Manuscript Pages Research Articles

Passion Devotion, Penitential Reading, and the Manuscript Page: "The Hours of the Cross" in London, British Library Additional 37049

Passion Devotion, Penitential Reading, and the Manuscript Page: "The Hours of the Cross" in London, British Library Additional 37049

One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West before Lewis and Clark by Colin G. Calloway

Reviews One VastWinter Count: The Native American West beforeLewis and Clark By Colin G. Calloway University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2003. Illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 646 pages. $39.95 cloth. Reviewed by Theodore Binnema University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George Make room on the shelf.This is the inau gural volume of a planned six-volume history of theAmerican West, and ifthe restof thevolumes meet the standard setby thefirst, you will want to own them all. If theyare all as fat as this one, you will have to reserve about a foot and a half of shelf space for the set. It will be money (and space) well spent.Colin G. Calloway, a prominent historian atDartmouth College, moves effortlessly from the ancient history of the West to the eve of theLewis and Clark Expedition, fromarchaeological literature to documentary evidence, and fromOhio to California. The purpose of the six-volume setwill be to sum up the insightsof theNew Western Histo rianswithout neglecting earlier literature.This means that this serieswill be about theWest as a conquered region (the trans-Mississippi West) rather than as a product of theprocess of frontier settlement. Calloway, understanding thatthe "West" before 1806 ishard topin down, wisely chooses a larger canvas. He places the his toryof the trans-Appalachian West in a broad context that incorporates events and processes that occurred in areas of present-day Canada andMexico. In several places, this aggressively anti-exceptionalist approach challenges com mon perceptions of events (ofthePueblo Revolt, forexample). Aside from its generous geographical boundaries, thisbook is important for itsambi tious temporal scope. Calloway begins notwith the Spanish but with thefirst"pioneers" ? the ancestors of today's Indians. He emphasizes the significance of the expansion of corn agricul ture long before the Spanish arrived. Calloway begins his discussion of theEuropean invasion afteronly 118pages, but thanks to the context established by thefirsttwo chapters, that inva sion seems lessmomentous thanmuch of the historiography sometimes implies. Societies emerged, flourished,waned and disappeared, fought, traded, and displaced one another long beforeEuropeans arrived,and theycontinued to do so afterward.Thus, while this isnot a history of thefrontierin the traditional sense,Calloway points to "many frontiers ? equestrian, epide miological, technological, ecological, cultural tribal, and imperial" thathave made the West what it is (p. 313). While not denying the legacy of conquest, Calloway reminds us that"empire building sometimes depended on negotiation and coexistence rather than force and coercion" (p. 319). This book isalso exceptional in theamount of oral evidence itpresents.The titleand subtitle forewarn readers thatOne VastWinter Count is firstand foremost a history of aboriginal people and that Calloway was clearly determined to include such evidence whenever possible. This oral evidence enhances the book significantly, although it appears to have posed occasional interpretive challenges. One Vast Winter Count is likely to appeal to both professional historians and the general 5i8 OHQ vol. 105, no. 3 public. For thegeneral public, Calloway takeson the role of a storyteller,oftenwith a romantic streak. Scholars will appreciate the breadth of research.The book includes 161 pages of citations and bibliography, although researchers will have tocopewith thefactthat many of the works cited are not included in the selected bibliography. In a short epilogue, Calloway anticipates thatsomeAmericans will find little of interestin theperiod B.L.C. (beforeLewis and Clark). Yet, Calloway draws an interestinglesson from this period.He argues that"No one gets tobe topdog forever.In looking back toChaco and Cahokia in the eleventh century and to theComanches and Cheyennes in the eighteenth century,we should see our futureas clearly asHamlet saw his inYorick's skull" (p. 433).Whether you ex pect thisbook to takeyou back to the futureor back to the West's ancient history,youwill find yourself rewarded. Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark toJonathan Clark By William Clark, edited and with an introduction by James J. Holmberg Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 2003. Photographs, maps, index. 352 pages. $18.00 paper. Reviewed by Stephen Dow Beckham Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon Over the past no years, several discover ieshave contributed to the recovery of thousands of pages ofmanuscripts and over one hundred maps documenting theLewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806). From findsof the forgotten original journals...

