Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Research Articles

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Translation and Validation of Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire in Hindi Language in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain.

Translation and Psychometric Testing. The objective of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) into Hindi (PSEQ-H), the local language of India, and assess its psychometric properties. The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is commonly used outcome measure in patients with pain and related psychosocial aspect too. The PSEQ invites participants to consider their pain while assessing their self-efficacy views. Because about half of India's population understands Hindi, there is a need to translate the PSEQ into Hindi for patient convenience and better comprehension, as well as for research purposes. The PSEQ has been translated and culturally adapted into Hindi. 120 patients with chronic neck pain were recruited.The PSEQ-H's content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness were all assessed. To determine test-retest reliability, the ICC was calculated. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine internal consistency. Criterion validity was assessed using the NDI, NRS, and Anxiety and Depression measures. The area under the curve and the change cut-point were determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The PSEQ-H exhibited strong test-retest reliability (ICC=0.90) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.88). Factor analysis confirmed a one-factor structure for the PSEQ-H. Furthermore, the PSEQ-H demonstrated a moderate correlation with the NDI, NPRS, anxiety, and depression scales. A change detection threshold of 8.3 was established. The Hindi version of the PSEQ is a reliable and valid measure for use in research and clinical purpose in the Indian population with chronic neck pain.

Does pain self-efficacy predict, moderate or mediate outcomes in people with chronic headache; an exploratory analysis of the CHESS trial

BackgroundChronic headache disorders are disabling. The CHESS trial studied the effects of a short non-pharmacological intervention of education with self-management support for people affected by migraine and/or tension type headache for at least 15 days per month for at least three months. There were no statistically significant effects on the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) at 12-months. However, we observed improvement in pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) and short-term HIT-6. We explored the impact of the CHESS intervention on PSEQ, and subsequently, on the HIT-6 and chronic headache quality of life questionnaire (CH-QLQ) at four, eighth and 12 months.MethodsWe included all 736 participants from the CHESS trial. We used simple linear regression models to explore the change of HIT-6 and CH-QLQ with treatment and PSEQ at baseline (predictor analysis), and the interaction between treatment and baseline PSEQ (moderator analysis). We considered the change of PSEQ from baseline to four months as a mediator in the mediation analysis.ResultsBaseline PSEQ neither predicted nor moderated outcomes. The prediction effect on change of HIT-6 from baseline to 12 months was 0.01 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.04) and the interaction (moderation) effect was −0.07 (95% CI, -0.15 to 0.002). However, the change of PSEQ from baseline to 4-month mediated the HIT-6 (baseline to 8-, and 12-month) and all components of CH-QLQ (baseline to 8-, and 12-month). The CHESS intervention improved the mediated variable, PSEQ, by 2.34 (95% CI, 0.484 to 4.187) units and this corresponds to an increase of 0.21 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.45) units in HIT-6 at 12-months. The largest mediated effect was observed on the CH-QLQ Emotional Function, an increase of 1.12 (95% CI, 0.22 to 2.20).ConclusionsPSEQ was not an effective predictor of outcome. However, change of short-term PSEQ mediated all outcomes, albeit minimally. Future behavioural therapy for chronic headache may need to consider how to achieve larger, and more sustained increases level of self-efficacy than that achieved within the CHESS trial.Trial registrationISRCTN79708100.

Pain and daily interference among reproductive-age women with myofascial pelvic pain: Serial mediation roles of kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing.

