Paint Shop Pro Research Articles

AHP validated literature review of forgery type dependent passive image forgery detection with explainable AI

Nowadays, a lot of significance is given to what we read today: newspapers, magazines, news channels, and internet media, such as leading social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. These are the primary wellsprings of phony news and are frequently utilized in malignant manners, for example, for horde incitement. In the recent decade, a tremendous increase in image information generation is happening due to the massive use of social networking services. Various image editing software like Skylum Luminar, Corel PaintShop Pro, Adobe Photoshop, and many others are used to create, modify the images and videos, are significant concerns. A lot of earlier work of forgery detection was focused on traditional methods to solve the forgery detection. Recently, Deep learning algorithms have accomplished high-performance accuracies in the image processing domain, such as image classification and face recognition. Experts have applied deep learning techniques to detect a forgery in the image too. However, there is a real need to explain why the image is categorized under forged to understand the algorithm’s validity; this explanation helps in mission-critical applications like forensic. Explainable AI (XAI) algorithms have been used to interpret a black box’s decision in various cases. This paper contributes a survey on image forgery detection with deep learning approaches. It also focuses on the survey of explainable AI for images.

Improved semi automatic approach to count the tracks on LR-115 film for monitoring of radioactive elements

An improved semi automatic technique for counting the tracks formed on LR-115 films with the advantages of simplicity and speed is reported. In this technique, a microscope with a Dino-Eye eyepiece camera is coupled to a PC equipped with a python compiler. After etching of the LR-115 film, 16 track images were taken to find the track density. The images generated were binarized before application of a Python algorithm. This process does not disfigure the original track and increase the spatial resolution. The batch process option in Jasc Paint Shop Pro was used to binarize the 16 images simultanously. The Python program automatically counts the total number of tracks formed on the 16 track images. This method was compared with manual counting and counting with the software program-Scion image to verify it. The results showed that the proposed method is reasonably good at counting the tracks. It is a faster and less time-consuming method, and will facilitate measurements of etched tracks in a variety of applications.

Potential contribution of periapical radiographic film image processing for forensic identification

ABSTRACT Periapical X-rays are the most common complementary tests in the dental clinic. The indication of image tests in forensic identification depends on the produced X-rays quality. The image processing of conventional radiographs can improve image quality. This study aimed to report the potential contribution of image processing from radiographic films by digitally edited periapical radiographs for case reporting of positive identification. The results of anthropological examinations and dental arches of the victim matched the information transferred by the family of the missing person. The antemortem and postmortem periapical radiographs were digitized on photo scanner (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, HP ScanJet G4050 Photo, United States) and images were processed in Corel PaintShop Pro X4 editing software (Corel Corporation, v14, Canada). The comparison of antemortem and postmortem periapical radiographs digital images allowed to determine 8 concordant points in the contour and delimit the maxillary sinus as well as periodontal and dental structures of the tooth 17. Identification of the individual was possible by digital editing of radiographs in computer software. Editing allowed adjusting image brightness, contrast and sharpness, color temperature and saturation of tooth-jaw structures. Such technological feature effectively contributed to positive identification performed by Forensic Dentistry.

Evaluating Transportation by Comparing Several uses of Rotary Endodontic Files.

To evaluate the frequent use of ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) systems on shaping ability of root canal utilizing Solidworks (2014, Dassault Systemes) software. Thirty-six root canals in clear resin blocks (Dentsply-Maillefer) were allocated into six experimental groups (n = 36). Six new sets of PTN instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were used six times to shape the resin blocks. A #15 K-file was inserted to the working length (WL), followed by ProGlider (PG) to create a glide path. Sequential use of PTN instrumentation in a crown-down technique was used to reach size (30/07) apically. Macroscopic photos of the blocks were taken before and after instrumentation, layered by Paint Shop Pro 9 from JascSoftware, and then canal transportation was measured using Solidwork 2014. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. Multivariate statistical analysis general linear model (GLM) was also applied. Bonferroni correction test was used in multiple comparisons and the statistical significance was set to 0.05. There was no difference in canal transportation resulted from utilizing PTN files after six multiple uses; in addition, the PTN files showed ability to maintain the original canal anatomy, especially in the apical level, where lowest total mean value of canal center displacement was seen (3 mm level) (0.019 ± 0.017). ProTaper Next files can be used to prepare single and multiple canals in a single furcated tooth. ProTaper Next nickel-titanium (NiTi) file system is a safe instrument that respects the canal shape, allows practitioners to treat difficult cases with good results, and low risk of separation.

