has been suggested as a feasible technology for tapping drinkable water from saline water. In a solar distiller, the absorber surface has a significant impact on the solar distiller's performance. This work presents an attempt to increase the performance of a traditional solar distiller by improving the thermal conductivity of the absorber surface through spraying a nano-black paint over its surface. In this study, two distillers of identical size were used. One solar distiller was made by painting the absorbing plate with normal black paint and labelling it as a traditional solar distiller (TSD). Another distiller was prepared by painting the absorber of the traditional distiller with nano-black paint (TSD-Nano). The tests had been carried out over two days, with water levels of 0.1 cm and 0.2 cm in both solar distillers, respectively. For the fabrication of TSD-Nano, a nano-paint was prepared by thoroughly mixing 1.0 vol% of nano-CuO particles with black paint. The results showed that a coating of nano-black paint increased the thermal conductivity of the absorber and thereby increased the production of the solar distiller by 10.38% and 8.73% for 0.1 cm and 0.2 cm water depths, respectively, comparing to normal black paint.

Construction of a Simple Domeless Net Radiometer for Demonstrating Energy Balance Concepts in a Laboratory Activity

Even though energy balance concepts are fundamental to solutions of problems in a number of disciplines in the agricultural and life sciences, they are seldom demonstrated in a laboratory activity. Here, we introduce a simple domeless net radiometer to demonstrate how the surface temperature of an object aboveground is regulated by the properties of the surfaces and environmental conditions. The device is based on the early designs of all-wave net radiometers and is composed of a foam disc with its opposing surfaces coated with either white or black paint. Temperatures of the disc’s surfaces are monitored using thermocouple temperature sensors. Using a combination of solar irradiance, albedo of the ground surface, air temperature, and wind speed measurements, the temperatures of the disc’s surfaces can be calculated by means of an energy balance model. We found good agreement between calculated and measured temperatures. In addition to demonstrate important physical concepts under natural outdoor conditions, we believe that the proposed laboratory activity will benefit students by allowing them to gain some experience and practical skills in working with environmental sensors, programming data acquisition systems, and analyzing data. Stimulating students’ creativity as well as developing their analytical and problem-solving skills is another goal of the proposed activity.

Verification of the Radio Wave Absorption Effect in the Millimeter Wave Band of SWCNTs and Conventional Carbon-Based Materials

Using a sample coated with three types of carbon-based paints, namely single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNTs), carbon black, and graphite, the amount of radio wave absorption for each was measured. SWCNTs proved to have the superior radio wave absorption effect in the millimeter band. Considering the change in the amount of radio wave absorption depending on the coating amount, three different coating thicknesses were prepared for each test material. The measurement frequency was set to two frequency bands of 28 GHz and 75 GHz, and the measurement method was carried out based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) R1679 “Radio wave absorption characteristic measurement method in the millimeter wave band of the radio wave absorber.” As for the amount of radio wave absorption in the 28 GHz band, a maximum amount of radio wave absorption of about 6 dB was obtained when 35 m of CNT spray paint was applied. It was confirmed that the carbon black paint came to about 60% that of the SWCNT, and the graphite paint did not obtain much radio wave absorption even when the coating thickness was changed. Furthermore, even in the 75 GHz band, the radio wave absorption was about 7 dB when 16 μm of CNT spray paint was applied, showing the maximum value. Within these experimental results, the CNT spray paint has a higher amount of radio wave absorption in the millimeter wave band than paints using general carbon materials. Its effectiveness could be confirmed even with a very thin coating thickness of 35 μm or less. It was also confirmed that even with the same paint, the radio wave absorption effect changes depending on the difference in coating thickness and the condition of the coated surface.

Brush grinding aluminum alloy mechanism of single steel wire based on finite element approach

In the process of surface treatment, steel wire brush can not only efficiently remove surface contaminants, such as deteriorated paint film and rust, but also increase the adhesive strength. However, the associated brush mechanics of material removal is still not clear. In order to reveal the brush mechanics of material removal, this paper assumed the tip of steel wire were ball–cone shaped, constructed contact force model, and calculated the brush grinding force under different process conditions based on finite element approach. The simulated results show that the brush grinding can be changed from plastic plowing to chip formation when the penetration depth is increased to 10 μm, then changed from chip formation to plastic plowing when the inclination angle is increased to 30°, respectively. The simulated value of brush force rises with the increasing penetration depth and inclination angle, which was consistent with the experimentally obtained values, and the relative errors are within 9%. The quantity of material removal increases with the ascending of penetration depth, and decreases with the ascending of inclination angle. This paper provides guidance to understand the mechanics of material removal, predict the brush grinding force, and contribute well to an automatic grinding control application.

