Painful Memories Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF LOVE IN “THE BROKEN WINGS” BY KAHLIL GIBRAN

Love is a priceless gift and without it, life feels empty. Therefore, keep love with loyalty, honesty, and be able to keep our heart from being stained just for self-satisfaction which will regret in the end. This expression may as the basis for the writing of the novel "Broken Wings" by Khalil Gibran, a poet, philosopher, and painter from Lebanon. This work is considered very beautiful and tells the story of the fate that broke the wings of Gibran's love for a Lebanese girl named Selma Karamy. The objective of this research is to describe the meaning of love found in “The Broken Wings” by Kahlil Gibran. Love is the main theme in this story. The love in it is not only for Gibran to Selma Karamy, but also Selma Karamy's affection for his father is a form of love. Selma Karamy, who is starting to grow up, feels restless about her father. He realized that she was a woman. "Indeed, the tears of an old man are more meaningful than the tears of youth”. Love is not only for lovers, a child can give love to his parents. But, in the novel Wings of Broken, the love of a couple is highlighted. With his extraordinary sensitivity, Kahlil Gibran weaves a love story about a beautiful and passionate couple. The strength of this novel lies in its poetic lyrics which are full of meaning and the criticism it conveys. Love is interpreted as an attempt to love, do not have to have a loved one. Because in the end all will be returned to God, the Owner of Love. In this case, Gibran sees Selma as a ray of light that leads him to understand the meaning of life. Selma led Gibran to enter willingly into the paradise of pure love and truth with her sweetness and love. In The Broken Wings, Gibran uses the story of Adam and Eve to illustrate his story. When the love has died (or forced to die), what remains is only a row of sorrow that resides on the tomb. Leaving sweet dreams and painful memories behind. Just like a broken wing, unable to flap anymore.

Short Physical Performance Battery and Mediation of the Effect of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Falls by Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

The authors examined the association among cognitive function, falling, and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults (ages ≥65 years). Eight waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS; 2011-2018) were assessed, with 1,225 respondents who participated in all waves. The outcomes were self-reported number of falls and NHATS Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. The Clock Drawing Test measured participants' executive function, and immediate and delayed word recall tests assessed memory. The analyses indicated no direct correlation between executive function and fall risk when controlled for contributing factors. However, executive function and memory significantly predicted the risk for poor physical performance, defined by the NHATS SPPB score. The interaction between pain medication and memory worsened poor physical performance among participants with mild and severe memory impairment, as well as among those with mild to moderate impairment in executive function. Screening older adults living in the community for executive function, memory impairment, and physical performance can predict the risk for falls and the subsequent consequences of falling.

Formality or Reality: Student Teachers' Experiences of Ethical Dilemmas and Emotions During the Practicum.

The main purpose of the study was to explore Chinese student teachers’ experience during their practicum and what they reported as ethical dilemmas and how these experiences affected them in terms of professional development as well as emotional well-being. Through the analysis of qualitative data collected from forty-three participants’ interviews, this study identified six most commonly reported ethical dilemmas, including: formal curriculum versus informal and hidden curriculum; family agenda versus educational standards; loyalty to colleagues versus school norms; confidentiality versus school rules; conformism dilemmas and red-envelope dilemmas and found that dilemmas about formal curriculum versus informal and hidden curriculum were the dominant workplace ethical dilemma for student teachers. The results also showed that the majority of the student teachers reported experiencing negative emotions or painful memories, which may hinder their development of professional competencies and overall wellbeing. Thus, the study argues that student teachers’ frequent encounters with ethical dilemmas highlight the challenges faced by teacher educators in transferring knowledge between university and school environments, and student teachers should be equipped with essential emotional regulation strategies that could benefit them in their future work.

Byron’s Catholic Dante

This essay spotlights Byron’s emphasis on Dante’s Catholicism in The Prophecy of Dante . It demonstrates how unusual this was in an age that studiously avoided that Catholicism. It argues that in this distinctive approach to Italy’s ‘national’ poet we learn something fundamental about how and why Byron read not just Dante but Italian literature generally. Byron did not turn to Italian literature – as many of his contemporaries did – in order to recreate it, transform it, appropriate it for a political cause or ‘party’, domesticate it, ‘Romanticise’ it – or even to Byronise it, as has been argued. He often ended up doing these things, but Byron’s engagement with Dante’s Catholicism in The Prophecy shows how keenly he looked to Italian literary models for ways of recreating, transforming – Italianising – his own writing. For a brief but striking moment, this results in a ‘Byronic Hero’ moving on from bearing alienation, painful memory and the desire for revenge and into a Catholicism-inspired resisting of self, relinquishing of the will and yielding to ‘Great God’.