EDITORIAL

We are delighted to announce that Ecological Monographs has implemented a totally web- based system for manuscript submission. Authors no longer need to send hard copies or e-mail attachments to the Publications Office or the Editor-in-Chief in order to have their work considered for publication. Manuscripts may now be sent to the journal over the Internet in the original digital format (e.g., Word, WordPerfect, or LaTex), and there are several format options for figures, including JPEG, TIFF, and Excel. The new system will convert the files into a merged PDF for editors and reviewers. Please check 〈http://esapubs.org/esapubs〉 for current instructions before submitting new manuscripts. Peer review will be conducted via the same integrated system, with password-protected confidentiality for reviewers. Our hope is that the entire submission and review process will be expedited. We are confident that there will be significant savings in terms of postage and paper costs, both for ESA and for authors. Another benefit of the new system is that corresponding authors may check the status of their manuscripts on-line at any time. Authors and reviewers may also use the system to update their addresses and contact information. The Publications Office staff has worked diligently to test the new software during the last part of 2003. The aim has been to make the system as user-friendly as possible. Of course, we welcome feedback and suggestions from authors and reviewers for making further improvements. We are actively promoting more concise papers in ESA journals. Our editors are increasingly skeptical of submissions longer than 20 manuscript pages to Ecology/Ecological Monographs. Currently, a large fraction of submissions are being rejected with a request for shortening. Submissions of more than 30 typescript pages must be accompanied by a cover letter that provides an explanation and justification for the length. Manuscripts longer than 50 ms pages may be considered for Ecological Monographs only with permission of the Editor-in-Chief. Digital appendices in Ecological Archives 〈http://esapubs.org/esapubs/archive/archive_main.htm〉 provide a major avenue to concise papers. Authors should examine some digital appendices to get a feel for the ways in which authors have used Ecological Archives to shorten the print portions of their publications. Long submissions that do not make use of digital appendices have a very high probability of being rejected and returned to authors for shortening. The new policies are intended to raise the interest of readers, increase the number and disciplinary breadth of papers we can publish, and speed the rate of publication.

Comments on Charles Hedrick's Article: A Testimony

Habent sua fata litterae: the strange fate of Clement of Alexandria's letter to Theodore reminds one of Heisenberg's indetermination principle: the very attempt to observe a particle's trajectory changes its course. In the spring of 1976, a party of four, including the late David Flusser, Professor of New Testament, the late Shlomo Pines, Professor of Medieval Arabic and Jewish philosophy, both at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Archimandrite Meliton, from the Greek Patriarchate in Jerusalem (at the time a research student at the Hebrew University) and myself (then a graduate student at Harvard University) drove (in my car) from Jerusalem to Mar Saba monastery, in the Judean wilderness, in the quest for Clement's letter. Together with Flusser and Pines, I had been intrigued by Morton Smith's sensational description of his find, and we wanted to see the text with our own eyes. Archimandrite Meliton had agreed to accompany us. When we reached the monastery, with the help of one of the monks, we began searching for Isaac Vossius' edition of the Letters of Ignatius on the very dusty shelves of the library in the monastery's tower. The young monk and Archimandrite Meliton explained to us that most books from the monastery's library had been moved to the Patriarchate library in Jerusalem, after too many thefts had occurred. We did not put our expectations too high, but at some point, the monk did find the book, with "Smith 65" inscribed on its front page, 1 and the three manuscript pages of Clement's letter written on the blank pages at the end of the book, exactly as described by Smith. The book had obviously remained where Smith had found it and had replaced it, after having photographed the manuscript letter. It was obvious to all of us that the precious book should not be left in place, but rather be deposited in the library of the [End Page 147] Patriarchate. So we took the book back to Jerusalem, and Father Meliton brought it to the library. We hoped to analyze the manuscript seriously and contemplated an ink analysis. At the National and University Library, however, we were told that only at the police headquarters were people equipped with the necessary knowledge and tools for such an analysis. Father Meliton made it clear that he had no intention of putting the Vossius book in the hands of Israeli police. We gave up, I went back to Harvard, and when I came back to Jerusalem to teach, more than two years later, I had other commitments. It was only recently, more than a quarter-century later, in talking to American colleagues, that I realized that I am the "last living Western scholar" to have seen the Clement manuscript, and that I had a duty to testify in front of a skeptical scholarly world.

Humanist Horticulture: Twelve Agricultural Months and Twelve Categories of Books in Piero de’ Medici’s Studiolo

“Humanist Horticulture: Twelve Agricultural Months and Twelve Categories of Books in Piero de’ Medici’s Studiolo.” Piero de’ Medici’s design of his studiolo in the Palazzo Medici, Via Larga, in the 1450s and 1460s is early evidence of the taste for vegetative symbolism within the Medici dynasty. The vaulted ceiling roundels of calendar months by Luca della Robbia, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, highlight productive individual labor both in agricultural fields and in the learned fields of Piero’s twelve categories of manuscripts arranged on desks below. Creating visual cues to his collection, Piero aids observers in finding a subject with his two catalogues, color-coded to match bindings, as well as by a subject’s location under a specific month. The texts of Seneca, Quintilian, Virgil, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, and Battista Guarino help elucidate the analogy between horticulture and culture apparent in Piero’s association of working vineyards with studying objects of antiquity. Filarete honors Piero by describing Piero’s weekly and monthly cyclical ritual of examining his ornamented manuscripts, his effigies of emperors, his jewels and engraved stones, his vases, and his arms and other treasures. Sculpted by Mino da Fiesole in a floral garment, and hiring illustrators to illuminate manuscript pages in vine-stem border and later in a green-tendril border, Piero imitates Pliny the Younger in withdrawing to a rural retreat, granted that it is one in an urban villa as artificial as the perspective intarsia designs of his influential cabinetry. In bequeathing to his son Lorenzo the studiolo with its collection of arts and letters, Piero contributes to the image of Lorenzo bringing about a springtime of arts and letters.

