Pain Score Of Experimental Group Research Articles

Perioperative Effect of Nursing Model Based on Nursing Quality Evaluation System in Otorhinolaryngology Patients

Background: To explore the perioperative effect of the evaluation system of nursing quality in otorhinolaryngology patients. Methods: A total of 100 patients hospitalized in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, China in 2019 were selected as the control group, and routine nursing mode was adopted. The control group was data before the implementation of this study. A total of 100 patients (experimental group) hospitalized in the Department of Otolaryngology in 2020 were selected to adopt the nursing model constructed by nursing quality evaluation system. The adverse mood of patients in the two groups were evaluated at admission and discharge, and postoperative pain and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: Anxiety, depression and quality of life scores were improved in both groups, but the degree of improvement in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (t=481.759, 353.502, P＜0.05）, and the postoperative pain score in experimental group was lower than that in control group (t=54.086, P＜0.05). The satisfaction of experimental group was better than that of control group (χ2=30.327, P＜0.05). Conclusion: The nursing model based on the evaluation system of the nursing quality of otorhinolaryngology can relieve patients' adverse emotions, relieve postoperative pain of otorhinolaryngology patients, and improve patient satisfaction. Therefore, it is worth popularizing and applying in the future.

Effectiveness of Video-Assisted Distraction Technique in Reduction of Pain Among Preschool Children Undergoing Vein Puncture

Introduction: Vein puncture is an invasive but common procedure for children, often accompanied by pain, fear and anxiety and refuse to cooperate. Distraction technique is one of the non-pharmacological methods of controlling pain. The objective of this study was to find the effectiveness of video assisted distraction technique in reduction of pain among preschooler children.
 Methods: Quasi experimental study was conducted in Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal. 108 preschooler children consisting of 54 children in each experimental and control group selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique were enrolled in the study. Structured pain scale was used to collect data in both groups. Animated cartoon video was shown only to experimental group five minutes prior to until the vein puncture was over. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests.
 Results: In experimental group, 59.2% had moderate pain whereas 68.5% in control group had severe pain. The pain score of experimental group was significantly lower than that of control group at p = 0.05 with the mean value of experimental and control group 6.85 ± 0.79 and 7.25 ± 0.87 respectively.
 Conclusions: Distraction is an effective technique for children undergoing vein puncture in order to alleviate pain level during vein puncture

Early Verse Conventional Ambulation on Postoperative Pain among Women with Lower Segment Cesarean Section

Introduction: A cesarean section is a surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision made on a mother’s abdomen and uterus. In post cesarean section phase, early ambulation and oral intake are need to be encouraged after declined effects of anesthesia. The present study was conducted with aim to assess the effectiveness of early ambulation on postoperative pain among the women with a lower segment cesarean section. Materials and Methods: The study design was quasi-experimental design and 60 subjects were enrolled by convenient sampling technique. In experimental group, the pain level was assessed after performing breathing exercise, moving legs and hands, upright sitting position, stand and walk with and without support after 10 h of surgery for first 3 postoperative days. While in control group, the mothers were ambulated after 24 h of surgery as per the hospital protocol. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean postoperative pain scores after early ambulation among experimental on day 1st, day 2nd, and day 3rd. There was a significant decline in pain scores in experimental group compared to control group (P < 0.001) with days progresses. Conclusion: The early ambulation was significantly effective in reduce postoperative pain scores among the mothers after cesarean section. The present approach may be adopted for the mothers to decline the need of analgesics during postoperative period.