Moral Injury and Suicide Ideation Among Combat Veterans: The Role of Trauma-Related Shame and Collective Hatred

IntroductionExposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) among combat veterans has been acknowledged as a significant stressful combat event that may lead to mental health problems, including suicide ideation (SI). Several studies have examined the risk and protective factors that can explain the conditions in which PMIEs may contribute to the development and maintenance of SI. However, the contribution of social-emotional factors has yet to be examined.ObjectivesIn the current study, we examined the association between PMIE-Self and SI among combat veterans and explored the mediating role of trauma-related shame and the moderation role of collective hatred in this association.MethodsA volunteer sample of 336 Israeli combat veterans was recruited, completing self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study.Results indicated that PMIE-Self was positively associated with SI, and trauma-related shame mediated this association. Moreover, collective hatred moderated both their direct (PMIE -SI) and indirect (PMIE-Shame-SI) association. Notably, collective hatred had an inverse role for each of the associations. Thus, collective hatred was found to comprise both a risk and a protective factor for SI following PMIE-Self.ConclusionsThe current findings highlight the crucial contribution of trauma-related shame and collective hatred to the association between moral injury and suicidality. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that even years after their military service release, combat veterans exposed to PMIEs may still feel consumed by painful memories and maintain premonitions of a foreshortened future. Furthermore, the findings help to better understand the dynamics of collective hatred and the challenge of modifying it.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Memories of pain

This article aims to reflect on the creation of new digital memorials and obituaries to preserve and tell the story of people who were victims of the coronavirus, and the political and cultural aspects of these projects of patrimonialization of mourning.

The Effect of a Pain Educational Video Upon Child Pain-Related Memory and the Moderating Role of Parental Pain- and Non-Pain-Attending Verbalizations: An Experimental Lab-Based Study.

Early memories of pain contribute to fear and may underlie the maintenance and development of chronic pain into adulthood. Accordingly, understanding determinants that may impact children's pain memory development is key. This study examined (a) the effect of a brief engaging pain educational video in healthy children before undergoing an experimental pain task upon children's recalled pain intensity and pain-related fear and (b) the moderating role of parental pain- and non-pain-attending verbalizations before and after the pain task. Seventy-seven children (8-15 years old) participated in an experimental heat pain task, including actual heat pain stimuli delivered through a thermode on their forearm. Children were randomized to the experimental group (i.e., watching a pain educational video) or the control group (i.e., no video). Children's recalled pain intensity and pain-related fear were elicited 2 weeks later. Findings showed that recalled pain intensity (but not recalled pain-related fear) of children who watched the pain educational video was significantly lower compared to the control group (p = .028). Further, parental pain-attending verbalizations before the pain task moderated the impact of the video upon children's recalled pain intensity (p = .038). Specifically, children in the control group, but not the experimental group, whose parents used less pain-attending verbalizations recalled higher pain intensity, whereas children whose parents used more pain-attending verbalizations recalled lower pain intensity. As children's pain memories have important implications for pain assessment, treatment, and health across the lifespan, these findings might have important implications for the prevention of development or maintenance of maladaptive pain-related outcomes.

“Sometimes it's harder to see than to experience”: The sibling subsystem in the context of parental abuse as conveyed by adult survivors

Parental abuse is a common social problem that can have far-reaching consequences for all those involved, including the sibling subsystem. The current study was designed to examine the way the sibling subsystem is experienced and perceived by adult survivors of parental abuse. The study sample comprised 20 adults from different families who experienced parental abuse as children and had at least one sibling. The survivors discussed the central role of the sibling subsystem in their childhood. They described the sibling subsystem as providing them with comfort and support and that it was essential to their emotional and physical survival of the parental abuse. Additionally, the survivors shared two relationship profiles in adulthood: closeness and distance. Although distinct in nature, these two profiles were described by the survivors as their way of contending with the painful memories of their childhood. The discussion addresses the contribution of the current study to the understanding of the sibling subsystem dynamic in both childhood and adulthood. It also stresses the need to put the sibling subsystem at the center of theoretical and empirical discussions as well as a focus on therapeutic interventions and prevention to promote the wellbeing of children and adult survivors of parental abuse.