A Concise Format for Reporting the Longer-Term Follow-up Status of Patients Managed with Total Knee Arthroplasty

This format is to be used when the original full-length article was published in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Length limit: Six manuscript pages, excluding references and figures. Follow-up intervals: No less than five years since the previous publication and preferably at five or ten-year intervals, as long as no interim changes have occurred that require expedited reporting.

Genesis of the concept of genocide according to its author from the original sources

As is becoming increasingly well-known, the late Raphael Lemkin (19001959), Jewish refugee Polish and American jurist and professor, was both the author of our term genocide and the"driving" force behind the United Nations Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide (1948), ratified by the United States four decades later (1988). The story of what led him to coin the term and devote his considerable energies and talents to its concretization in the United Nations Convention has yet to be fully told. As the International Editor of his collective papers--more than 20,000 pages of letters, documents, interviews, newspaper clippings, and unpublished manuscripts--I welcome this long overdue tribute to Lemkin, one which deserves the widest possible audience on this fiftieth anniversary of the Convention and almost forty years after his death. This paper is primarily an examination of four primary sources, two published and two unpublished, as well as some ancillary literature: his wellpublicized (1944) work Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 674 pp.); my own publication of his otherwise unknown and untitled manuscript (1992) Raphael Lemkin's Thoughts on Nazi Genocide: Not Guilty? (Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 375 pp.); his unpublished autobiography, Totally Unofficial; and his unpublished and somewhat incomplete and unknown manuscript Introduction to the Study of Genocide. The true genesis of Lemkin's concept of genocide, as well as his own comments about the origins of his own thinking, may prove somewhat surprising and not at all what has been heretofore believe.

The Editor's Department: A First Take on the Editorial and Production Process

A first take on the editorial and production process Brian D. Joseph With this issue of Language, the first, transitional, year in my editorship is half over (though I feel some days as if much more time has elapsed!). As is inevitable and customary in such transitions, given the exigencies of the production schedule for the journal, this issue (as the one before it) only partly represents the efforts of my editorial team, since all the articles contained herein were reviewed and accepted under Mark Aronoff, the previous editor. Thus, like (at least some) change in language, change in Language is gradual. And, as with transitions in language, even with the abrupt break of the relocation of the editorial offices to Columbus, one can see both stability and continuity in the transition in Language. For instance, most of the associate editors—who by the way do extraordinary service to the profession with their diligent work interpreting referees’ reports and making recommendations to me on submissions—have terms that began prior to and continue into and/or beyond this year, and virtually all others who have been involved in the behind-the-scenes work on the production of Language (copyeditors, compositors, printers, etc.) are still on the job. Finally, I have benefitted greatly already from the considerable help the previous editors have offered me on a variety of matters. With this many people involved in the journal (and there are others not specifically mentioned here), the whole process of putting an issue together may seem somewhat mysterious. That is perhaps a curious observation, since most of us in academia are intimately involved with academic journals in one way or another. However, that involvement is mostly as contributors or as consumers. While typically we spend considerable time reading articles in journals and writing articles for journals, on the whole we spend far less time with other aspects pertaining to journals, such as the evaluation of papers (as part of the peer-review process), and even less, in the usual case, with the actual editing of journals and producing of an issue. The matter of producing a journal has been taken up in the past by my two immediate predecessors in this very forum, during their editorships (see Thomason 1990, Language 66.891–94, with some important comments on the review process, and Aronoff 1999, Language 75.412–16, with his reflections on the editor’s need to make choices), and to be sure, the process has not changed dramatically since last described herein. Nonetheless, perhaps because I have been working through Language’s procedures in the past few months as part of my steep learning curve and finally feel that I understand them, I think it appropriate to share some of the intricacies of the process with you, the readers of the journal. Thus, over the next few instantiations of this section of the journal I plan to discuss the various steps in the editorial process, from both the author’s perspective and the editor’s perspective. It is useful first to review the different types of pieces that appear in Language. Thomason 1993 (Language 69:639–43) gives an excellent overview of various submitted items that I cannot improve upon, so I quote liberally from it here, with some added remarks of my own. [End Page 217] The mainstay of each issue is the article, typically a paper of no more than fifty manuscript pages, focused on presenting results of original research (as opposed to reviewing and summarizing findings of others) involving new interpretations of known data, the discovery of new data, the testing of hypotheses and claims made elsewhere, and so on. Shorter papers are encouraged; longer papers are considered but may present problems that get in the way of their acceptance (see below). All article submissions are subject to rigorous review by outside experts (referees, sometimes also referred to as reviewers); a fuller discussion of the review process is planned for another issue. The range of topics covered by articles is broad, and thus the range of submissions is broad. As Thomason explains, ‘all subfields and all theoretical approaches are appropriate for submission … however, articles are appropriate for Language...

