Result Pages Research Articles

Application of Machine Learning Techniques for Countering Side-Channel Attacks in Cryptographic Systems

The use of machine learning algorithms in order to, not only, detect the adversarial intend behind side-channel attacks on cryptographic systems, but also to resist Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks. In particular, with the help of the DPA Challenge Dataset containing power traces of AES encryption operations, we propose a detailed step-by-step approach that includes data acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, and model assessment. The pre-processing includes noise reduction, normalization and segmental processing of the collected data for which basic statistical and frequency domain analysis can be used for extraction of relevant features. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are then trained and tested in order to classify and in turn predict attack scenarios as per the subsequently derived features. As the outcome of the result pages show, the SVM model successfully classifies attack and non-attack traces at a rate of 88% on the validation set, which underlines the usage of machine learning to boost cryptographic security. Investigation of the feature relevance demonstrates that frequency-domain features, namely FFT coefficients are most impactful. The findings of this research prove that machine learning can be useful in preventing side-channel attacks apart from providing valuable information on enhancing the understanding of different defenses in cryptographic systems as well as future development of this domain.

Differences in Fear and Negativity Levels Between Formal and Informal Health-Related Websites: Analysis of Sentiments and Emotions.

Searching for web-based health-related information is frequently performed by the public and may affect public behavior regarding health decision-making. Particularly, it may result in anxiety, erroneous, and harmful self-diagnosis. Most searched health-related topics are cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. A health-related web-based search may result in either formal or informal medical website, both of which may evoke feelings of fear and negativity. Our study aimed to assess whether there is a difference in fear and negativity levels between information appearing on formal and informal health-related websites. A web search was performed to retrieve the contents of websites containing symptoms of selected diseases, using selected common symptoms. Retrieved websites were classified into formal and informal websites. Fear and negativity of each content were evaluated using 3 transformer models. A fourth transformer model was fine-tuned using an existing emotion data set obtained from a web-based health community. For formal and informal websites, fear and negativity levels were aggregated. t tests were conducted to evaluate the differences in fear and negativity levels between formal and informal websites. In this study, unique websites (N=1448) were collected, of which 534 were considered formal and 914 were considered informal. There were 1820 result pages from formal websites and 1494 result pages from informal websites. According to our findings, fear levels were statistically higher (t2753=3.331; P<.001) on formal websites (mean 0.388, SD 0.177) than on informal websites (mean 0.366, SD 0.168). The results also show that the level of negativity was statistically higher (t2753=2.726; P=.006) on formal websites (mean 0.657, SD 0.211) than on informal websites (mean 0.636, SD 0.201). Positive texts may increase the credibility of formal health websites and increase their usage by the general public and the public's compliance to the recommendations. Increasing the usage of natural language processing tools before publishing health-related information to achieve a more positive and less stressful text to be disseminated to the public is recommended.

How trustworthy is online dental information for individuals with Down syndrome from Ibero-American countries?

Internet has become an indispensable source of health-related information. However, several studies have shown there to be a lack of quality control for webpages related to disability. Specifically, available content concerning Down syndrome (DS) and dentistry is limited and of dubious quality. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality of online content in Spanish and Portuguese on dental care for individuals with DS. A simultaneous search in Google and Bing using the terms "Down syndrome" and "odontology/dentist/dental treatment" in Spanish and Portuguese was conducted in seven Ibero-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, and Portugal). The first 100 consecutive pages of results from the three combinations of terms in each of the search engines were accessed and selected by applying conventional exclusion criteria. The selected pages were classified according to their authorship, specificity and dissemination potential. The quality of the online content was assessed using the DISCERN questionnaire and the Questionnaire to Evaluate Health Web Sites According to European Criteria (QEEC). The presence of the Health On Net (HON) and Accredited Medical Website (AMW) seals was also assessed. The mean DISCERN score was 2.51±0.85 and 2.57±0.86 for the Spanish and Portuguese webpages, respectively. The mean readability score was 3.43±1.26 and 3.25±1.08 for the Spanish and Portuguese webpages, respectively. None of the selected webpages presented the HONcode or AMW trust seals. The content available online in Spanish and Portuguese regarding Down syndrome and dentistry is scarce and of highly questionable quality.