Teaching College Students Principle of Endoscopes Through an Educational Method of Image Processing

We gave a lecture regarding the principles of endoscopes to students studying medical engineering. The following was the lecture. The light from the light source passed through the rotating RGB filter, and changed to a red, a green, and a blue light, respectively, and these three colored lights illuminated an object. Each light reflected from the object passed through a lens and was received by the CCD. The light signals were changed into electric signals by the CCD, and the memory recorded the red, green, and blue electric signals. The video processor processed these color signals. And, the image of the object was displayed on the monitor. Next, we gave a lecture about RGB colors to the students. The RGB color model was an additive color model of red, green, and blue light. The model could reproduce a broad array of colors using various ways. To allow the students to experience these principles, we gave the students an experimental subject. We prepared a CCD camera, RGB filters, a power supply code, and a video cable. The CCD camera was a Super Color Camera NA-C2660. The RGB filters were the additive types of Dichroic Color Filters that were manufactured by Edmund Optics, Co. These filters were three of colors: red, green, and blue. The video capture board was an Analog Video Capture Board GV-VCP3R/PCI that was manufactured by I-O DATA Device, Inc. Students were divided into 36 groups with 5-6 students in each group. The students combined the three images photographed with the RGB filters, and performed the image processing. The students compared the RGB values of the combined images with the RGB values of the normal image. They brought the RGB value of the combined image as close as possible to the RGB value of the normal image using the Paint Shop Pro 8 software. Next, the differences in the RGB values between the normal image and the modified image were calculated; the maximum of those values was extracted. According to the results, the number of the groups whose difference of the RGB value were greater than 5 and less than or equal to 10 showed the maximum. Moreover, the group which showed the 2nd value was the group whose difference of the RGB value were less than or equal to 5. In the end, the students could experience the principles of endoscopes and image processing.

Relationship between facial golden ratio and malocclusion in Mexican patients who attended the Orthodontics Clinic at Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México during 2009 with facial aesthetics criteria evaluated with Marquardt mask

ObjectiveTo establish the frequency of patients selected as attractive showing the golden ratio on their faces according to the Marquardt mask and a class I molar relationship. MethodologyObservational research, transversal, retrospective and comparative study. Were collected 65 pictures (19 male and 46 female) from pre-orthodontic treatment patients at UNITEC Orthodontics Clinic with attractive faces according to beauty criteria established by the authors. Molar class was also evaluated among patients. sample sizediscretionary. sample typenon-probabilistic. The pictures were shown to UNITEC Orthodontics graduate students who were given an evaluation sheet on which they graded patients from the least to the most attractive on a 1 to 5 scale. A study group was made from the results. Paint Shop Pro sc09960 version 7 was used to analyze the images by placing a Marquardt Mask on top of the patient’s picture. ResultsOut of the 65 pictures, 64.6% were described as attractive (42 patients) while 35.4% were found not attractive (23 patients). Out of the attractive patients, 57.1% were well proportioned according to the Marquardt Mask and 42.9% were not proportioned. ConclusionsThe authors concluded that attractive patients are not always well proportioned. They also don’t present an Angle class I molar relationship.

