Evaluation Of Pain Patients Research Articles

An Experimental Pain Model Based on Electric Stimulations of the Colon Mucosa

Background: Pain intensity and distribution related to diseases of the gut are important diagnostic indicators in gastroenterology. Experimental pain models provide a unique possibility for standardized activation of the nociceptive system, but only few human models exist. Methods: An experimental pain model based on electric stimuli in the human colon was developed and applied. Eleven patients who were referred for surveillance colonoscopy due to earlier polyps in the colon were included. None had any abdominal pain complaints. The following areas were stimulated with 'single', 'repeated', or 'continuous' electric current: the cecum, the hepatic and splenic flexures, and the rectosigmoid junction. Results: All subjects felt deep, diffuse pain during the stimulation, with referral to localized somatic structures. The pain detection thresholds after repeated stimuli were similar in the four areas. The threshold for single stimulation was higher than the threshold for repeated stimulation. Most reported pain in the lower and left site of the abdominal wall during stimuli at the splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction. Stimuli at the right colon, however, resulted mostly in pain at the contralateral site of the abdomen. Conclusions: The presented model was robust and suitable for eliciting pain in different regions of the large intestine. The importance of temporal summation in visceral pain was shown. Mapping of the referred pain areas mimics clinical observations and has ontogenetic and anatomic consistency. The model may therefore improve the evaluation of pain in patients with diseases of the colon.

Use of malingering tests in forensic evaluation of pain patients

Use of malingering tests in forensic evaluation of pain patients

Reliability and validity of the evaluation of pain in patients with total knee replacement

Ninety-two knees in 46 patients were evaluated with regard to pain: in 51 of these knees, implantation of a hinged endoprosthesis had been performed. The reliability and validity of 2 pain evaluation methods were assessed: the knee-pain questionnaire method (standard version including 10 questions and modified version including 14 questions) and the visual analogue scale method (standard version without numbering and 0–10 scale). The visual analogue scale — standard version and 0–10 scale —turned out to be more reliable than the questionnaires. The 0–10 scale was the most valid when compared to the patients' own opinions regarding pain.