(069) ASSESSING READABILITY, UNDERSTANDABILITY, ACTIONABILITY, AND QUALITY OF ONLINE HEALTH RESOURCES FOR SEXUAL HEALTH DURING MENOPAUSE

Abstract Introduction Recent studies indicate that over half of adults in the United States rely on the internet for accessing health-related information. (1) Patients experiencing menopause may feel a sense of embarrassment about their sexual health and, consequently, turn to online resources to maintain a sense of anonymity. Despite a shift in information-seeking patterns within the last decade, there remains a significant gap in the research assessing the quality of the content that patients encounter online. While prior research has investigated the readability of materials for sexual health promotion and sexual health in men, there are no prior investigations addressing the quality of sexual health materials for individuals experiencing menopause. Objective Our objective was to evaluate online patient- oriented health resources concerning sexual health during menopause for their readability, understandability, actionability, and overall quality. Methods We conducted a Google keyword search for “sexual health during menopause,” reviewed the first three pages of results, and included 22 unique, relevant resources after excluding journal articles and materials not intended for patient education. We assessed readability using multiple established indices, including the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Understandability and actionability were evaluated with the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), with a threshold of 70% for actionable or understandable resources. (2) The JAMA benchmark criteria were used to evaluate the quality of each site.(3) Further analysis will consist of qualitative content analysis and assessment of accuracy. Finally, these resources will be compared by the website publisher's industry for any statistically significant differences in any of these outcomes. Results No materials met the American Medical Association's recommended readability standards by any metric.(4) The reading level of the reviewed resources ranged from grades 7 to 18. PEMAT scoring revealed that three resources reached the threshold for understandability though none met the criteria for actionability. On average, understandability was 60.1% and actionability was 51.8%. No resource met all four JAMA benchmark criteria. The average criteria met was 2.0. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong negative correlation between materials’ readability and understandability (r = −0.459, P &amp;lt; .05). Conclusions These findings underscore the need for improved patient resources for women’s sexual health during menopause. Future efforts in patient education materials development should prioritize patient concerns and enhancing readability, understandability, and actionability. Sources: 1. Wang X, Cohen RA. Health information technology use among adults: United States, July–December 2022. NCHS Data Brief, no 482. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:133700. 2. Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395–403. 3. Silberg WM, Lundberg GD, Musacchio RA. Assessing, Controlling, and Assuring the Quality of Medical Information on the Internet: Caveant Lector et Viewor-Let the Reader and Viewer Beware. JAMA. 1997;277(15):1244–1245. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540390074039 4. American Medical Association. CHAPTER 9: OPINIONS ON PROFESSIONAL SELF-REGULATION. https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/ama-assn.org/files/corp/media-browser/code-of-medical-ethics-chapter-9.pdf Published 2016 Disclosure No.

Quitting smoking with…smoke? Unauthorized claims used by herbal cigarette manufacturers.

Herbal cigarettes are made with non-tobacco plant materials (e.g., tea leaves, hemp), are typically sold pre-rolled in packs and with filters, and are combusted and smoked like tobacco cigarettes. Herbal cigarette manufacturers have a history of making misleading health claims and at least one company has previously settled with the US Federal Trade Commission over deceptive advertising. This study examined current claims and product characteristics of herbal cigarettes sold by a popular online retailer. We searched Amazon.com for "herbal cigarettes" and "hemp cigarettes" and identified all herbal cigarette products sold on the first page of search results (n=51). Two coders independently content analyzed each product's Amazon page for claims (e.g., smoking cessation, health), product characteristics (e.g., flavors), and presence of disclaimers and warnings. Overall, 78.4% of product pages made smoking cessation claims (e.g., "A more scientific way to quit smoking", "…decreases nicotine craving symptom and helps to quit tobacco smoking"). Further, 45.1% of product pages included claims describing lower risk/exposure compared to tobacco products (e.g., "…without the addictive nicotine and toxic chemicals found in tobacco cigarettes"). Some herbal products were available in multiple flavors, including menthol (21.6%) and fruit (17.7%). Only 35.3% of products included visible health warnings on product packaging. Many herbal cigarette products sold on Amazon.com make unauthorized cessation and health claims. Regulatory agencies must act decisively to stop the misleading advertising of these products and develop appropriate warnings to educate the public about the potential harms of herbal cigarettes. This content analysis documents the use of unauthorized and misleading claims made in the marketing of herbal cigarettes.These findings highlight the need for enforcement of existing federal regulations, which prohibit deceptive advertising.Research is needed to inform the development of appropriate warning labels that can be used to inform consumers of the potential harms of smoking herbal cigarettes.