Myofascial pelvic pain (MFPP), which is identified by tender points in the pelvic floor musculature, is a prevalent source of chronic pelvic pain in women. It may lead to physical and mental exhaustion, reproductive concerns, and coping difficulties in daily life and work than the disease itself. Pain-related cognitive processes can affect pain relief and quality of life. Kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing are frequently treated as mediators between pain and its related consequences. Greater kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing have been shown to be associated with adverse functional outcomes, while higher self-efficacy has been related with improved quality of life. Regarding MFPP in females of childbearing age, it remains unclear whether the effects of kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing on daily interference are direct or indirect; the influence on each variable is, therefore, not entirely evident. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pain and daily interference in reproductive-age women with MFPP through kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing, as well as to identify areas for future investigation and intervention based on the data collected from this population. This is a multi-center cross-sectional study. The study was conducted from November 15, 2022 to November 10, 2023, 202 reproductive-age women with MFPP were recruited from 14 hospitals in ten provinces of China. The demographic variables, Brief Pain Inventory, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale were used to measure the participants' related information. The data was described and analyzed using Descriptive analyses, Pearson correlation analysis, and Serial mediation modeling. Pain not only had a direct positive impact (B = 0.575; SE = 0.081; 95%CI: LL = 0.415, UL = 0.735) on daily interference, but also had an indirect impact on daily interference through the independent mediating role of pain catastrophizing (B = 0.088; SE = 0.028; 95%CI: LL = 0.038, UL = 0.148), the chain mediating of kinesiophobia and catastrophizing (B = 0.057; SE = 0.019; 95%CI: LL = 0.024, UL = 0.098), and the four-stage serial mediating of kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and catastrophizing (B = 0.013; SE = 0.006; 95%CI: LL = 0.003, UL = 0.027). The proposed serial mediation model showed a good fit with the collected data. The findings illustrate the significance of addressing pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia (especially catastrophizing), and increasing self-efficacy in pain therapy, and suggest that functional recovery be integrated into pain therapy for reproductive-age women suffering from MFPP.

Adherence of individuals with shoulder pain to home exercise booklets: Barriers, facilitators, and the impact of disability, self-efficacy, and treatment expectations

Backgroundhome exercise booklets offer several benefits to individuals with shoulder pain. However, it is necessary to investigate the factors that determine adherence to home exercises. Objectives1) To investigate the level of adherence of individuals with chronic shoulder pain to a home exercise booklet conducted without the mediation of a healthcare professional, 2) To describe the barriers and facilitators to adherence, and 3) to determine if shoulder disability, self-efficacy, and treatment expectations are predictors of the level of adherence. Designprospective longitudinal study. MethodsA total of 47 individuals with chronic shoulder pain were recruited. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was used to assess pain intensity, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) to measure shoulder disability, the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ-10) for self-efficacy, and a likert scale to measure treatment expectations. Adherence was measured by Exercise Adherence Assessment Scale (EAAE-Br). ResultsA total of 23 individuals (48.93%) adhered to the home exercise program. The most commonly cited barriers were pain and health-related issues, while the most cited facilitators were pain improvement and symptom relief. Barriers associated with adherence were time constraints and other commitments, while the facilitator associated with adherence was enjoying the exercises. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that shoulder disability, self-efficacy, and treatment expectations were unable to predict adherence to home exercises in individuals with shoulder pain [F (1,47) = 2.384; p = 0.130; R2 = 0.056]. ConclusionThe study revealed barriers and facilitators to home exercise in individuals with shoulder pain. Disability, self-efficacy, and treatment expectations were not able to predict adherence.

Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if adding lumbar neuromuscular control retraining exercises to a 12-week program of strengthening exercises had greater effect for improving disability than 12 weeks of strengthening exercises alone in people with chronic low back pain (LBP). DESIGN: Single-center, participant- and assessor-blinded, comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Sixty-nine participants (31 females; 29 males; mean age: 46.5 years) with nonspecific chronic LBP were recruited for a 12-week program involving lumbar extension neuromuscular retraining in addition to resistance exercises (intervention) or 12 weeks of resistance exercises alone (control). The primary outcome measure was the Oswestry Disability Index. Secondary outcome measures included the Numeric Rating Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Forty-three participants (22 control, 21 intervention) completed all outcome measures at 6 and 12 weeks. Fourteen participants were lost to follow-up, and 12 participants discontinued due to COVID-19 restrictions. Both groups demonstrated clinically important changes in disability, pain intensity, and kinesiophobia. The difference between groups with respect to disability was imprecise and not clinically meaningful (mean difference, -4.4; 95% CI: -10.2, 1.4) at 12 weeks. Differences in secondary outcomes at 6 or 12 weeks were also small with wide confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Adding lumbar neuromuscular control retraining to a series of resistance exercises offered no additional benefit over resistance exercises alone over a 12-week period. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(5):1-10. Epub 18 March 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12349.

The Swedish version of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire short form, PSEQ-2SV: Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation in a population of patients with musculoskeletal disorders.