Improving the performance of an active greenhouse dryer by integrating a solar absorber north wall coated with graphene nanoplatelet-embedded black paint

Greenhouse drying systems are sustainable and clean applications for preserving agricultural crops. In this work, a single-slope greenhouse drying system has been modified with solar absorber and thermally insulated north wall. Also, the designed and manufactured north wall has been coated with graphene nanoplatelet-embedded black paint. Greenhouse dryers with north wall and nano-embedded north wall modifications have been experimentally compared with a conventional greenhouse dryer. Main goal of this research is to upgrade the performance of a greenhouse drying system without using any auxiliary heating device and complex structural components. According to the experimental outcomes, drying time was reduced as 75 and 90 min by utilizing north wall and nano-enhanced north wall, respectively. Furthermore, exergy efficiencies of greenhouse dryers with north wall and nano-enhanced north wall were attained as 4.67% and 5.38%, respectively while this value for conventional greenhouse dryer obtained between 2.61 and 2.70%. Moreover, utilizing graphene nanoplatelets in black paint improved the specific moisture extraction rate as 40% in comparison to conventional greenhouse dryer.

Understanding and optimizing Evolon\xae CR for varnish removal from oil paintings

Evolon^circledR CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon^circledR CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon^circledR CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon^circledR CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon^circledR CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol.

A Yellow Lead-Free Pavement Marking Paint Based on Hybrid Dye-Clay Nanopigment: Morphological, Thermomechanical, and Photophysical Properties

This study utilized a yellow hybrid dye-clay nanopigment (DCNP) in a paint formulation to prepare a lead-free, eco-friendly pavement marking paint as an alternative to the conventional lead chromate (PbCrO4) paints. Two paint formulations based on DCNP and PbCrO4 were fabricated using a mechanical mixing method followed by sonication. The paint films were obtained via solution casting. The morphological property investigation demonstrated that the DCNP was well dispersed in the polymeric paint film with the formation of a partially intercalated/exfoliated structure. The film colored with DCNP showed a 75% improvement in storage modulus (E′), much higher than that of the film filled with PbCrO4 (39%). DCNP increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the paint by 5 °C, implying a favorable impact of this pigment on the pavement marking’s thermomechanical stability. The photophysical characterization revealed that the brilliant yellow color of the paint featured the yellow component value (+b*) of 69.9 units. Furthermore, the pavement marking standard colors were achieved with a considerably smaller amount of colorant when using DCNP due to its exceptional color strength. In conclusion, the remarkable functional properties of the nanopigment DCNP indicate its great potential as a promising alternative to lead chromate in pavement markings.

Employing convex shape absorber for enhancing the performance of solar still desalination system

This paper presents an experimental study for new solar still (SS) called convex SS. The convex SS has been tested at different convex heights, different wick materials, with Nano (Ag) black paint, and with Nano phase change material (paraffin wax + Ag). The results showed that, at 15 cm convex height and jute wick the convex SS showed 54% superior productivity than conventional SS. Besides, the data illustrated that, increasing the convex height increases the daily productivity of the convex SS till reaching the peak at 15 cm. Then, the yield started to decrease again at convex height larger than 15 cm. additionally; the jute wick showed higher performance with convex SS compared with cotton wick. The thermal efficiency of convex SS at 15 cm height showed about 41.2% and 40.8% for jute and cotton wicks, respectively. Furthermore, adding Ag nanoparticles to the black paint used to paint the convex surface increased the daily productivity to be 72% over conventional SS. As well, using thermal energy storage material (paraffin wax) mixed with Ag nanoparticles (2.5 wt.%) and Nano black paint enhanced the daily productivity of the convex SS to be 112% higher than conventional SS. So, it can be concluded that using Nano PCM enhanced the productivity of convex SS by about 40%. The economic analysis indicated that, the price per liter of fresh water is estimated to be 0.028 and 0.025 $/ l for conventional SS and convex SS, respectively.

Synthesis and characterization of phosphate compounds of cobalt and their composites with building coating materials and solar paint: study of energy storage and energy dissipating behavior

Heat dissipating non-calcined mixture (IVA) and sensible thermal heat storage calcined mixture (IVB) along with their composite materials with decorating paint, resin based black paint used in solar flat plate collector, CaCO3 with adhesive glue (Fevicol) and wall care putty have been synthesized in atmospheric condition. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study was carried out at constant ramp rate of 10 K min−1 in atmospheric condition. From DSC, it was found that IVA exhibits exothermic behavior and IVB endothermic. The composite material (IVBDP) of IVB with decorating paint shows heat repellent behavior during cooling and endothermic behavior during heating. The composite materials (IVAWCP & IVBWCP) of both IVA and IVB with wall care putty, and composite material (IVBCaG) of IVB with CaCO3-adhesive glue were synthesized and thermal behavior of the same studied using DSC. In the composite material (IVBSP) of IVB with solar paint, the specific heat capacity increases by 3.57%.