Metamorphosis

An extremely personal poem about getting married and changing names, Metamorphosis briefly explores the emotions of leaving behind a name with painful associations and adopting a new name full of possibilities. Furthermore, this symbolises leaving behind the painful memories of a previous life to start anew.

Let's (Not) Talk About Pain: Mothers' and Fathers' Beliefs Regarding Reminiscing About Past Pain.

Children's memories for past pain set the stage for their future pain experiences. Parent-child reminiscing about pain plays a key role in shaping children's pain memories. Parental beliefs about the functions of reminiscing are associated with parental reminiscing behaviors. To date, no studies have investigated parental beliefs regarding the functions of reminiscing about past pain or the associations between parental beliefs and reminiscing about past pain. This study aimed to fill these gaps. One-hundred and seven parents (52% fathers) of young children were asked about their beliefs regarding reminiscing about past pain. Interview data were first analyzed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis. A coding scheme was created based on the generated themes to quantitatively characterize parental beliefs. Parents also reminisced with their children about unique past events involving pain. Parent-child reminiscing narratives were coded to capture parent reminiscing behaviors. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis generated three major themes representing parental beliefs regarding reminiscing about past pain: “reminiscing to process past pain,” “reminiscing as a learning tool,” and “avoiding reminiscing about past pain.” Parents who endorsed avoiding reminiscing used fewer optimal reminiscing elements (i.e., open-ended questions) when reminiscing about past painful experiences with children. Parents who endorsed reminiscing to process past pain used more emotion-laden language when reminiscing about past pain. Mothers and fathers of boys and girls endorsed the reminiscing functions to a similar degree. Parents of older, vs. younger, children endorsed reminiscing to process past pain to a greater degree. Developmental considerations and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Story Telling: Writing the Body to Recall Life in Kanehara Hitomi’s Autofiction and Charlotte Roche’s Wrecked

In their way of living obsessions and traumas, the protagonists of Autofiction and Wrecked embody the conscious or unconscious search for a solution: Writing serves as the medium to tell a story as well as a means of re-entry into life. The fragmented narratives presented by Kanehara and Roche disrupt any linear storytelling as they reveal the protagonists’ painful memories. Placing the body at the centre of the analysis, the argumentation focuses on the sexual and textual aspects of the body. Aiming to demonstrate how the use of storytelling in Autofiction and Wrecked symbolises a recalling to life, this article first thematises the function of sexuality and secondly looks to the narrative itself. The body thus helps a process of healing.

Autobiographical memory predicts postsurgical pain up to 12 months after major surgery.

Recent cross-sectional studies have identified differences in autobiographical memory (AM) among individuals with chronic pain, but the temporal relationship between the 2 is unknown. Moreover, AM has yet to be studied in patients undergoing major surgery. This study addressed these gaps by conducting a prospective, longitudinal study of memory performance, postsurgical pain, and psychosocial factors in 97 adult participants scheduled for major surgery. Memories were evaluated using the Autobiographical Memory Test before and one month after surgery when participants were asked to recall personal events related to positive and pain-related word cues. Responses were coded for level of specificity, emotional valence, and surgery-related content. Questionnaires assessing presence/absence of pain and psychological functioning were administered before and at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Generalized estimating equations modelled pain at each postsurgical time point with memory variables as predictors. As hypothesized, higher numbers of specific pain memories recalled before surgery predicted lower odds of pain across all time points (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.37-0.91]). Participants who took longer to recall pain memories before surgery (OR = 2.65, 95% CI [1.31-5.37]) and those who produced more surgery-related content at the one-month assessment (OR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.02-1.68]) had greater odds of reporting postsurgical pain up to 12 months later. These findings indicate that presurgical AM biases are risk factors for development and maintenance of postsurgical pain. To the extent that these biases are causal, presurgical interventions that modify the quality and content of patients' memories may prove to be promising strategies in the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain.