Market or Markets? Investigating Google Search’s Market Shares under Vertical Segmentation

Is Google Search a monopoly with gatekeeping power? Regulators from the US, UK, and Europe have argued that it is based on the assumption that Google Search dominates the market for horizontal (a.k.a. “general”) web search. Google disputes this, claiming that competition extends to all vertical (a.k.a. “specialized”) search engines, and that under this market definition it does not have monopoly power. In this study we present the first analysis of Google Search’s market share under vertical segmentation of online search. We leverage observational trace data collected from a panel of US residents that includes their web browsing history and copies of the Google Search Engine Result Pages they were shown.We observe that participants’ search sessions begin at Google greater than 50% of the time in 24 out of 30 vertical market segments (which comprise almost all of our participants’ searches). Our results inform the consequential and ongoing debates about the market power of Google Search and the conceptualization of online markets in general.

Blepharoplasty Online: Critical Analysis of Content and Patient Comprehensibility

IntroductionPatients frequently turn to online information for decision-making factors about aesthetic procedures. The quality of online medical content is an essential supplement to clinical education. These resources assist patients in understanding the risks, benefits, and appropriateness of their desired procedure. This study examines the breadth and readability of online blepharoplasty information, elucidating its educational utility.MethodsA depersonalized Google search was conducted using the Startpage Search Engine, investigating key phrases, “blepharoplasty decision making factors”, “eye lift decision making factors”, and “eyelid lift decision making factors”. The first three pages of results for each search term, totaling 90 links were screened. Data were extracted for various decision-making factors, subspecialty, gender, and readability.ResultsTwenty-six websites met inclusion for analysis. Thirteen websites were plastic surgery based, five otolaryngology (ENT), five ophthalmology/oculoplastic, one oral-maxillofacial (OMFS), and two mixed-based practices. Most blepharoplasty webpages identified were that of private practice and male surgeons. Half were subspecialties other than plastic surgery. Thirteen common decision-making factors were identified. The most common factors addressed across all texts were recovery followed by cosmetic and functional goals. The least discussed were genetic factors. Average Readability exceeded the 12th grade. There were no significant differences in readability means among subspecialties.ConclusionThis study examines the online blepharoplasty sphere among US-based practices providing clinical education to patients. No appreciable differences among gender, subspecialty, and readability on decision-making factors were found, highlighting a consistency among surgeons. Most websites fell short of readability standards, however, emphasizing a need for clearer information to patients.No Level AssignedThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Optimizing Data Extraction using Preprocessing for Enhanced Efficiency

With the exponential growth of the internet, an abundance of information has become readily available. Extracting valuable data from the web is crucial for applications such as meta-querying and comparison shopping. However, the heterogeneous nature of web information poses a significant challenge to the extraction process. The web can be classified into the surface or visible web and the deep or invisible web. While conventional search engines can index the surface web, they fall short when it comes to the deep web.&#x0D; To access the deep web, users must submit queries to web databases, and the results are encapsulated in dynamically generated web pages containing data records. Traditional search engines struggle to index these dynamic pages, necessitating a specialized program for efficient information extraction from the deep web. Web search engines generate result pages based on user queries, making it crucial to automatically extract data from these pages for various applications.&#x0D; In this context, we propose an innovative data extraction method called Effective Data Extraction using Preprocessing (EDEP). The EDEP approach begins by parsing the input HTML page, constructing a tag tree, and subsequently eliminating irrelevant tags from the tree. Notably, our system efficiently handles scenarios where auxiliary information, such as recommendations or comments, is intermixed between query result records (QRRs), causing them to be non-contiguous. EDEP also effectively manages result pages containing single QRRs.&#x0D; Through experimental results, it is evident that EDEP outperforms existing data extraction methods, showcasing its efficacy in handling the complexities associated with web data extraction.