Relación entre la proporción áurea facial y la maloclusión en pacientes mexicanos con criterios faciales estéticos evaluados con la máscara de Marquardt que acudieron a la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México durante el 2009

ObjectiveTo establish the frequency of patients selected as attractive showing the golden ratio on their faces according to the Marquardt mask and a class I molar relationship. MethodologyObservational research, transversal, retrospective and comparative study. Were collected 65 pictures (19 male and 46 female) from pre-orthodontic treatment patients at UNITEC Orthodontics Clinic with attractive faces according to beauty criteria established by the authors. Molar class was also evaluated among patients. Sample sizediscretionary Sample typenon-probabilistic. The pictures were shown to UNITEC Orthodontics graduate students who were given an evaluation sheet on which they graded patients from the least to the most attractive on a 1 to 5 scale. A study group was made from the results. Paint Shop Pro sc09960 version 7 was used to analyze the images by placing a Marquardt Mask on top of the patient's picture. ResultsOut of the 65 pictures, 64.6% were described as attractive (42 patients) while 35.4% were found not attractive (23 patients). Out of the attractive patients, 57.1% were well proportioned according to the Marquardt Mask and 42.9% were not proportioned. ConclusionsThe authors concluded that attractive patients are not always well proportioned. They also don't present an Angle class I molar relationship.

The Mind That Sees and Creates

This issue's article examines the digital artwork of Nicola Hawkes. Digital art enveloped UK-based Nicola Hawkes in ways she never anticipated. A previously undiscovered source of creativity emerged. Even though she had always appreciated modern analog art, the subject never hit home in school because she was consistently forced to study certain types of art that didn't speak to her. She prefers Corel PaintShop Pro over Photoshop, primarily because the latter gives too much to the user.

Determination of the Optimal Color Space from Eight Types of Color Spaces for Distinguishing Small Retinal Hemorrhages from Dust Artifacts

To determine the optimal color space from eight types of color spaces for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy. We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. This device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8–2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double-convex lenses, three aperture stops, and six artificial eyes. The hemispherical eye ground was made of polythene terephthalate, which was painted with six matt color sprays: red, coffee, ocher, yellow, ivory, and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB color space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven types of color spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*. The L*u*v* color space was the optimal one as it demonstrated the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. This result demonstrated that this color space could distinguish small hemorrhages from dust artifacts. Next, we analyzed the L*u*v* color space and compared the following three types of house dust positions: “on an object lens,” “on a photographic optical system,” and “on an illumination optical system.” The house dust position “on an object lens” had the highest sensitivity and the best reproducibility. However, the positions “on a photographic optical system” and “on an illumination optical system” had high sensitivity and good reproducibility only under certain conditions. In addition, no differences were found among the six types of fundus colors.

The impact of variability in ultrasound settings on the measured echolucency of the carotid intima–media

B-mode ultrasound measurements of the echolucency of the carotid intima-media may hold information on cardiovascular risk. The information obtained from this measurement may depend on which gain settings are used. We studied the effect of gain settings on echolucency measurements and its consequences on risk factor relations and treatment effects. We used two approaches. In the first, we examined the relationship between calibration, gain and common grey-scale median (GSM) from repeated ultrasound images obtained from four healthy individuals at gain settings ranging from -20 to 20 dB. In the second, we evaluated the effect of gain settings on the relation of risk factors and statin treatment with common GSM, using images from 325 participants of the Measuring Effects on Intima-Media Thickness: an Evaluation of Rosuvastatin (METEOR) study with documented gain settings. Echolucency of the carotid intima-media was measured from ultrasound images using PaintShop Pro and Artery Measurement Software and expressed as GSM. In healthy individuals, common GSM increased with increments in gain setting, primarily when the measurements were not calibrated. In the METEOR study sample, age and sex were significantly related to gain setting. The risk factor relations with common GSM were of the same magnitude and direction after adjustment for gain setting. Furthermore, adjustment for gain setting did not alter the rates of GSM change over time. Extreme variability in gain settings has a major impact on the echolucency measurements of the far wall common carotid intima-media. Calibration should be used to adjust for these effects of gain settings. Variability in gain settings, however, seems limited in real practice and did not change the direction and magnitude of the relations under study. However, as age and sex are major determinants of gain settings, adjustment for or stratification by age and sex is recommended in studies into echolucency of the carotid intima-media in situations in which gain settings are unknown.