Introduction

I THE editor of Social Research, Arien Mack, and I both thought that it would be appropriate and of interest to begin this issue with a hitherto unpublished selection of Hannah Arendt’s writings that immediately followed the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism. Origins was first published in 1951 and that same year Arendt submitted a proposal to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a book that she described as follows: The most serious gap in The Origins of Totalitarianism is the lack of an adequate historical and conceptual analysis of the ideological background of Bolshevism. This omission was deliberate. All other elements that eventually crystallized into the totalitarian movements and forms of government can be traced back into subterranean currents in Western history, emerging only when and where the traditional social and political framework of European nations had broken down. Racism and imperialism, the tribal nationalism of the pan-movements and antisemitism, bear no relation to the great political and philosophical traditions of the West. The shocking originality of totalitarianism , the fact that its ideologies and methods of governing were entirely unprecedented and that its causes defied proper explanation in the usual historical terms, is easily overlooked if one lays too much stress on the only element that has behind it a respectable tradition and whose critical discussion requires a criticism of some of the chief tenets of Western political philosophy: Marxism.1 The new book was originally to be called Totalitarian Elements in Marxism, but as Arendt began work on it she became convinced Introduction of what she had only given a hint at the end of the final sentence in the description just quoted: namely, that her study could not be adequately undertaken without first thoroughly examining the entire tradition of philosophic and political thought. She realized that Marx not only stood firmly in that tradition, but also with him that tradition had come full circle: in an extremely complicated way it had come back to its origins and thus, as she said later, “culminated and found its end.”2 Henceforth Arendt’s working title for the book became Karl Marx and the Tradition of Western Political Thought, which is the overall title of the two manuscripts from which the selections published here are taken (the title of the first manuscript omits the word “Western”). The first selection bears the subtitle “The Broken Thread of Tradition” and the second “The Modern Challenge to Tradition.” Arendt’s proposed book was never completed. Although parts of it were incorporated into The Human Condition, On Revolution, and Between Past and Future, approximately a thousand pages prepared for or relevant to the work on Marx are in the Library of Congress’s collection of Arendt’s papers. Some of these materials were delivered as lectures for the Christian Gauss Seminar at Princeton University in 1953, others at Notre Dame University the following year, and still others elsewhere. To read these manuscript pages is not easy: they are disordered, cut up and pasted together for the various lectures, and for that reason also at times repetitive. More than anything else, however, their difficulty stems from the fact that in the early 1950s Arendt’s mind was extraordinarily fecund, literally brimming over with ideas, some revisited for further probing and all written down in white heat in a decidedly Germanized English. The sentences, and consequently the paragraphs, are often far too long and unwieldy; in addition, as she used to say and here exemplified, “the English language has no rules where the adverbs go.” Nevertheless, to immerse oneself in these texts is metaphorically to swim in a sea of ideas that would later be thematized in distinctive ways in Arendt’s published VI SOCIAL RESEARCH works throughout the rest of her life. These thematizations can be generally characterized as reflecting the tension that Arendt keenly felt between what she sometimes called thinking and acting and sometimes philosophy and politics. All the Marx manuscripts have been collected and edited and will be published under a title that tries to capture that tension at the moment it first became apparent to her: Karl Marx and the Problem of Political Philosophy. The following selections...

Digitized Medieval Manuscripts in the Classroom: A Project in Progress

FOR MANY MEDIEVALISTS, the increase in digitized manuscripts has been a wonderful by-product of the Internet. Several ongoing projects provide scholars with access to an increasing number of useful manuscripts. Most of these projects are available on the Internet, and usually consist of library exhibits, excerpts from illuminated manuscripts, or, occasionally, complete manuscripts.2 Other projects, such as volumes of the Papal Registers, are accessible only on a CD-ROM set.3 These manuscript sources are invaluable for scholars and provide a number of advantages. Digitized images increase access to certain manuscripts for both scholars and graduate students, and allow travel and research funding-if available-to be spent in other areas. Digitized images also allow researchers to see the archaeology of the manuscript page, such as layout, glosses, and marginalia, which will not appear in a typed transcription. Images are also far easier to read than microfilm, which is often grainy, reproduced in negative format, and has limited enlargement ability. Despite their utility for scholars and graduate students, however, these images remain less accessible for undergraduate students, who usually lack the linguistic and paleographical skills to use such manuscripts. Hence, at the undergraduate level manuscript images on the Internet are often used in the classroom simply as bigger, better slides. Slides and