Measuring pain self-efficacy is suggested as relevant in patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in a primary care setting. However, there is no pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) available in Swedish. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt PSEQ-2 to Swedish and evaluate reliability and validity in a population of patients with MSDs. A translation and cultural adaptation together with psychometric evaluation of reliability and validity were performed according to guidelines with three groups of participants with MSDs. First, a convenient sample of 25 individuals were interviewed in the translation process. Next, 61 participants completed the test-retest survey via social media or QR codes in waiting rooms in rehabilitation clinics. Finally, to evaluate construct validity questionnaires were obtained from 132 participants with MSDs in an ongoing randomized controlled trial. The Swedish version of PSEQ-2 showed adequate face and content validity. The results of 0.805 on Cohen's weighted kappa indicate that the reliability of PSEQ-2SV in a group of adults with MSDs is on the border between substantial and almost perfect. The point estimate regarding relative rank variance, measuring the individual variation within the group, and relative concentration, the systematic change in how the assessments are concentrated on the scale's categories, shows minor systematic differences and some random differences not neglectable. The construct validity of pre-defined hypotheses was met to some degree. The PSEQ-2SV has been accurately linguistically translated and tested for reliability and validity, in a population of MSDs, and is deemed to be able to be used in the clinic and in research. As there were some concerns regarding measurement error and systematic bias, more research could be of value.

Cross cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Persian version of the university of Wisconsin running injury and recovery index

BackgroundThe University of Wisconsin Running Injury and Recovery Index (UWRI) was developed to evaluate running ability after a running-related injury. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the UWRI into Persian (UWRI-Persian) and to investigate its psychometric properties in patients with a running-related injury.MethodsThe UWRI-Persian was translated using the Beaton guidelines. One hundred and seventy-three native Persian patients with running-related injuries were participated in the study. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out using the principal component analysis method with Varimax rotation. The construct validity of the UWRI-Persian was evaluated using the Pearson correlation with the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ), Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia (TKS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Test-retest reliability was tested among 64 patients who completed the form again after seven days.ResultsThe UWRI-Persian showed excellent internal consistency for total score (α = 0.966). An excellent internal consistency (α = 0.922) was shown for psychological response and good internal consistency (α = 0.887) for running progression. The interclass correlation coefficient for the UWRI-Persian total scores was 0.965 (95% CI, 0.942 to 0.979), indicating high intra-rater reliability. The UWRI-Persian showed a moderate correlation with the PSEQ (r = 0.425) and the TSK (r = 0.457) and a weak correlation with the VAS (r = 0.187). These findings suggest no floor or ceiling effects.ConclusionsThe UWRI is a reliable and valid tool for Persian-speaking patients with running-related injuries. The UWRI was successfully translated from English to Persian and demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, validity and reliability with no floor or ceiling effects.

An EDucation and eXercise intervention for gluteal tendinopathy in an Irish setting: a protocol for a feasibility randomised clinical trial (LEAP-Ireland RCT)

Background Gluteal tendinopathy (GT) is a degenerative tendon condition characterised by pain over the greater trochanter of the hip. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) in Australia found that 14 sessions of EDucation on load management plus eXercise (EDX) delivered over 8 weeks resulted in greater improvements in global rating of change and pain outcomes at 8 and 52 weeks, compared with corticosteroid injection or ‘wait and see’. Typically, 5-6 physiotherapy sessions are provided in public and private physiotherapy settings in Ireland, therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of conducting an RCT to investigate effectiveness of 6 sessions of the EDX programme compared to usual care. Methods We will randomly allocate 64 participants with GT to physiotherapist-administered EDX or usual care. The EDX intervention (EDX-Ireland) will be delivered in 6 sessions over 8 weeks. To determine feasibility of an RCT, we will assess recruitment and retention and outcome measure completion. The health status outcomes to be assessed at baseline, 8 weeks and 3 months include: Global Rating of Change, pain severity, the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Gluteal Questionnaire (VISA-G), the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the EQ-5D-5L, the Central Sensitisation Inventory and hip abductor muscle strength. We will explore acceptability of the EDX-Ireland intervention from the perspective of patients and treatment providers, and the perspective of referrers to the trial. A Study Within A Trial will be also applied to compare recording of exercise adherence using app-based technology to paper-based diary. Discussion There is a need to establish effective treatments for GT that potentially can be implemented into existing health systems. The findings of this feasibility trial will inform development of a future definitive RCT. Registration The trial is registered prospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05516563, 27/10/2022).