Determination of the optimal colour space for distinguishing small retinal haemorrhages from dust artefacts

AbstractPurpose To determine the optimal colour space from eight types of colour spaces for the purpose of distinguishing small retinal haemorrhages from dust artefacts in cases of early diabetic retinopathy.Methods We constructed an experimental device, which comprised an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole. The device included a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50 mm f/1.8‐2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double‐convex lenses, three aperture stops and six artificial eyes. The eye ground was a hemisphere made of polythene terephthalate painted with six matt colour sprays: red, white brown, ochre, yellow, ivory and orange. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens and the two lenses were photographed under each artificial eye. The RGB colour space, measured by Paint Shop Pro from pictures, was changed into seven kinds of colour spaces: XYZ, CMY, HSL, HSV, HSI, L*a*b* and L*u*v*.Results The evaluation values of the following three colour spaces were favourable: the L*u*v* colour space (L*, 5.7±1.1; u*, 8.5±1.8 and v*, 6.7±1.1), the HSV colour space (hue, 2.0±0.5; saturation, 9.5±3.7 and value, 6.7±0.7) and the HSL colour space (hue, 2.0±0.5; saturation, 7.8±2.5 and lightness, 6.8±0.8). The other colour spaces did not show a good result.Conclusion The L*u*v* colour space is highly sensitive; therefore, it is most effective in distinguishing small haemorrhages from dust artefacts. The HSV and HSL colour spaces were highly sensitive in terms of saturation, lightness and value. Using Scilab and SIVP software, we are currently researching methodology that applies the use of colour spaces such as L*u*v* and HSV for automatic distinction.

Experimental study of distinguishing small retinal heamorrhages from dust artefacts using HLS colour space

AbstractPurpose Many ophthalmologists consider it difficult to distinguish small retinal heamorrhages of early diabetic retinopathy from dust artefacts on fundus cameras.Methods Photographs of the fundi of five patients with diabetic retinopathy were taken. Paint Shop Pro v. 8.0 was used to measure HLS colour spaces of both hemorrhagic area and the area around the heamorrhage at two locations of each photograph. We constructed the experimental device, which has an illumination optical system and a photographic optical system separated by a mirror having a hole with 4 mm diameter. The device consists of a canon EOS 50D camera, an EF 50mm f/1.8‐2 camera lens, a Speedlite 270EX flash, an object lens, four double‐convex lenses, two aperture stops and four artificial eyes. The eye ground is a half sphere made of polythene terephthalate painted by four mat colour sprays: red, white brown, ochre and yellow. Five fragments of house dust on the object lens were photographed under each artificial eye. Paint Shop Pro 8.0 was used to measure the HLS colour spaces of dust artefacts and the area around the artefacts.Results The evaluation space of house dust was calculated using the HLS data obtained from the experimental device. Hue was red, −7.1±16.9; white brown, −5.7±7.4; yellow, 3.4±1.6 and ochre 0.3±2.3. Lightness was red, 10.7±3.4; yellow, 9.9±3.0; ochre, 9.5±1.8 and white brown, 8.2±2.1. Saturation was red, 25.5±23.5; white brown, 22.6±12.2; yellow, 15.1±12.3 and ochre, 5.0±2.8.Conclusion The lightness of the HLS colour space helped in distinguishing dust from heamorrhage in all colour spectra. However, hue and saturation could distinguish dust from heamorrhage only under certain conditions.