Rational satisficing heuristics as determinants of online search behavior

We design a set of satisficing heuristic algorithms that mimic the online information retrieval behavior of rational decision makers (DMs) as reflected in their click through rates (CTRs). We illustrate how basic heuristic algorithms formalizing binary decision trees composed by 21 nodes and requiring DMs to observe one satisficing alternative lack the structural capacity to characterize the retrieval process. The algorithm requiring DMs to observe two satisficing alternatives –formalizing binary decision trees composed by 111 nodes – provides a sufficient approximation to their CTRs. Adding a third alternative – accounting for 351 nodes – delivers an almost identical set of CTRs to those displayed by DMs. The mimicking quality of the heuristic algorithms prevails as alternatives are added up to include the ten ranked within the first page of search results, incorporating 2,047 nodes to formalize the corresponding retrieval process. The set of algorithms bridges the gap between purely rational decision theory and heuristic behavior, illustrating how the CTRs observed can be generated by rational DMs performing a sequential search process while aiming to observe two or three satisficing alternatives. The decision-tree algorithmic structures presented are sufficiently malleable to introduce any potential modification to the beliefs and preferences of DMs and study its consequences in terms of CTRs.

The Birth of the Contextual Health Education Readability Score in an Examination of Online Influenza Patient Education Materials.

Introduction Influenza is a major global health concern, with its rapid spread and mutation rate posing significant challenges in public health education and communication. Effective patient education materials (PEMs) are crucial for informed decision-making and improved health outcomes. This study evaluates the efficacy of online influenza PEMs using traditional readability tools and introduces the Contextual Health Education Readability Score (CHERS) to address the limitations of existing methods that do not capture the diverse array of visual and thematic means displayed. Materials and methods A comprehensive search was conducted to select relevant online influenza PEMs. This involved looking through Google's first two pages of results sorted by relevance, for a total of 20 results. These materials were evaluated using established readability tools (e.g., Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level) and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) for understandability and actionability. The study also involved the creation of CHERS, integrating factors such as semantic complexity, cultural relevance, and visual aid effectiveness. The development of CHERS included weighting each component based on its impact on readability and comprehension. Results The traditional readability tools demonstrated significant variability in the readability of the selected materials. The PEMAT analysis revealed general trends toward clarity in purpose and use of everyday language but indicated a need for improvement in summaries and visual aids.The CHERS formula was calculated as follows: CHERS = (0.4 × Average Sentence Length) + (0.3 × Average Syllables per Word) + (0.15 × Semantic Complexity Score) + (0.1 × Cultural Relevance Score) + (0.05 × Visual Aid Effectiveness Score), integrating multiple dimensions beyond traditional readability metrics. Discussion The study highlighted the limitations of traditional readability tools in assessing the complexity and cultural relevance of health information. The introduction of CHERS addressed these gaps by incorporating additional dimensions crucial for understanding in a healthcare context. The recommendations provided for creating effective influenza PEMs focused on language simplicity, cultural sensitivity, and actionability. This may enable further research into evaluating current PEMs and clarifying means of creating more effective content in the future. Conclusions The study underscores the need for comprehensive readability assessments in PEMs. The creation of CHERS marks a significant advancement in this field, providing a more holistic approach to evaluating health literacy materials. Its application could lead to the development of more inclusive and effective educational content, thereby improving public health outcomes and reducing the global burden of influenza. Future research should focus on further validating CHERS and exploring its applicability to other health conditions.

Web-Based Information on Spinal Cord Stimulation: Qualitative Assessment of Publicly Accessible Online Resources.

Despite the growing accessibility of web-based information related to spinal cord stimulation (SCS), the content and quality of commonly encountered websites remain unknown. This study aimed to assess the content and quality of web-based information on SCS. This qualitative study was prospectively registered in Open Science Framework. Google Trends was used to identify the top trending, SCS-related search queries from 2012 to 2022. Top queried terms were then entered into separate search engines. Information found on websites within the first 2 pages of results was extracted and assessed for quality using the DISCERN instrument, the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria, and the Health on the Net Foundation code of conduct certification. Website readability and SCS-related information were also assessed. After exclusions, 42 unique sites were identified (scientific resources: n=6, nonprofit: n=12, for-profit: n=20, news or media: n=2, and personal or blog: n=2). Overall, information quality was moderate (DISCERN). Few sites met all the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria (n=3, 7%) or had Health on the Net Foundation certification (n=7, 16%). On average, information was difficult to read, requiring a 9th- to 10th-grade level of reading comprehension. Sites described SCS subcategories (n=14, 33%), indications (n=38, 90%), contraindications (n=14, 33%), side effects or risks (n=28, 66%), device considerations (n=25, 59%), follow-up (n=22, 52%), expected outcomes (n=31, 73%), provided authorship details (n=20, 47%), and publication dates (n=19, 45%). The proportion of for-profit sites reporting authorship information was comparatively less than other site types (n=3, 15%). Almost all sites focused on surgically implanted SCS (n=37, 88%). On average, nonprofit sites contained the greatest number of peer-reviewed reference citations (n=6, 50%). For-profit sites showed the highest proportion of physician or clinical referrals among site types (n=17, 85%) indicating implicit bias (ie, auto-referral). Overall, our findings suggest the public may be exposed to incomplete or dated information from unidentifiable sources that could put consumers and patient groups at risk.