Editorial

The science of ecology is fundamental to finding a way to a sustained human presence on planet Earth. The practical and scientific horizons of the field broaden every day, and over the course of my career, the scope of the field has increased from an academic discipline affecting local management decisions to a science informing global decision-making. The twin global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change have done much to galvanize changes, as has the intellectual maturing of the science. Under the leadership of founding Editor-in-Chief Simon A. Levin and his successor, Louis F. Pitelka, Ecological Applications has become an important outlet for science at the interface of research and its applications. When I was asked to follow as the third Editor-in-Chief, I agreed without hesitation, and I look forward to my tenure in this position. In response to the evolving challenges, the Editorial Board and I are making several changes and new emphases. First, we encourage the submission of papers of timely and immediate interest for a new section in the journal, Communications. Papers in the new section will be shorter articles of immediate impact on fast-moving scientific debate or urgent practical application. These papers will be reviewed quickly and will enter a fast track to ensure relatively rapid publication. The papers will be “semi-invited” in that an Editorial Board member or the Editor-in-Chief must be contacted and agreement obtained before formal submission. Electronic submission to the editors and the Publications Office is required for efficiency, although in rare cases, exceptions may be granted. Hard copy must still be submitted to the Publications Office in Ithaca as per the Instructions to Authors, but whenever possible, the electronic copy will be used as the basis for review. The maximum length of Communications submissions is 20 double-spaced manuscript pages, including tables and figures; the target length corresponds to 5–6 printed pages. Longer papers require more of the reviewers and editors and so cannot be guaranteed a fast review. Communications must meet the same standards as other papers in terms of content, originality, and rigor as ordinary submissions, but they will be held to a higher standard of significance and immediacy. We anticipate 1–2 Communications papers per issue. Papers deemed unsuitable for the Communications section may be considered for publication as regular articles. Second, we strongly encourage papers that report on “ecological problem solving.” Much of our literature documents the basic science that underlies ecological management and identifies problems or impacts requiring response. There is, however, a growing body of experience in which ecological principles, theory, and data are used to guide interventions in “natural” ecosystems, managed systems, preserves and natural areas, and indeed, for the global environment. We strongly encourage submissions describing the design, execution, and outcome of management, intervention, and remediation based on ecological science. We particularly encourage papers by practitioners, land managers, and other stakeholders in ecosystems, alone or in partnership with researchers. Recognizing that such work will not always fit into traditional models of scientific papers (hypothesis, materials and methods, etc), we encourage authors to identify papers as reporting on ecological problem-solving. The Editorial Board and I will work with authors on a case-by-case basis until a critical mass of “role model” papers are published. Third, there is increasing interest in education within the science of ecology. Serious research papers on educational topics, such as outcomes of ecological education approaches at the K–12, undergraduate, or advanced levels, may be considered for publication in Ecological Applications. Please contact the Editor-in-Chief before submitting any such papers. In summary, Ecological Applications is now a definitive outlet for papers addressing key problems in a wide range of areas at the interface of natural and human systems. Over the upcoming years, the Editorial Board and I will continue our emphasis on high scholarly standards and, consistent with the role ecological science plays in the world, we hope to increase the journal's timeliness and impact. We are deeply grateful to the authors who have entrusted their work to Ecological Applications and look forward to serving the field and our colleagues in the coming years.

Philippe entre Sartre et Poulou. Genèse manuscrite d'un personnage

Ail agree that in Sartre's novel cycle Les Chemins de la liberté there figures a young man, a general's son-in-law, whose problem is that he is nineteen years old in 1938 (thus, as well, he is not subject to conscription). How is this character, Philippe Grésigne, put together in the rough drafts ? In his preliminary notes Sartre creates a portrait of an adolescent who is far more complex, more intelligent and completely lost -lost not just in political terms but also in emotional ones as well. In developing this idea prominence has been given to three entirely crossed out manuscript pages, in order to follow Sartre imagining this character who cannot be dissociated, in the rough drafts, from Rose, his mother. The avowed feelings of Philippe towards his mother (the Œdipus complex, which Sartre openly derides in the definitive version) are not quite as devoid of nuance as the final text may lead us to believe. By bringing Philippe to life under his pen, Sartre imagined what he might have become had he not chosen to take refuge in writing, and had the war not snatched him up. Contrary to Sartre from 1939 onwards, Philippe is too young to answer to the requisitioning of his times.