Correlation between psychosocial stresses, stress coping ability, pain intensity and degree of disability in patients with non-specific neck pain

This study was conducted to find out which factor among stress inducing factors and stress coping factors that can affect patients with non-specific neck pain has more correlation with the intensity of neck pain and the degree of disability. This study is a cross-sectional correlational study. 100 patients diagnosed with non-specific neck pain participated in this study. The characteristics of the participants in this study are as follows. There were 56 men and 44 women, with an average age of 34.11 years, height of 169.91, and weight of 66.97 kg. The participant`s pain intensity was 5.18 and disability index was 21.44. In order to evaluate the pain intensity and disability level of patients with non-specific neck pain, Numeric Pain Rating SCALE (NPRS), and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were investigated, respectively. Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) were used to evaluate stress inducing factors. Brief Resolution Scale (BRS), Latack Coping Scale (LCS), and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) were used to evaluate stress coping factors. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation between NPRS, NDI, and DASS-21, TSK, BRS, LCS, and PSEQ in patients with non-specific neck pain. As a results of this study, the NPRS was correlated with NDI and TSK. The NPRS and NDI were found to have a moderate correlation, but they were correlated with TSK, but showed a weak correlation. The NDI was found to be correlated with TSK, DASS, BRS, and PSEQ. In addition, NDI showed a weak correlation with TSK, BRS, and PSEQ, but the DASS showed a moderate correlation, showing the strongest correlation among the factors. These outcomes suggest that psychosocial factors, particularly stress-related factors such as depression, anxiety, and fear of movement, exert a more pronounced influence on pain intensity and disability in individuals with non-specific neck pain.

Assessment of Long-term Effects of Adding Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Neck Exercises for Individuals With Non-specific Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Trial

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of adding osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to neck exercises compared to exercises alone for individuals with non-specific chronic neck pain (NCNP). MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted by assigning 90 individuals with NCNP into the following 2 groups: (1) exercises group (EG, n = 45) or (2) OMT plus exercises group (OMT/EG, n = 45). All participants received 4 weeks of treatment. The clinical outcomes were recorded at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after the treatment. The primary outcomes were pain and function—Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Pressure Pain Threshold, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). The secondary outcomes included range of motion for cervical spine rotation, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. ResultsIn comparison to baseline data, both groups had a reduction of NPRS (P < .05) and NDI (P < .05) after the treatment. However, no statistically significant differences in pain intensity or disability were found when OMT/EG was compared to EG alone at 3 months (P = 0.1 and P = 0.2, respectively) and at 6 months (P = 0.4 and P = 0.9, respectively for pain and disability) and no difference was found between OMT/EG and the EG in the secondary outcomes during the same follow-up period (P > .05). ConclusionOutcomes of pain and functionality for patients in both groups were improved at 6 months. Our findings show that the combination of OMT and neck exercises for 4 weeks did not improve functionality and reduction of pain in patients with NCNP.

A cognitive behavioural group treatment for somatic symptom disorder: a pilot study

BackgroundSomatic symptom disorder (SSD) presents challenges to the healthcare system, including frequent medical visits, lack of symptom relief experienced by individuals with this condition, high associated medical costs, and patient dissatisfaction. This study examined the utility of a novel, low-barrier, brief cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) group intervention for individuals with SSD.MethodsParticipants were referred by their mental health providers or self-referral. Each participant underwent a telephone screen and in-person psychological and neuropsychological screen. Two cycles of the CBT-based group (n = 30), each consisting of six weekly two-hour sessions, were facilitated at a large outpatient mental healthcare facility in Ontario, Canada. The final sample consisted of 13 individuals of whom 11 completed the treatment. Clinical outcome measures were administered pre-, mid- and post-group, including the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, Perceived Stress Scale–4, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Pain Disability Index, Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, and sections of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Six healthcare utilization metrics were collected from electronic medical records at six months pre- and post-group. Paired samples t-tests were used to examine pre- to post-group differences in participants’ somatic symptoms, psychological functioning, health, and degree of healthcare utilization.ResultsWhen comparing pre- and post- group, we observed reductions in the mean scores for somatic symptom severity, depressive symptomatology, anxiety, perceived stress, and perceived disability related to pain. The change in depressive symptomatology yielded a small effect size (d = 0.30). Further, we observed downward trends across participants’ pre- to post-group healthcare utilization, with small effect sizes observed for hospital admission (d = 0.36), days admitted to hospital (d = 0.47), and inpatient consults (d = 0.42). Differences between pre- and post-group measures of somatic symptom severity, psychological functioning, health, or healthcare utilization did not reach significance.ConclusionsCurrent findings provide support for the potential effectiveness of an abbreviated CBT group for individuals with SSD in reducing psychiatric symptomatology. Further research is recommended, including randomized control trials, cost-benefit analyses, and comparisons between abbreviated versus longer-duration treatment programs for SSD.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Reliability and validity of the Japanese short-form arthritis self-efficacy scale in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study.