A study to assess the effectiveness of conventional methods along with balloon inflation vs conventional methods only in reduction of pain and fear during venipuncture in children age group of 5-12 years admitted in paediatric wards of GGSMC & H, Faridkot, Punjab

Introduction: Children are vulnerable to all kinds of illness. Illness and hospitalization are the first crisis that children face. Venipuncture is one of the most painful invasive procedures. Distraction has shown to be an effective non-pharmacological pain management technique. Aim: The study was intended to assess the effectiveness of conventional methods along with balloon inflation vs conventional methods only in reduction of pain and fear during venipuncture in children age group of 5-12 years admitted in pediatric wards of GGSMC&H, Faridkot, Punjab.Methods: A quantitative research approach and experimental research design was used to conduct the study. Total 80 patients (5-12 years) were selected who were admitted in the pediatric wards on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly allocated into experimental and conventional group through computerized block design method. Socio demographic data sheet was used to collect baseline information, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and Children’s Fear Scale were used to assess the pain and fear level.Results: Study found that the median of pain score in experimental group was 8 in conventional group was 10. Median of fear score in experimental group was 3 and in conventional group was 4. Mann-Whitney U test was applied for statistical analysis and p value was <0.001 which was statistically highly significant.Conclusions: This study concluded that conventional methods along with balloon inflation was effective as a non-pharmacological method of reduction/management of pain and fear during venipuncture.

Prolotherapy Improves Anatomical and Clinical Outcomes in Monosodium Iodoacetate Induced Model of Osteoarthritis

Objective: To assess the ameliorative effects of Prolotherapy on the pain score of the gait cycle in Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) induced osteoarthritis in the rat knee joint.&#x0D; Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad and Pathology Lab Pak Emirates Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from Aug to Nov 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group). The control group was Group-A. To induce osteoarthritic changes in Group-B, a single dose of 1mg Monosodium Iodoacetate was injected intra-articularly into the right knee. Group-C received a single dose of 1mg Monosodium Iodoacetate injection in the right knee intra articularly to induce osteoarthritic changes, and was followed by 0.1ml Prolotherapy (3ml of 25% dextrose, 2ml of 2% Xylocaine, 1ml of injection thiamine, and 1ml of injection Methylcobalamin) at 2, 6 and 10 weeks intra articularly into the right knee joint. Before euthanasia, Pain scoring schemes for gait in rats of all groups were done at 0, 2 and 14 weeks.&#x0D; Results: The present study concluded that prolotherapy improved the gait cycle pain score in experimental group C (p-value 0.001 on the intergroup comparison at two weeks and 14 weeks while p-value 0.001 when compared pain score within the Group C at 0, 2 and 14 weeks).&#x0D; Conclusion: Prolotherapy had ameliorative effects on the pain score of the gait cycle in experimental Group C on Monosodium Iodoacetate......

A Study to Assess the Effect of Distraction Using Rattle on Pain among Infants during IV Cannulation

Pain is a subjective experience and children respond to pain with behavior that depends on their age and cognitive process. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of distraction using rattle on pain among infants during IV Cannulation in Upasana Hospital, Kollam. Quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. Quasi-experimental post-test only control group design and purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 infants aged between 2 and 6 months, 20 each in the experimental group and control group at Upasana Hospital, Kollam. After obtaining consent from the concerned authorities of the hospital and participants caregiver, the study was done. Distraction using rattle provided to the experimental group for few minute during beginning to till end of the procedure. No intervention was given in the control group. Pain assessment was done by Neonatal Infant Pain Scale during procedure. The data thus collected were analyzed using differential and inferential statistics. Analysis revealed that the mean pain score of control group (5.3) was significantly higher than the mean pain score of experimental group (2.4) and calculated “t” value (6.74) was greater than table value (1.69) at 0.05 level of significance. There was significant association between the pain score among infants with selected demographic variables such as age in month, birth order, weight of child in experimental group and age in month, and site of cannulation in control group. Therefore, it is interpreted that the distraction using rattle among infants during IV cannulation is effective in reducing the pain.