A word processor optimized for preparing journal articles and student papers.

A new Windows-based word processor for preparing journal articles and student papers is described. In addition to standard features found in word processors, the present word processor provides specific help in preparing manuscripts. Clicking on "Reference Help (APA Form)" in the "File" menu provides a detailed help system for entering the references in a journal article. Clicking on "Examples and Explanations of APA Form" provides a help system with examples of the various sections of a review article, journal article that has one experiment, or journal article that has two or more experiments. The word processor can automatically place the manuscript page header and page number at the top of each page using the form required by APA and Psychonomic Society journals. The "APA Form" submenu of the "Help" menu provides detailed information about how the word processor is optimized for preparing articles and papers.

Meeting summaries: Report on the Third International SRNWP (Short–Range Numerical Weather Prediction)Workshops on Nonhydrostatic Modelling

Abstract Contributors of meeting summaries to the Bulletin now have an option to have their summaries published within a quicker time frame than what is now offered. To take advantage of this expedited publication process, these articles must be brief (no more than 24 manuscript pages, double spaced), tightly written, and cannot contain tables, figures, or displayed mathematics. Furthermore, prior to submission the meeting summary must be externally reviewed by at least one individual who attended the same meeting. This reviewer will be of the author's choosing; this represents a departure from the conventional peer–review process.

Context and Manuscript Discourse in Late Medieval Castile

CONTEXT AND MANUSCRIPT DISCOURSE IN LATE MEDIEVAL CASTILE Vincent Barletta University of Colorado, Boulder Scholars committed to the study of medieval literature and its cultural context face a number of serious challenges. Paramount among these is the question of how to speak with adequate specificity of the processes by which participants in text-mediated discourse (e.g., authors , scribes, readers) made use of such discourse to shape and transform their social world. Having moved beyond theoretical frameworks that conceive of cultural context as a mere backdrop to literary production and use (and literature as a reflection, however refracted, of that backdrop), scholars of medieval literature and cultures often find themselves in the difficult situation of having to provide concrete accounts of dynamic and complex cultural processes -such as the discursive give-and-take through which context is achieved- armed at times with what appear to be only the thinnest shreds of empirical evidence . Despite such difficulty, there have been far-reaching attempts by literary critics, linguists, and historians to address the issue of medieval literature and its relation to socially-embedded interaction and praxis. Much of the New Philology, especially the work of Bernard Cerquiglini, seems to have been inspired by a desire both to speak of written discourse as something more than decontextualized residue and to support such theorizing with concrete, linguistic evidence situated in manuscripts. Studies such as Suzanne Fleischman's contribution to the 1990 special issue of Speculum dedicated to the New Philology , which partially surveys Cerquiglini's work, should be read as important first steps in a growing research trend that has sought to "recontextualize [medieval] texts as acts of communication, thereby acknowledging the extent to which linguistic structure is shaped by La corónica 30.1 (Fall, 2001): 3-35 4 Vincent BarlettaLa coránica 30.1, 2001 the pressures of discourse" (Fleischman, "Philology, Linguistics" 37). While ultimately too unreflexive about its own ideological stance vis-àvis postmodern theory and "traditional" philology (not to mention structural linguistics), the New Philology nonetheless represents a significant attempt to address the intersection of language and culture within medieval texts. An even more radical approach has been that ofJohn Dagenais, whose "ethics of reading" goes so far as to conceive of the focal point of medieval literary study as: ... the process by which an individual, concrete manuscript book came into being, grew through accretions of gloss, commentary , and irrelevant marginal jottings, moved through both space and time, and was, in many cases, transformed into another individual, concrete manuscript book. (The Ethics ofReading 18) Behind this accretive process are human agents that make active use of their memory and practical intellect (Mary Carruthers 68-69) to make ethical choices and take action in a "real world of flux" (The Ethics ofReading 89). That these activities are in some cases mediated by another set of activities, namely those associated with the reading of manuscript books, is what allows Dagenais to theorize a link between medieval literature and social praxis. Basing his formulization of the "ethics of reading" in part on the work of Judson B. Allen and Carruthers, Dagenais maps out a research method through which marginal notes, glosses, and other forms of discourse on the manuscript page (those that have largely been ignored by the philological paradigm) serve as evidence of readers' adaptation of written texts. These acts of adaptation in turn suggest culturally-bounded modes of application by which readers acted on what they read within their social world (The Ethics ofReading 56-79). That these readers often returned to the manuscript folio to generate written texts shaped by such socially-embedded acts of reading (such as Juan Ruiz's re-working of the Pamphilus for the Libro de buen amor) is what Dagenais means by his only partially tongue-in-cheek suggestion that we transfer our attention from literature to "lecturature" (The Ethics ofReading 20-26). The present paper, largely inspired by the work of Dagenais as well as by the provocative suggestions of philologists regarding the discourse -pragmatic functions of narrative discourse (e.g., Fleischman, "A Linguistic Perspective"; Michèle Perret, Le signe et la mention), represents a further examination of the relation between medieval lit- Context...