Self-efficacy is the belief that one can perform a specific behavior or task in the future, and it has been associated with physical and psychological aspects in people with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The self-efficacy of individuals with arthritis can be assessed using the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale. The 8-item Short-Form ASES (ASES-8) has been employed in recent times. However, the reliability and validity of the Japanese ASES-8 (ASES-8J) have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the ASES-8J. Overall, 179 Japanese participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were enrolled. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to confirm internal validity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate test-retest reliability. Construct validity was analyzed using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) and the problem-solving and positive thinking subscales of Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE). Discriminant validity was analyzed by comparing "worse" and "better" groups based on pain severity; short-form version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21); Brief Fear of Movement Scale for Osteoarthritis (BFOMSO); Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS); and physical function subscale of Western Ontario and McMaster Arthritis Index. Cronbach's alpha and ICC were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. Correlation coefficients among ASES-8J, PSEQ, and Brief COPE problem-solving and positive thinking subscales were 0.42, 0.43, and 0.32, respectively. Regarding the depression and stress subscales of DASS-21, BFOMSO, and PCS, the worse group showed significantly lower ASES-8J scores than the better group. Coefficients of correlation among ASES-8J, PSEQ, and the problem-solving and positive thinking subscales of Brief COPE were low to moderate. These findings suggest that the ASES-8J is a valid and reliable tool for assessing self-efficacy in Japanese patients with knee OA and can facilitate comparisons of arthritis self-efficacy between Japanese patients and non-Japanese patients.

Self-Efficacy in Nepali Adults With Musculoskeletal Pain: Measurement Properties of Hard-Copy and Online Versions of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is commonly used in pain self-efficacy research. Yet its Nepali translation is unavailable, limiting the ability to conduct cross-cultural research on the role of self-efficacy in musculoskeletal pain and its management. This study aimed to 1) translate and culturally adapt the 10-item (PSEQ-10) and 2-item (PSEQ-2) versions of the PSEQ into Nepali, 2) evaluate their measurement properties in Nepali adults with musculoskeletal pain, and 3) evaluate whether the type of administration (ie, hard-copy vs online) affected their measurement properties. The measurement properties of different administrations of the Nepali PSEQ-10 and PSEQ-2 were evaluated in 180 Nepali adults (120 hard-copy and 60 online administrations) with musculoskeletal pain. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses and estimated the measures' internal consistencies, test-retest reliabilities, and smallest detectable changes using standard error of measurement. We planned to conclude that the measures were valid if ≥ 75% of the validity hypotheses were supported. The results supported unidimensionality for the Nepali PSEQ-10. The Nepali PSEQ-2 and PSEQ-10 evidenced excellent internal consistencies (Cronbach alphas = .90–.95) and good to excellent test-retest reliabilities (intraclass correlation coefficient = .61–.85) for both administrations. Construct validity (r’s ≥ .20) and concurrent validity (r’s ≥ .83) were supported, as hypothesized. Both hard-copy and online administrations of the Nepali PSEQ-2 and PSEQ-10 are similar, reliable, and valid ways to assess self-efficacy in Nepali adults with musculoskeletal pain. The findings should facilitate telehealth and cross-cultural research on pain self-efficacy in Nepal. PerspectiveThis is the first Nepali adaptation of a self-efficacy scale with testing of measurement properties for hard-copy and online administrations. It will facilitate the assessment of pain self-efficacy in clinical practice and research and facilitate a deeper cross-cultural understanding of the role of self-efficacy in musculoskeletal pain.