MUSTARD OIL – GARLIC COMBO MASSAGE- AN EFFECTIVE KNEE PAIN HOME REMEDY

Background: Knee pain is one of the most prevalent disorders affecting the quality of life of elderly age group and geriatric population. This can occur due to numerous reasons including obesity, constant weight bearing rheumatic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis as well as osteoarthritis that may lead to swelling, redness, warmth, weakness, tenderness, and stiffness of the joint. A number of pain reliever formulations are available in the market that include NSAIDs based creams, intra synovial injections and steroid based formulations however none of them proves to be completely effective in improving the quality of life of geriatric population. In addition to it, there are a number of reported side effects/adverse events related to these formulations.&#x0D; Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a home remedy prepared from Mustard oil and garlic as mentioned in ancient texts of Ayurveda in the knee pain subjects for improving quality of life. A quasi-experimental study (two group pretest and posttest design) was conducted in 70 subjects in two groups of 35 each with knee joint pain meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pain was assessed using numeric pain scale. Data analysis was done using inferential and descriptive statistics. Majority of the samples in both group I and group II had moderate and severe level of pain.&#x0D; Results: After intervention, the pain level had reduced to mild level in experimental group as compared to conventional group. The mean pretest values of pain score in experimental group had significant difference during posttest measurement of mean pain score. The difference was found to be significant in experimental group with warm mustard oil massage, but in conventional group difference was not significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: Mustard oil-garlic combo massage proved to be a good home remedy in knee pain&#x0D; Key words: effectiveness, mustard oil with garlic massage, knee pain

Effectiveness of Ice Pack Application on Level of Pain and Bruise Formation among Patients Receiving Subcutaneous Low Molecular Weight Heparin at Selected Hospitals of City

Background: Bruising is one of the most common adverse events following administration of enoxaparin sodium, which can lead to unpleasant consequences such as reduced access to various sites for injection, reduced satisfaction of patients from treatment and care provided. Cold application is helpful for better management of these side effects which could be easily accessible and economical for the patients. Cold application appears to be cheaper and easily available. Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of ice pack application on level of pain and bruise formation among patients receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin. Method: Quasi experimental nonequivalent control group posttest only design was adopted. The population comprised of 60 patients receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin from selected hospitals of Pune. Sample of the study were 60 patients receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin patients selected by convenient sampling. The patients in experimental group were provided with ice pack application before receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin to reduce the level of pain and bruise formation. Data was collected by using numerical pain scale, visual analog scale and transparent ruler scale. Result: The study findings showed that average numerical pain score in experimental group was 3.87 and 6.33 in control group. Bruise size was measured in cm. In experimental group Average bruise formation size was 0.0233 after 24 hours of injection, 0.1633 after 48 hours of injection and 0.1766 after 72 hours of injection compared to control group 0.2733 after 24 hours of injection, 0.3933 after 48 hours of injection and 0.4066 after 72 hours of injection. There is significant difference in mean scores of experimental and control group. Conclusion: The findings of the study shows that the ice pack application is effective in reducing the level of pain and bruise formation among patients receiving

Effectiveness of hand and foot massage on pain reduction among post-caesarean mothers at selected hospitals of Hubballi, Dharwad

Objectives: To assess the level of pain among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group before hand and foot massage. To assess the level of pain among post-caesarean mothers in control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of hand and foot massage on level of pain among experimental group in terms of pain reduction. To find out an association between pre-test pain scores of experimental group with their selected socio-demographical variables. To find out an association between pre-test pain scores of control group with their selected socio-demographical variables. Research design: A quasi-experimental; Pre-test post-test control group design was used to select 20 post-caesarean mothers, who were divided into two groups (experimental group & control group). Tool: The demographic Proforma were collected using structured interview schedule & Modified Mcgill Pain Questionnaire to measure the level of pain. Data obtained in these areas were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that, There was statistical difference in post-test and pre-test score regarding pain reduction among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group at 0.05 level of significance. There was statistical difference in the post-test score regarding pain among post-caesarean mothers in experimental group and control group at 0.05 level of significance. There was no significant association between pre-test pain score of both experimental and control group with their and selected demographic variables. This indicated that the post-test pain score of control group was greater than the experimental group who were exposed to Hand and Foot Massage. Conclusion: Therefore, the study concluded that hand and foot massage was effective, in-expensive and easily applied strategy for reduction of pain among post-caesarean mothers.