Direct Regulation of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic-Nucleotide Gated (HCN1) Channels by Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a broad class of molecules that act primarily on neurons, affecting pain sensation, appetite, mood, learning, and memory. In addition to interacting with specific cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), cannabinoids can directly modulate the function of various ion channels. Here, we examine whether cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prevalent phytocannabinoids in Cannabis sativa, can regulate the function of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN1) channels independently of CBRs. HCN1 channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes since they do not express CBRs, and the effects of cannabinoid treatment on HCN1 currents were examined by a two-electrode voltage clamp. We observe opposing effects of CBD and THC on HCN1 current, with CBD acting to stimulate HCN1 function, while THC inhibited current. These effects persist in HCN1 channels lacking the cyclic-nucleotide binding domain (HCN1ΔCNBD). However, changes to membrane fluidity, examined by treating cells with TX-100, inhibited HCN1 current had more pronounced effects on the voltage-dependence and kinetics of activation than THC, suggesting this is not the primary mechanism of HCN1 regulation by cannabinoids. Our findings may contribute to the overall understanding of how cannabinoids may act as promising therapeutic molecules for the treatment of several neurological disorders in which HCN function is disturbed.

A memory-reframing intervention to reduce pain in youth undergoing major surgery: Pilot randomized controlled trial of feasibility and acceptability

ABSTRACT Background Three to 22% of youth undergoing surgery develop chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). Negative biases in pain memories (i.e., recalling higher levels of pain as compared to initial reports) are a risk factor for CPSP development. Children’s memories for pain are modifiable. Existing memory-reframing interventions reduced negatively biased memories associated with procedural pain and pain after minor surgery. However, not one study has tested the feasibility and acceptability of the memory-reframing intervention in youth undergoing major surgery. Aims The current pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT; NCT03110367; clinicaltrials.gov) examined the feasibility and acceptability of, as well as adherence to, a memory reframing intervention. Methods Youth undergoing a major surgery reported their baseline and postsurgery pain levels. Four weeks postsurgery, youth and one of their parents were randomized to receive control or memory-reframing instructions. Following the instructions, parents and youth reminisced about the surgery either as they normally would (control) or using the memory-reframing strategies (intervention). Six weeks postsurgery, youth completed a pain memory interview; parents reported intervention acceptability. Four months postsurgery, youth reported their pain. Results Seventeen youth (76% girls, Mage = 14.1 years) completed the study. The intervention was feasible and acceptable. Parents, but not youth, adhered to the intervention principles. The effect sizes of the intervention on youth pain memories (ηp 2 = 0.22) and pain outcomes (ηp 2 = 0.23) were used to inform a larger RCT sample size. Conclusions Memory reframing is a promising avenue in pediatric pain research. Larger RCTs are needed to determine intervention efficacy to improve pain outcomes.

Contextual control of conditioned pain tolerance and endogenous analgesic systems.

The mechanisms underlying the transition from acute to chronic pain are unclear but may involve the persistence or strengthening of pain memories acquired in part through associative learning. Contextual cues, which comprise the environment in which events occur, were recently described as a critical regulator of pain memory; both male rodents and humans exhibit increased pain sensitivity in environments recently associated with a single painful experience. It is unknown, however, how repeated exposure to an acute painful unconditioned stimulus in a distinct context modifies pain sensitivity or the expectation of pain in that environment. To answer this question, we conditioned mice to associate distinct contexts with either repeated administration of a mild visceral pain stimulus (intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid) or vehicle injection over the course of 3 days. On the final day of experiments, animals received either an acid injection or vehicle injection prior to being placed into both contexts. In this way, contextual control of pain sensitivity and pain expectation could be tested respectively. When re-exposed to the noxious stimulus in a familiar environment, both male and female mice exhibited context-dependent conditioned analgesia, a phenomenon mediated by endogenous opioid signaling. However, when expecting the presentation of a painful stimulus in a given context, males exhibited conditioned hypersensitivity whereas females exhibited endogenous opioid-mediated conditioned analgesia. These results are evidence that pain perception and engagement of endogenous opioid systems can be modified through their psychological association with environmental cues. Successful determination of the brain circuits involved in this sexually dimorphic anticipatory response may allow for the manipulation of pain memories, which may contribute to the development of chronic pain states.