Method for distinguishing small retinal hemorrhages from dust artifacts using HLS color space

Abstract Purpose Many ophthalmologists consider it is difficult to distinguish the small retinal hemorrhages of early diabetic retinopathy from dust artifacts on fundus cameras. To distinguish these, we analyzed the HLS color spaces for both findings. Methods Five patients with diabetic retinopathy had photographs of their fundi taken. Paint Shop Pro v. 8.0 was used to measure HLS color spaces of both hemorrhagic area and the area around hemorrhage in two locations of the photograph. In the darkroom, the experimental devise had four kinds of color papers on its ceiling: red, yellow, brown and black. Ten fragments of house dust on magnifier were each photographed using flash with each color paper. Three kinds of color lighting bulbs were hung from the ceiling without color papers. The ten fragments of house dust on the camera’s object lens were photographed under each color lighting bulb. Paint Shop Pro 8.0 was used to measure the HLS color spaces of dust artifact and the area around the dust artifact. Results The evaluation space of house dust was calculated using the HLS data obtained from magnifier. The hue was red, −116.6±33.1; black, 52.6±24.8; and yellow, 16.9±4.1. The lightness was black, −24.0±5.1; red, −14.5±2.0; brown, −11.5±2.4; and yellow, −8.3±1.4. The saturation was black, −163.8±84.5 and yellow, 45.6±21.6. The evaluation space of house dust was calculated using the HLS data obtained from the camera’s object lens. The hue was yellow, 7.9±1.7 and red, −3.3±1.4. The lightness was yellow, 10.0±2.3; red, 6.4±1.5; and brown, 5.7±2.6. Conclusion The lightness of the HLS color space could help to distinguish dust from hemorrhage in all color spectra. However, hue and saturation could only distinguish dust from hemorrhage in some conditions.

Validação de escala diagramática para estimativa de desfolha provocada pela ferrugemasiática em soja

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a precisão e acurácia de avaliadores com o uso de escala diagramática, em estimativas de desfolha provocada por doenças em soja. A escala apresenta seis níveis de severidade de desfolha (5, 15, 45, 65, 85 e 100%). As imagens utilizadas para avaliação foram obtidas em parcelas atacadas por ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), apresentando diferentes níveis de desfolha. A validação foi feita por dez avaliadores, utilizando-se como parâmetro de comparação dados reais da área com cobertura foliar, obtidos através de processamento de imagens, nos softwares Paint Shop Pro 4, e Adobe Photoshop 7.0. Quando não foi utilizada a escala, os avaliadores apresentaram tendência de subestimar a severidade de desfolha nos níveis mais baixos e de superestimar em níveis altos. A acurácia e precisão dos avaliadores aumentaram com o auxílio da escala diagramática.

TNF-α plays a role in hepatocyte apoptosis in Niemann-Pick type C liver disease

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a fatal autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease clinically characterized by neurodegeneration and liver disease. Heterogeneous mutations in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes cause impaired egress of free cholesterol from lysosomes, leading to accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Key features of NPC liver disease include hepatic apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. It is unclear what signaling events regulate these disease processes in NPC. We hypothesize that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which is involved in both proinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascades, is a key mediator of inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis in NPC liver disease. In this study, we evaluated the role of TNF-alpha signaling in NPC liver disease by utilizing NPC1-specific antisense oligonucleotides to knock down NPC1 expression in control and TNF-alpha knockout mice. In the absence of TNF-alpha, NPC1 knockdown produced liver disease with significantly less inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

Correlation between intraretinal changes in diabetic macular oedema seen in fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography

To study the relationship between intraretinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Thirty eyes with previously untreated DMO underwent FA and OCT. The same ETDRS template was overlaid on the FA images in order to compare OCT and FA. Transfoveal linear high-resolution OCT scans (at the 0- and 90-degree meridians) and FA pictures were compared according to the ETDRS rings. Six distinct patterns of intraretinal changes in OCT correlated with changes in FA: (a) focal angiographic leakage did not correspond to any obvious intraretinal abnormality in OCT in four eyes; (b) localized thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to focal leaking microaneurysm (focal oedema) in FA in 11 eyes; (c) diffuse thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to diffuse angiographic leakage in 21 eyes; (d) cystoid expansion of the outer nuclear layer was found in seven eyes with a petaloid angiographic pattern of leakage; (e) cystoid expansion of the inner nuclear layer was found in relation to honeycomb angiographic oedema in five eyes, and (f) serous detachment of the fovea in OCT did not correspond to any distinct finding in FA in four eyes. Intraretinal abnormalities found in OCT correlate systemically with changes in FA. Very early DMO morphological changes may be seen better with FA than with OCT. Serous detachment of the fovea is seen in OCT, but not in FA. The combination of OCT and FA is useful in facilitating understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in DMO.