William Blake: the creation of the Songs: from manuscript to illuminated printing

of Innocence and Experience is William Blake's most accessible work, bringing together Songs of Innocence, drawn from An Island In the Moon, and Songs of Experience whose 50 poems come from the Manuscript Notebook. This text details the evolution of the manuscript and the production process of the book. All the manuscript pages are reproduced here, and the details of Blake's composition are shown, as is his technique for etching text and design onto a single copperplate. Blake's development of a selective colour printing process, printing the design in opaque pigments over the original monochrome impression is explained. This technique was used in the production of of Experience, and contrasts with the first copies of of Innocence, which had hand-coloured transparent watercolours. Blake published Songs of Innocence and Experience in 1794. The last copies were elaborate and expensive, but Michael Phillips here looks at the first copies, revealing the original conception of Blake's work.

Induktiver Aufbau des Urbantu (review)

Reviewed by: Induktiver Aufbau des Urbantu by Otto Dempwolff Anthony P. Grant Induktiver Aufbau des Urbantu. By Otto Dempwolff. Ed. and rearranged by Ludwig Gerhardt and Justus Roux. (Archiv afrikanistischer Manuskripte 5.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 1998. Pp. 116. Otto Dempwolff (1871–1938) is mostly remembered nowadays for his work on comparative Austronesian (or more accurately, on the reconstruction of Malayo-Polynesian) which he produced in the last years of his life. However, his linguistic work ranged much more broadly and deeply than this. Working in Africa and the Pacific as a doctor of tropical medicine in the Wilhelmine colonial service, and later as a professor of what we would now call Austronesian languages at the University of Hamburg, he collected and organized field materials on an impressive range of African, Austronesian, and other languages (including the compilation of a valuable Tok Pisin dictionary from around 1905 which is still in manuscript form in Hamburg). His Austronesian endeavors have [End Page 637] largely overshadowed his Africanist work (he looked at Nama in addition to Bantu languages). This book enables an important, and previously unpublished, part of D’s Africanist work to be seen for the (admittedly) somewhat superseded but still impressive achievement that it is. The introduction, illustrated with a photograph of a manuscript page of the present work and another of D himself, and rounded off with his curriculum vitae, is interesting and puts the following materials into a historical context. The core of this book (15–94) is D’s notes for a University of Hamburg lecture course (which he delivered twice, in 1930–31 and in 1935) on the reconstruction of Proto-Bantu, complete with his own reconstructions. D was familiar with Carl Meinhof’s work in the same field, but he was a surer diachronist than Meinhof. D used several Bantu languages as data sources, but most of the material in the notes consists of comparisons between Swahili and Zulu, often also with evidence from (Se)pedi and Herero. D’s work is divided into 58 sections. After a few sections of introduction to the comparative method for the benefit of the students, with examples from Romance languages, it concentrates on reconstructing the historical phonology and morphology (including the noun-class system) of D’s conception of Proto-Bantu, which is admittedly limited by the concentration on two or three languages and the lack of use of data from Grassfields Bantu varieties and other westerly Bantu languages. Phonology, then morphology, are presented, with much use of tables and thus considerable clarity of exposition. Pages 95–114 present later variants of Sections 40–50 and Section 56, and the final two pages present a bibliography to the work as a whole. The Bantu data are not as D gave them; the editors have normalized transcriptions, adding tone-marks and noun-class divisions where necessary, thus giving the work amore modern appearance than it would have originally had, and they have also added a large number of explanatory footnotes. Although historical developments in Bantu studies make this little more than a curio, on a historiographical level it is a valuable publication as (inter alia) a relatively early demonstration of the regularity of sound correspondences in groups of related and unwritten languages, and we may hope that others of D’s manuscripts will eventually be published. Anthony P. Grant University of Manchester Copyright © 2001 Linguistic Society of America

How unreliable is Humbert inLolita?