A Case Study of Prolonged Exposure for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With a Latino Male with Polysubstance Use, Severe Depression, and Anger in a Residential Substance Use Treatment Program

Substance use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occur, along with depression and anger. Despite evidence that Prolonged Exposure Therapy is effective for individuals with co-occurring PTSD and SUD when PE is implemented alongside SUD treatment, clinicians have been reluctant to offer PE or other trauma-focused therapies to individuals with co-occurring PTSD and SUD because of the belief that increased emotional distress would be counter-therapeutic for individuals in early recovery. A widely held explanation for the high degree of comorbidity is that individuals with PTSD use substances to reduce or avoid painful and disturbing PTSD symptoms. This case study describes the implementation and outcome of PE therapy with a 32-year-old man who had been admitted to a residential substance use treatment program for Latino males. The client had a long history of polysubstance use and severe PTSD. The client was homeless and reported significant depressive and anger symptoms. Assessment of PTSD revealed that he was using heroin and cocaine to avoid painful memories of a traumatic event that had occurred several years prior to his admission to this treatment program. Because the client reported using these substances to reduce emotional distress, PE was chosen as the PTSD intervention. During PE Therapy the client reported no thoughts or urges to use substances and at discharge from residential treatment he reported no problems with PTSD or depression. The client maintained all gains at 1-year follow-up, when he also reported that he was working full time and had remained abstinent since he completed treatment.

The Ethical Dilemma of Non-Human Primate Use in Biomedical Research

The Ethical Dilemma of Non-Human Primate Use in Biomedical Research

The role of vitamin B12 in viral infections: a comprehensive review of its relationship with the muscle-gut-brain axis and implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This comprehensive review establishes the role of vitamin B12 as adjunct therapy for viral infections in the treatment and persistent symptoms of COVID-19, focusing on symptoms related to the muscle–gut–brain axis. Vitamin B12 can help balance immune responses to better fight viral infections. Furthermore, data from randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis indicate that vitamin B12 in the forms of methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin may increase serum vitamin B12 levels, and resulted in decreased serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations, and decreased pain intensity, memory loss, and impaired concentration. Among studies, there is much variation in vitamin B12 doses, chemical forms, supplementation time, and administration routes. Larger randomized clinical trials of vitamin B12 supplementation and analysis of markers such as total vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin, total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid, total folic acid, and, if possible, polymorphisms and methylation of genes need to be conducted with people with and without COVID-19 or who have had COVID-19 to facilitate the proper vitamin B12 form to be administered in individual treatment.

Xenophon and the Orators on the Topography of Arginousae and Aegospotami

Abstract In his description of the naval battles of Arginousae and Aegospotami Xenophon integrated detailed topographical data into the historical description of war operations because he regarded them as absolutely necessary elements of his text, which was intended as a tool of understanding and interpretation. On the other hand, the orators tend not to use the names of Arginousae and Aegospotami when referring to the episodes which occurred there, and they write in a way that shows that their fellow citizens did not want to know or remember the topography of these naval battles, since this would have evoked painful memories to them.

National Socialism, Colonialism and Antifascist Memory Politics in Postwar Dutch–South African Exchanges

ABSTRACT This contribution addresses the dynamics of Dutch memory politics in the Dutch–South African exchanges between 1948 and 1975. The 1948 election victory of the Nationalist Party and their Apartheid policies brought about painful memories of Nazi attrocities, antisemitic persecurtion and anti-fascist struggle in the Netherlands. Soon, however, the Dutch government acquired an interest in highlighting a different history in relation to South Africa when referring to the notion of stamverwantschap. This implied an ethnic–racial identification of the Dutch with White, Nationalist South Africans on the basis of an alleged shared history of Dutchness. These memory politics changed after ‘Sharpeville’ in the 1960s. Once more memories of racist exclusion during National Socialism were revived in relation to the Apartheid regime. These memories facilitated and were strengthened by a growing anti-Apartheid movement. Yet, in their effort to be ‘on the right side of history’, the grassroots memory politics of the anti-Apartheid movement ignored the Dutch colonial implementation of racial inequality and its effects, not only on the Apartheid policies but also in contemporary Dutch society. This article aims to explore spaces for a synergy between narratives of historical catastrophe such as colonialism and Nazism, both with deep historical and intellectual roots in many parts of the world.