Effect of Music therapy on pain among Post-operative patients at selected Hospital

Background of the study: Music listening is a common, frequent, and universally enjoyed human endeavor. Music therapy is the use of music to improve clients' quality of life. Music therapy is an evidence-based, clinical use of music interventions. Pain is a major concern among postoperative patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of music therapy on pain among post-operative patients Method: A quantitative approach with quasi experimental time serious design was used for the study. The subjects consisted of 20 patients who undergone abdominal surgeries were selected using purposive sampling technique (ten in the experimental group and ten the control group). Music therapy is given to experimental group on the second day of post-operative day and continued for 5 days twice daily. Data was collected by using demographic proforma and pain scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Music therapy is an effective intervention in reducing pain score in experimental group as Z value was highly significant at P &lt; 0.001 which revealed effectiveness of music therapy pain at 3rd, 4th and 5th day and 2nd week of surgery. There was no significant association at P&lt;0.05 level between level of pain among patients with their selected demographic variables such as age, sex, education, monthly income, type of family, diet, type of anesthesia, previous surgery and source of information in both the experimental and control group. Conclusion: The study concludes that music therapy is effective in reducing the pain. The result of the study showed that regular practice of music therapy would be beneficial in reducing pain.

The Effects of Topical Olive Oil on the Pain Intensity among Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Given the importance of relieving pain and disability experienced by the patients, the present study aimed to study the Effects of topical olive oil on the pain intensity among patients with knee osteoarthritis. The patients were randomly assigned into the experimental (28 patients) and control groups (27 patients). Firstly, in tropical olive oil (TOO) group, a high-quality olive oil, branded as Famila was used and in the control group, Diclofenac gel was applied. In experimental groups, 5 drops of herbal oils were applied to the knee thrice a day at morning, noon and evening and the knees were covered with a nylon sheet for more absorption. The patients were followed up for 4 weeks and their capability and pain intensities were evaluated prior the study, during the first week, the second week and the fourth week with Visual Analogue Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests by SPSS V. 16 software. According to the findings, also the Mean (SD) pre-intervention Pain score in experimental group A was 8.10(0.91), which decreased to 1.78(0.78) after the intervention and in the control group from 8.55(0.69) to 3.85(0.98). Due to the greater effect of olive oil compared to Diclofenac gel on reducing pain of patients with KOA, it is recommended that patients use olive oil. Further studies are also recommended.

Effect of Breastfeeding on Relieving Pain during Immunization in Infant

Background Advantages due to immunization are numerous and cannot be avoided but at the same time pain inflicted on babies needs to be addressed when possible. Pain associated with immunization injections has often been overlooked when remedies are available. Objective To find out the effect of breastfeeding on relieving pain during immunization injection in infants. Method An experimental study was conducted at Immunization clinic of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Total 124 subjects were divided randomly into two groups. Experimental subjects were allowed to breastfeed for 5-10 minutes before immunization while control group was immunized without breastfeeding. Interview Questionnaire was used to obtain demographic variables and measurements were obtained. Measures of pain was recorded using duration of cry and Modified Behavior Pain Scale, by Taddio et al. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 where variables were assessed with frequency tables, Pearson's Chi-Square test, independent t test and Mann Whitney U test. Result The mean pain score in experimental group was 7.10 and in control group 7.56 which was statistically significant (p=0.001). The median duration of cry was significantly shorter in experimental group i.e. 25 seconds (IQR: 20-30) than control group 42.5 seconds (IQR: 30-61.5) (p < 0.001). Conclusion Breastfeeding before immunization is effective in reducing pain in infants.

A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ISOMETRIC EXERCISES ON QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG THE INMATES OF ELDERLY PERSONS WITH JOINT PAIN AT SELECTED HOSPITAL, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND

A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ISOMETRIC EXERCISES ON QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG THE INMATES OF ELDERLY PERSONS WITH JOINT PAIN AT SELECTED HOSPITAL, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND

Effectiveness of rapid injection technique versus traditional injection technique on level of pain