Establishing cut-offs for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for people living with chronic pain

LAY SUMMARY Cut-offs were established for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) by examining it with other clinical measures in 189 patients, including 69 Veterans, who attended a four-week interdisciplinary chronic pain management program. By dividing the PSEQ scores into low, medium, and high ranges, the authors examined the PSEQ’s association with fear of movement/re-injury (kinesiophobia), pain interference, and pain catastrophizing at admission and discharge from the program. Kinesiophobia was found to be most related to the proposed cut-offs. Findings support the use of PSEQ cut-offs when considering self-efficacy and kinesiophobia. Future research should evaluate these cut-offs with larger samples and functional/occupational measures. The findings show promise for individuals with chronic pain and continue to increase the understanding of the clinicians who work with these individuals.

Effect of an Online Cognitive-Motor Control Training Program on Pain and Its Related Psychological Factors in People With Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Aims Non-specific chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common types of LBPs. Due to the complexity of the injury mechanism in this condition, combined interventions and treatments have been suggested. People’s attitudes towards pain and the interaction between biological characteristics of people and social/psychological factors should be considered. Due to the high cost of face-to-face therapy and the difficulty of access to subjects, recent studies have used online methods. So far, the effectiveness of online interventions in the treatment of chronic LBP has not been studied. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of an online cognitive-motor control training program on pain and its related psychological factors in people with non-specific chronic LBP. Methods This is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 44 female and male patients with non-specific chronic LBP aged 25-55 years, selected from the physiotherapy clinics in Tehran and Karaj provinces of Iran based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly divided into two groups of 22 including training and control. The intervention was provided at 18 sessions for 12 weeks. Pain and its related psychological factors were assessed by the visual analog scale, fear-avoidance belief questionnaire, and pain self-efficacy questionnaire. For statistical analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the training group in pain, pain self-efficacy, avoidance of physical activity, and avoidance of work (P&lt;0.001). In the control group, no significant difference was reported in these variables between the pre-test and post-test scores. Conclusion The online cognitive-motor control training program can relieve pain and improve the pain-related psychological factors of people with non-specific chronic LBP. It can be used for this purpose in these people.

Development of the Chronic Pain Cognition Scale: A Culture-Sensitive Pain Measurement in Chinese.

People with pain problems are highly vulnerable to cultural disparities, and it is imperative to reduce these inequalities. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop a culturally sensitive Chronic Pain Cognition Scale (CPCS) for Chinese-/Chinese dialect-speaking populations and investigate its psychometric properties. Adult patients with chronic low back pain or chronic neck pain who visited pain clinics at a medical center in northern Taiwan were enrolled. Participants completed the demographic, intensity of pain, and two other related sensations, "Sng ()" and "Ma ()", often reported in Chinese-speaking populations, CPCS, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-8, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. 200 patients were included. Patients' mean age was 64.84 ± 14.33, 126 (63.0%) were female, and 83 (41.5%) had 13+ years of education. The average duration of pain was 77.25 ± 97.46 months, the intensity of pain was 6.04 ± 2.50, Ma was 3.43 ± 3.24, and Sng was 4.54 ± 3.14. The CPCS comprised four factors: pain impact (how pain impact one's life), losing face (how one being disrespected due to pain), helplessness, and avoidance, with good structural validity and adequate reliability (Cronbach α, 0.60-0.81) and satisfactory criterion-related validity. Moreover, losing face, an essential concept in Chinese relationalism, was significantly related to pain, Sng, and Ma (r = 0.19, 0.15 and 0.16), but not to pain acceptance or self-efficacy, indicating a culturally specific element in pain measurement. The CPCS has good psychometric properties and is suitable for evaluating chronic pain in the clinical setting, and might be generalizable to other Chinese-/Chinese dialect-speaking populations.

Examining pain severity in women with rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of pain self-efficacy and perceived partner's emotional support.