Clinical efficacy of a new software developed for dental digital subtraction radiography

The aim of this study was to test and compare the efficacy of software developed recently for digital subtraction radiography (DSR) in vivo. An algorithm performing both manual and automated image reconstructions and contrast correction was developed for the manipulation of radiographic images. Pre- and post-operative radiographic images of ten patients were obtained and the automated subtraction analyses were performed using four different softwares (new software, Emago, Photoshop 8.0 and Paintshop Pro 9). Ten experienced dental specialists evaluated the clinical efficacy of each program and scored the softwares by using visual analogue scales (VAS). The results were statistically analysed and alpha was set as 0.05. The newly developed algorithm received higher scores than the others (new software =67.89, Emago = 64.26, Paintshop Pro 9 = 33.41 and Photoshop 8.0 = 27.24, respectively). The clinical efficacies of the new software and Emago were not significantly different (P = 0.720); likewise, Photoshop 8.0 and Paintshop Pro 9 performed comparably (P = 0.295). Considering this study, the new software and Emago would be suggested for DSR in dental practice.

Automatic improvement of image contrast

This paper proposes a method for automatically altering image contrast, directed toward enhancing the quality of the visual perception of these images by an observer. The method is a three-step procedure of histogram transformation of the Y component in the YIQ color model. The question is considered of adapting the method to the difference in the observers' quality criteria, which limits the possibility of altering the method of improving the contrast in the interactive regime. Such a regime has been successfully tested in practice and was implemented in the JASC Paint Shop Pro 7-9 graphic packages.

Use of Autostitch for automatic stitching of microscope images

Image stitching is the process of combining multiple images to produce a panorama or larger image. In many biomedical studies, including those of cancer and infection, the use of this approach is highly desirable in order to acquire large areas of certain structures or whole sections, while retaining microscopic resolution. In this study, we describe the application of Autostitch, viz. software that is normally used for the generation of panoramas in photography, in the seamless stitching of microscope images. First, we tested this software on image sets manually acquired by normal light microscopy and compared the performance with a manual stitching approach performed with Paint Shop Pro. Secondly, this software was applied to an image stack acquired by an automatic microscope. The stitching results were then compared with that generated by a self-programmed rectangular tiling macro integrated in Image J. Thirdly, this program was applied in the image stitching of images from electron microscopy. Thus, the automatic stitching program described here may find applications in convenient image stitching and virtual microscopy in the biomedical research.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 Protein Phosphorylation upon Exposure to Bacterial Endotoxin

The yeast Hog1 protein is both functionally and structurally similar to the mammalian p38, belonging to the same family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and responding to extracellular changes in osmolarity. Since p38 mediates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects in mammalian cells, we now tested the responsiveness of Hog1 upon exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to bacterial LPS. In the presence of Escherichia coli LPS (100 ng/ml) and an endotoxically active, hexaacylated, synthetic lipid A (compound 506; 100 ng/ml), Hog1 becomes phosphorylated with a maximum of phosphorylation between 3 and 6 h, whereas a tetraacylated, inactive form of lipid A (compound 406) did not cause any modification in the phosphorylation state of Hog1. A triple labeling immunocytochemical study showed that phosphorylated Hog1 translocates into the nucleus after a 90-min incubation and becomes sparsely located in the cytoplasm. The translocation of the phospho-Hog1 is preceded by an increased expression of the HOG1 gene and concomitant with the expression of the Hog1 target gene, GPD1. We also observed that cells unable to synthesize Hog1 do not resist LPS as efficiently as wild-type cells. We conclude that the yeast S. cerevisiae is able to respond to the presence of Gram-negative bacteria endotoxin and that Hog1 is involved in this response.