The pain associated with such injections is a source of distress for children, their parents and those administering the injections. If not addressed, this pain can lead to preprocedural anxiety in the future, fear of needles and non adherence with vaccination schedules. The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of rapid injection technique versus traditional injection technique to reduce pain in children receiving DPT vaccine in selected hospitals of Punjab. A quantitative research approach, Quasi experimental research in which post test only control group design without randomization was used for the present study. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 120 children receiving DPT vaccination in Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot and Civil Hospital, Bathinda. The tool used had two sections, sociodemographic variables and FLACC pain scale. The study results revealed that there is statistically significant difference (unpaired t test 17.9) in the mean pain score in experimental group (3.1±0.92) and control group (3.8±1.2) at 0.05 level of significance. The results also depict that there is statistically significant difference in the level of pain in experimental and control group as calculated by chi square test (6.22) at 0.05 level of significance. This study concluded that there is statistically significant difference in the post interventional level of pain between control and experimental group at the 0.05 level of significance.

Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation

Management of children’s health includes medical procedures that may be painful or stressful to the child. Yet, despite extensive research findings, policy guidelines and practice, standard recommendations for optimal management of pediatric pain, clinical practices remain inadequate. Hence the investigator conducted a study to assess the effect of distraction method like kaleidoscope in managing pain in children during procedure like intravenous cannulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of kaleidoscope on pain perception of children aged 4 -6 years during intravenous cannulation. The research approach adopted for this study was true experimental and the design was post test only control group design. The study was conducted in Upasana hospital, Kollam among 30 children aged 4 – 6 years who were admitted in the pediatric ward, with 15 children each in experimental and control group. After obtaining consent from caregivers, demographic data was collected and physiological parameters like heart rate and SPO2 were measured using pulse oximeter, five minutes prior to the cannulation. The children in the experimental group were introduced to kaleidoscope before the cannulation and were told to look through it during the procedure. During cannulation, the objective pain was assessed by using FLACC scale and the physiological parameters were again measured. Five minutes after the procedure, the children were asked to explain the pain during cannulation using Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale. The mean pain scores of experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between pain scores and variability in heart rate (r=0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.85 according to WBFPRS) and SPO2 (r= 0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.86 according to WBFPRS) of children during intravenous cannulation. To sum up, the kaleidoscope was shown to be effective in managing pain in children aged 4-6 years, during intravenous cannulation. So distraction can be used effectively in pain management of children.

Effectiveness of dry cold application on pain intensity and bruise at the subcutaneous injection site among patients admitted in selected hospital of Mullana Ambala.

Aim: To assess and compare the effectiveness of dry cold application on pain intensity and bruise among hospitalized patients receiving subcutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) and to seek association of pain and bruise score with selected variable. Material and method: A Quasi-Experimental study using non equivalent control group post test only design was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 hospitalized patients in medical intensive care unit (30 in experimental and 30 in comparison group). Dry cold was applied to the subcutaneous injection site using ice bag for 20 minutes after the administration of low molecular weight heparin and no intervention was given in comparison group. Pain intensity was measured using numeric pain rating scale immediately after dry cold application and bruise size was assessed using bruise assessment scale after 12, 48 and 72 hrs of injection administration. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p= 0.001) between experimental and comparison group in terms of pain and bruise. The mean pain score in experimental group (0.77) was significantly less as compared to comparison group (5.87). Bruise score of subjects in experimental group was significantly less (p= 0.01) as compared to comparison group in all three readings (at 12, 48 and 72 hrs) and there was significant association of pain and bruise score with few selected variables like duration of subcutaneous injection and previous analgesic taken.. Study concluded that the dry cold application is effective in reducing pain and bruise among hospitalized patients receiving subcutaneous injection of low molecular weight heparin.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Ice Application on Pain Response Prior to Intravenous Procedures among Children at Tertiary Care Hospital