How much freedom does an effectiveness metric really have?

AbstractIt is tempting to assume that because effectiveness metrics have free choice to assign scores to search engine result pages (SERPs) there must thus be a similar degree of freedom as to the relative order that SERP pairs can be put into. In fact that second freedom is, to a considerable degree, illusory. That is because if one SERP in a pair has been given a certain score by a metric, fundamental ordering constraints in many cases then dictate that the score for the second SERP must be either not less than, or not greater than, the score assigned to the first SERP. We refer to these fixed relationships as innate pairwise SERP orderings. Our first goal in this work is to describe and defend those pairwise SERP relationship constraints, and tabulate their relative occurrence via both exhaustive and empirical experimentation. We then consider how to employ such innate pairwise relationships in IR experiments, leading to a proposal for a new measurement paradigm. Specifically, we argue that tables of results in which many different metrics are listed for champion versus challenger system comparisons should be avoided; and that instead a single metric be argued for in principled terms, with any relationships identified by that metric then reinforced via an assessment of the innate relationship as to whether other metrics are likely to yield the same system‐versus‐system outcome.

Simplified Web-based SEO Score Counter for Increasing Web Page Rank

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is a technique intended for search engines to always index a website on the Internet with high value, so that each search process using certain keywords through search engines can display the website on the first page of search. This research will create a simple web-based application to calculate the ranking of a website from an SEO perspective. A website with a high SEO ranking is expected to appear on the first page of search results. This application uses the cURL function contained in the PHP programming language to read web pages. The result is SEO value as an initial picture of how a website can appear on the first page of search results. Search Engine Optimization, commonly known as SEO, is a highly effective technique that guarantees a website's continuous indexing by search engines at a high value. This results in the website being displayed on the top of search results when specific keywords are searched. Our research is dedicated to creating a web-based application that calculates a website's SEO ranking. This ranking is crucial to ensure that the website appears prominently in search results. The application employs PHP programming's cURL function to scrutinize web pages, providing an initial indication of a website's search result performance.

Assessing the readability of online information about jones fracture.

Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look toward the internet as their primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. To assess the readability of online information regarding Jones fracture. Our hypothesis is that the reading level of medical information published on websites far exceeds the recommended reading level of 6th-8th grade as proposed by the American Medical Associate and National Institute of Health. The result of this study can help us formulate improved recommendations for publishing more comprehensible material and, thus, eventually improve patient compliance and clinical outcomes. The exact phrase "Jones fracture" was queried on the three most common search engines, Google, Yahoo!, and Bing, on December 28, 2022. As of December 2022, Google held 84%, Bing held 9%, and Yahoo! held 2% of the worldwide search engine market share. Web pages uniform resource locator from the first three pages of search results were recorded from each search engine. These web pages were classified according to academic, physician-sponsored, governmental and non-government organizations (NGO), commercial, and unspecified as per formally defined categories. Websites associated with an educational institution or medical organization were classified as academic. Websites with products for sale, corporate sponsorship, or advertisements were classified as commercial. Governmental websites or NGOs comprised those that received government subsidies or grants. Webpages that were independently owned by physicians or physician groups were respectively classed as physician sponsored. The remainder of websites that did not fall under the above categories were classified as unspecified. A total of 93 websites were analyzed for reading assessment. A whopping 44% of websites were commercial, followed by 22% of physician-sponsored websites. Third place belonged to non-government organization websites holding a 15% share. The academic website held a meager 9% portion, while unspecified sites were 3%. The table illustrates mean readability scores, along with average cumulative grade level. The average grade level was 10.95 ± 2.28 for all websites, with a range of 6.18 to 18.90. Since P values were more than 0.05, there was not a significant statistical difference between the first page results and the results of all pages. Thus, we can rationalize that readability scores are consistent throughout all pages of a website. Hand in hand with technological advancements, treatment modalities continue to grow. With the turn of the century, the internet has become the number one source of information for almost every topic. Thus, many patients look towards the internet as the primary source of information to learn about their respective medical conditions. Our study demonstrates that current online medical information regarding Jones fracture is written at an extraordinarily high-grade level, with an average grade level of all websites at 10.95, nearly an 10th-grade educational level. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health strongly recommend that online medical information should be written at the 6th to 8th-grade level to aid comprehension by patients of all literacy backgrounds. On the contrary, most of the medical information evaluated was at an 10th-grade level, which far exceeds recommendations by AMA and NIH. This is particularly relevant because readability scores are directly proportional to the level of comprehension attained by readers, thus directly impacting patient outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest and encourage that all online reading materials should be re-written at the 6th to 8th-grade level in a public service effort to increase compliance with treatment goals and raise awareness of preventive measures.