Empirical data suggest that psychosocial factors, such as pain self-efficacy (PSE) and emotional support from a partner, may alleviate the suffering caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain. However, the data are ambiguous and warrant a more comprehensive investigation into the effect of these factors on the severity of RA pain. The objective of the present study was to assess the significance of PSE and emotional support from a partner in relation to pain severity among women with RA. The study included a sample of 196 women diagnosed with RA with the mean age of 41.54. The study employed the following measures: Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale, Pain Self-efficacy Questionnaire, and Communication Based Emotional Support Scale. The analysis revealed that higher PSE emerged as the strongest predictor for lower pain severity across all components of RA pain. However, the impact of the partner's emotional support on pain severity was not as evident and varied depending on the specific pain component. Furthermore, the use of pain medications significantly predicted three out of four pain components. Mediation analysis revealed that perceived emotional support from a partner directly affected women's RA pain intensity, as well as indirectly through the PSE as a mediator. Moderated mediation analysis demonstrated that the association between PSE and pain severity weakened as the duration of RA increased. Enhancing women's PSE and providing appropriate training for their partners to offer effective emotional support may play a crucial role in the treatment of RA.

Establishing cut-offs for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for people living with chronic pain

LAY SUMMARY Cut-offs were established for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) by examining it with other clinical measures in 189 patients, including 69 Veterans, who attended a four-week interdisciplinary chronic pain management program. By dividing the PSEQ scores into low, medium, and high ranges, the authors examined the PSEQ’s association with fear of movement/re-injury (kinesiophobia), pain interference, and pain catastrophizing at admission and discharge from the program. Kinesiophobia was found to be most related to the proposed cut-offs. Findings support the use of PSEQ cut-offs when considering self-efficacy and kinesiophobia. Future research should evaluate these cut-offs with larger samples and functional/occupational measures. The findings show promise for individuals with chronic pain and continue to increase the understanding of the clinicians who work with these individuals.

Heat-stone massage for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a protocol for multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain bothers the quality of life for approximately 1.71 billion people worldwide. Although pharmacological therapies play an important role in controlling chronic pain, overuse of opioids, persistent or recurrent symptoms, and pain-related disability burden still need to be addressed. Heat-stone massage is using the heated stone to stimulate muscles and ligaments followed by massage for relax, which can potentially treat the chronic musculoskeletal pain. To determine the efficacy and safety of heat-stone massage for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain is needed. This multicenter, 2-arm, randomized, positive drug-controlled trial will include a total of 120 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The intervention group will receive a 2 week heat-stone massage, 3 times per week, whereas the control group will receive the flurbiprofen plaster twice per day for 2 weeks. The primary end point is the change in Global Pain Scale from baseline to the end of the 2 week intervention. The secondary outcomes include the pain severity (Numerical Rating Scale), pain acceptance (Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire), self-management (Health Education Impact Questionnaire), self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), quality of life (Short Form-36). The intention-to-treat dataset will be used for analysis. The pain management remains the research topic that patients always pay close attention to. This will be the first randomized clinical trial to evaluate whether heat-stone massage, a non-pharmacological therapy, is effective in the chronic musculoskeletal pain management. The results will provide evidence for new option of daily practice. World Health Organization Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR2200065654; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=185403]; International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry [ITMCTR2022000104; http://itmctr.ccebtcm.org.cn/en-US/Home/ProjectView?pid=51776b6f-77b8-4811-9b5a-a0fec10f2cee].

Psychometric properties of the translated Spanish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

Some patients with rotator cuff injuries do not report significant changes in pain-related outcomes. Pain self-efficacy, which is commonly assessed using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, may contribute toward this outcome. However, a Spanish adaptation of this questionnaire is currently lacking. Therefore, this study's purpose was developing the Spanish version of this questionnaire, and assess its psychometric properties. The Spanish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted, and a sample of 107 patients with rotator cuff injuries completed the questionnaire to examine its convergent validity (analyzing its correlation with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), its test-retest reliability, for which a subset of 40 participants completed again the questionnaire, and its internal consistency. Translation was conducted without any problems, and 107 participants completed the study. Mean scores for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were 45.2 points (standard deviation, 11.4). The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire showed a moderate negative correlation with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (Pearson's correlation index r = -0.48) supporting its convergent validity. High test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.90) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α value of 0.92) were also found. The Spanish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire presents high validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency to assess pain self-efficacy in patients suffering rotator cuff injuries in Spanish-speaking settings.