Children fear the most for pain from intravenous procedures during their hospitalization. The procedural pain is worse than the illness itself. Ice is a convenient topical refrigerant modality which can be used to reduce pain. The study was aimed to assess the pain response of children during intravenous procedures in experimental group and control group and the effectiveness of ice application on pain response during intravenous procedures among children and find association between pain score and selected demographic variables of children admitted in pediatric ward at Krishna Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Karad, Maharashtra, India. The study was two groups post-test only control group design. 60 children aged 6 -12 years were selected, 30 children in experimental and 30 in control group were the sample selected by Non probability purposive sampling technique. The result shows the mean pain score of experimental group was 0.66 and control group was 8.93. The unpaired t test value was 24.817 (p<0.01), showing significant difference was present between mean pain score level among children in control and experimental group as p value <0.05. No significant association between pain scores and selected demographic variables of children in control group was present, whereas pain scores with age of children (χ2 =8.816), gender of children (χ2 = 5), and weight of children (χ2 = 4.909) in experimental group had significant association. The study concluded that the ice application is a practical modality of choice, promote comfort and cost effective, means of reducing pain in children during intravenous procedures.

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Rectal Analgesic Suppository versus Oral Analgesia in the Management of Post Episiotomy Pain among Primipara Women in a Selected Hospital of New Delhi

Objectives: Of the study were to assess the effectiveness of rectal analgesic suppository and oral analgesia in management of post episiotomy pain among primipara women, and to compare the efficacy of rectal suppository versus oral analgesia. Methodology: A quise experimental study with control group pre-test post –test design was used for the study. The study was conducted in Swami Dayanand Hospital New Delhi Purposive sampling technique was used for selecting 60 primipara women with episiotomy, out of 30 were in experimental group and 30 were in the control group. Post episiotomy pain was assessed using Numeric Pain Intensity Scale.(NPIS) Results: The mean post-test pain score in experimental group was (3.90) with SD(Standard deviation) =1.12 less than mean post test score in control group as measured by (NPIS), (7.16)with SD= 0.83 of at 12 hrs. With mean difference 3.26 which is evident from‘t’ value (12.8) for df 58 at 0.05 level of significance which was significant at 0.05 level. Therefore, this indicates that rectal analgesic suppository was more effective than the oral analgesia in reducing post episiotomy pain in experimental group at 12 hrs. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that rectal analgesic suppository was effective for longer time than oral analgesia.

Immediate Postoperative Pain and Recovery Time after Pulpotomy Performed under General Anaesthesia in Young Children.

Background The aim of this retrospective study was to compare immediate postoperative pain scores and need for rescue analgesia in children who underwent pulpotomies and restorative treatment and those who underwent restorative treatment only, all under general anaesthesia. Methods Ninety patients aged between 3 and 7 years who underwent full mouth dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia were enrolled in the study and reviewed. The experimental group included patients who were treated with at least one pulpotomy, and the control group was treated with dental fillings only. The Wong-Baker FACES scale was used to evaluate self-reported pain and need for rescue analgesia. The data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, two sample t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results Ninety percent of the children experienced postoperative pain in varying degrees of severity. Immediate postoperative pain scores in experimental group were found to be significantly higher than in control group (x2 = 24.82, p < 0.01). In the experimental group, 48% of the children needed rescue analgesia, compared with only 13% of the children in the control group (x2 = 13.27, p < 0.05). Conclusion Children who underwent pulpotomy treatment had higher postoperative pain scores and greater need for rescue analgesia than control group who underwent only dental fillings.

Effect of Abdominal Massage before In Vitro Fertilization Injection on Alleviating Pain among Infertile Women.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of abdominal massage on alleviating pain caused by the injection of recombinant gonadotropin for In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) among infertile women. This study employed a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. A total sample of 149 infertile women who never experienced in vitro fertilization was recruited at C fertility center. Seventy women were assigned into experimental group and 79 into controls. The experimental group had been informed to do abdominal massage prior to the injection and to record their subjective pain using visual analogue scale. The control group had been informed to record their subjective pain in the same way just after the injection. Compared to the pre-tested pain scores, the pain scores in experimental group were significantly reduced by 0.7 points, whereas the control group increased by 0.9 points (t=-4.55, p=.001). This study confirms that the use of abdominal massage prior to the injection is an effective way to alleviate pain on injection site. This massage may be a useful intervention for infertile women about pain alleviation.