PathDIP 5: improving coverage and making enrichment analysis more biologically meaningful.

Pathway Data Integration Portal (PathDIP) is an integrated pathway database that was developed to increase functional gene annotation coverage and reduce bias in pathway enrichment analysis. PathDIP 5 provides multiple improvements to enable more interpretable analysis: users can perform enrichment analysis using all sources, separate sources or by combining specific pathway subsets; they can select the types of sources to use or the types of pathways for the analysis, reducing the number of resulting generic pathways or pathways not related to users' research question; users can use API. All pathways have been mapped to seven representative types. The results of pathway enrichment can be summarized through knowledge-based pathway consolidation. All curated pathways were mapped to 53 pathway ontology-based categories. In addition to genes, pathDIP 5 now includes metabolites. We updated existing databases, included two new sources, PathBank and MetabolicAtlas, and removed outdated databases. We enable users to analyse their results using Drugst.One, where a drug-gene network is created using only the user's genes in a specific pathway. Interpreting the results of any analysis is now improved by multiple charts on all the results pages. PathDIP 5 is freely available at https://ophid.utoronto.ca/pathDIP.

Bipolar bozukluk bilgilendirmesinde kaynak olarak YouTube videolarının incelenmesi

Aims: Assess the qualities and reliabilities of Turkish and English YouTube videos providing information about Bipolar Disorder and how beneficial they are for viewers in our study.&#x0D; Methods: In our study, a total of 120 videos were evaluated, with 60 in Turkish and 60 in English, which appeared on the first three pages of search results. Videos that were entirely or partially quoted and repeated were not rated, but videos with an earlier publication date were included. A total of 80 videos were included in the study. Videos published in Turkish and English were watched and rated by a psychiatrist.&#x0D; Results: Significant portion of the videos were uploaded by healthcare institutions (29.3%) or a professional (psychiatrist/psychologist) (28%). When all videos were evaluated, the median Modified DISCERN score was 3.48 (IQR: 1), the median GQS (Global Quality Scale) score was 3.67 (IQR: 1), the median total video content score was 4.00 (IQR: 2), and the median VPI (Video Power Index) score was 67.14 (IQR: 207).When comparing the scales used to assess the quality of videos, it was found that the VPI score (p&amp;lt;0.001) was significantly higher in English-language videos compared to Turkish-language videos, while the GQS score (p=0.116) and the modified DISCERN scale score (p=0.594) were similar&#x0D; Conclusion: It was observed that the examined videos reached an average of 70,000 views, with the highest reaching approximately 13.5 million views. These data demonstrate the significant role of the internet and YouTube in providing access to health information for patients. In this study, it was determined that YouTube videos related to Bipolar Disorder have an average to good quality and reliability.

H - 59 The Utility of Neuropsychology in the U.S. Naturalization Process: an Unexplored Opportunity in Multicultural Practice, Training, and Advocacy.