i t is notoriously difficult to make sense of Humbert's claim in the novel's final three paragraphs that he started, fifty-six days ago, to write Lolita, first in the psychopathic ward for observation, and then in this well-heated, albeit tombal, seclusion.1 He asserts impressive productivity during his confinement. Motivated by his original intention to these notes in toto at his trial (p. 308), we gather that he leaves his fictional editor, Dr. John Ray, Jr., well over three hundred pages of manuscript which Ray publishes intact after a few minor corrections (p. 3). But the question remains whether Humbert spends the entire last eight weeks of his imaginary life writing. He is in failing health and faces an imminent trial date, so every day must count. Yet a close examination ofthe pointedly detailed chronology of his last nine chapters throws his writing time awry by three days. Ray says on the novel's first page that the protagonist died in legal captivity, of coronary thrombosis, on November 16, 1952 (p. 3). If we assume that Humbert's first and last use of the title minutes before his heart failure decisively marks its hurried completion, he should have begun his manuscript on 22 September.2 But it is not easy to square this assumption with the book, which leaves him free on that day to collect and read Dolores' letter. Furthermore, he remains at liberty to pursue his insomniac three-day hunt through Coalmont, Ramsdale, and Parkinton to Pavor Manor (pp. 266-93), where he seems to take an hour to kill Clare Quilty on the morning of 25 September (pp. 293-308). Critics have attributed this important factual contradiction to two pos? sible principals. We can convict an artfully unreliable narrator (Humbert Humbert) whose ego still throbs with the certainty that he manipulates time along with the sympathies of his readers as he works against the clock to tie up his narrative threads: thus, he neatly, but implausibly, settles the destinies of the three main characters with a reconciliatory visit to Dolores and revenge on Quilty.

How Unreliable Is Humbert in Lolita ?

It is notoriously difficult to make sense of Humbert's claim in the novel's final three paragraphs that he "started, fifty-six days ago, to write Lolita, first in the psychopathic ward for observation, and then in this well-heated, albeit tombal, seclusion." 1 He asserts impressive productivity during his confinement. Motivated by his original intention to "use these notes in toto" at his trial (p. 308), we gather that he leaves his fictional editor, Dr. John Ray, Jr., well over three hundred pages of manuscript which Ray publishes "intact" after a few minor corrections (p. 3). But the question remains whether Humbert spends the entire last eight weeks of his imaginary life writing. He is in failing health and faces an imminent trial date, so every day must count. Yet a close examination of the pointedly detailed chronology of his last nine chapters throws his writing time awry by three days. Ray says on the novel's first page that the protagonist "died in legal captivity, of coronary thrombosis, on November 16, 1952" (p. 3). If we assume that Humbert's first and last use of the title minutes before his heart failure decisively marks its hurried completion, he should have begun his manuscript on 22 September. 2 But it is not easy to square this assumption with the book, which leaves him free on that day to collect and read Dolores' letter. Furthermore, he remains at liberty to pursue his insomniac three-day hunt through Coalmont, Ramsdale, and Parkinton to Pavor Manor (pp. 266-93), where he seems to take an hour to kill Clare Quilty on the morning of 25 September (pp. 293-308). Critics have attributed this important factual contradiction to two possible principals. We can convict an artfully unreliable narrator (Humbert Humbert) whose ego still throbs with the certainty that he manipulates time along with the sympathies of his readers as he works against the clock to tie up his narrative threads: thus, he neatly, but implausibly, settles the destinies of the three main characters with a reconciliatory visit to Dolores and revenge on Quilty. [End Page 71] Or we can convict an author (Vladimir Nabokov) who is defiantly unwilling to be enslaved to dates (like the early Dickens), or prone to errors with them. 3

Analysis and Criticism

As Julian Horton's provocative discussion of the tension between modern methodologies of interpretatio n and the traditional claims of analysis suggests, writing about music is a frustrating enterprise. To a great extent, the difficulty arises from the performative nature of music as well as from the inherent ambiguity of music's meaning. The subject is elusive. Music is diachronic for the listener, the reader, and the performer. The accumulated experience of an event counts, as does each unit of experience in a sequential unfolding as each occurs. So too does the expectation, the imagined work. The interaction, in anticipation, encounter, and recollection, of psychological dimensions with acoustic variables alters the stability of the objects of interpretatio n and analysis. Roger Sessions was reputed to have remarked that the best performance of the Ninth Symphony of Beethoven, the only one he considered adequate, was the one he heard in his head while reading the score. What was he referring to and what was he hearing? Did what he heard remain the same, even to him, when he repeated the experience? Even in the act of recollection by an individual, there is a nasty instability to the subject. When one looks at the printed or manuscript page, is there an ideal or even minimum adequate sounding equivalent on which we all might agree? Does one construct an ideal mental image which is then imagined as heard as one reads, or does one piece together sonic fragments and even memories of actual hearings that become adapted into coherent anticipations of a future real or potential event? Is one's imagination predictive or even sufficient in terms of what notation implies? Given the multiplicity of synchronic events, on what basis does one assign priority in the mental construct of sound? A written text in a novel may be complex, but overtly only one word sounds or follows at a time. Which event and what sound or even manner of violin or piano playing is implied or foregrounded by either the whole text of a Beethoven sonata or any specific moment? How might we, using language, reconcile several readers' accounts of their contradictory anticipations of sound? An oft-repeated question of conductors is: what do they hear when