This project reviewed literature related to evaluating U.S. citizenship applicants seeking exemption from the naturalization exams due to cognitive and/or psychological impairment. U.S. Naturalization rates are rising, and neuropsychologists are especially qualified to conduct evaluations to determine eligibility for test waiver. Exploring this topic may contribute to improvements in service provision and advocacy for citizenship applicants, a historically underserved group. Data extraction occurred in April of 2023. Sources derived from The Clinical Neuropsychologist, PsycNet, Google Scholar, and Widener University's library database. Search phrases combined "neuropsychology" with (1) "U.S. citizenship tests," (2) "U.S. citizenship exemption," and (3) "Form N-648." Result pages one through five were examined, and any source referencing "neuropsychology" and "citizenship," "exemption," "Form N-648," "U.S. citizens," "U.S. citizenship," and/or "waiver" was selected. Ten scholarly articles, two book chapters, two presentations, and one poster abstract fit the above criteria for review. Information was limited to brief statements about naturalization and acknowledgment that test exemption exists, and case illustrations where exemption was considered. However, none of the results provided specific strategies to help guide neuropsychologists who are less familiar with this process, but still called upon to evaluate and determine eligibility for test waiver. There is a marked absence of neuropsychology literature regarding assessment for exemption from the U.S. citizenship exams. Given the socioeconomic benefits afforded with naturalization, this absence seems to represent a gap in the field. Future research and collaboration with allied networks may pose a novel way to broaden neuropsychology's relevance and optimize services for citizenship applicants.

How Shall TFEU Article 102 on Abuse of Dominant Position be Interpreted in the Digital Platform Economy?

In 2021, The European General Court issued its judgment in Case T-612/17 Google and Alphabet v Commission (Google Shopping). The case concerned whether Google had abused its dominant market position by favouring its own comparison shopping service on its general results pages while demoting the results from competing comparison shopping services. The General Court stated that Google’s conduct was not competition on the merits and thus it had breached Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article discusses firstly this judgment and its consequences for the interpretation of Article 102 TFEU in digital platform economy markets. Secondly, this article takes on the issue of abuse of dominant position in digital markets and tries to find out what kind of conduct of digital platform companies should be prohibited by Article 102 TFEU. The purpose is to identify what kind of conduct should be seen as an abuse of dominance and how to legally assess such conduct. The ECJ judgment states that self-preferencing can constitute a breach of Article 102 TFEU and that this can be seen as a form of discrimination. Besides self-preferencing or discrimination there is also other conduct that can be abusive. These include personalised pricing, forced free riding and different forms of information based abusive conducts. It is not clear how this conduct relate to Article 102 TFEU, but it is clear that should this conduct be seen abusive, it will be difficult to determine the basis for this since well-established theories of harm are incompatible. In addition, when assessing the abusive nature of such conduct, an effects-based case-by-case approach is needed.

Bing Chat: The Future of Search Engines?

ABSTRACTIntroduced by Microsoft in February 2023, Bing Chat is a feature of the Bing search engine that integrates an OpenAI large language model (LLM) customised for search (Mehdi, 2023a). This poster compares the outputs of Bing Chat and a standard existing search engine (DuckDuckGo) in response to identical keyword queries and corresponding natural language (NL) questions. Specifically, we examined: (1) the length of Bing Chat's responses and DuckDuckGo's first page of search results, by number of website links; and, (2) the length of Bing Chat's textual summaries, by number of website links. We found that, on average, significantly fewer websites were linked to in Bing Chat's responses compared to DuckDuckGo's search results. Our findings have important implications for website operators, who may receive less traffic and ad revenue if LLM‐enabled search engines are widely adopted in the future. Human‐Computer Interaction (HCI) will inevitably face the need for more research on human information behaviours adaptations in response to the changing search paradigm.

An Empirical Evaluation of Information Sharing's Impact on Profitability; Evidence from the Solar Sector

The role of online marketing is significant. Businesses strive to maximize their profit, and there are low-budget but efficient digital solutions for this aim. Social media sites are not just a connection point but also a great surface to collect information regarding products and/or companies. Even though these free opportunities are often used, websites are the „classical” standalone digital surfaces used for marketing purposes. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) provides various techniques to improve the companies' websites' SERP (Search Engine Result Page). In addition, it could provide even statistically proven financial benefits. The current study analyzes the SEO’s influence on the financial performance of SMEs in the solar sector. The nationwide study based on the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed the importance of connecting social media sites to the company's website. The proper Social SEO results in significantly higher after-tax profit. Regarding the first contentful paints (first feedback to the browser about the website loading), the Pearson correlation coefficients showed up moderately strong, positive, significant relationships with many financial indicators.