Page Citation Research Articles

MLA Citation Dissections

The author describes an instructional strategy that deepens students’ understanding of the elements of in-text and works cited page citation elements in an age of citation makers.

Magazines and the American Experience

The Grolier Club of New York has been mounting exhibitions of books and prints since 1884, and many of them are recognized as landmark treatments of their subjects. Most of them have also been accompanied by published catalogs or related books. A recent instance was the exhibition, in the early months of 2021, drawn from Steven Lomazow's vast collection of American magazines, consisting of over eighty-three thousand separate issues from 1731 to the present. The substantial and profusely illustrated book that has resulted is a welcome new survey of the subject, for it contains not only a record of the comprehensive exhibition but also fifteen essays written by Lomazow and seven other contributors (five chronological chapters, ten topical ones).The appearance of this book is an occasion for thinking about the status of magazines as research material. Although there is a considerable literature devoted to the history of magazines, they still do not always receive the attention they deserve. For example, author bibliographies generally give detailed physical descriptions of an author's books but simply list the magazine contributions. The illogic of this approach should be obvious, for magazines are printed matter, just as books are, and are thus subject to all the same complications. Two examples will illustrate how copies of supposedly identical issues can vary. In the nineteenth century, individual issues were often reprinted when the supply ran low, so that the publisher would be able to make up complete volumes for sale in a publisher's binding at the end of the year; these second printings were not labeled as such, but they could of course contain textual differences, both intentional and accidental. In the twentieth century, some American magazines had regional “editions” in which the text was shifted around in order to accommodate different advertising, keyed to local markets (the New Yorker is an example); as a result, page citations for a given contribution might not be the same in different copies (and cutting of text could also occur).The illogic of neglecting magazines has implications for biographical, as well as bibliographical and textual, study. There are many instances in which periodical publication was crucial for an author's career. It often provided an author's first public exposure and at any point in a career might have reached a larger audience than the books. Collectors, on whom preservation of the evidence initially depends, have been as guilty as bibliographers of slighting magazines. For instance, they have traditionally paid attention to anthologies that contain first book appearances of particular works (because they are “books”), without recognizing that issues of magazines are also anthologies (and frequently of more significance for promoting an author's reputation). Preservation relies also on institutional libraries to do their part; but (although “little magazines” now seem to be safe from further destruction) mainstream and mass-circulation magazines (both present and past) are continually being discarded by libraries in favor of digital reproductions. And reproductions are no more adequate as substitutes for the originals of magazines than they are for books, since they do not provide a basis for studying the unreproducible physical details that affect the reading experience and are essential for bibliographical research. Furthermore, since copies of a magazine issue can vary (just as copies of a book can), the number of copies that are preserved is a serious concern.These are among the considerations that make one glad to see Lomazow's book, for here is a collector who has focused on magazines for their own sake. Even though his book does not go into the matters I have raised, it can still serve to publicize the cause. One hopes that it, along with the wide attention his exhibition received, will stimulate appreciation of the importance of magazines in cultural history and the consequent need to collect and preserve them.

Academic Integrity: Developing an Approach Students Can Own!

At Penn State Altoona, undergraduate students consistently miss the mark with MLA in-text citations, Works Cited page citations, and articulating an understanding of the purpose of citing. A likely underlying cause is the impact of the decline of public school librarians over the last two decades. Current post-high school approaches to help remediate this issue, including collaborations between a librarian and a general education history instructor at Penn State Altoona, are explored. Their informal project to incorporate online academic integrity training modules in the Canvas learning management system is outlined with next-step measures.

In-text patent citations: A user's guide

We introduce, validate, and make publicly available a new data source for innovation research: scientific references in patent specifications. These references are common and algorithmically extractable. Critically, they are very different from the “front page” prior art commonly used to proxy for inventor knowledge. Only 24% of front page citations to academic articles are in the patent text, and 31% of in-text citations are on the front page. We explain these differences by describing the legal rules and practice governing citation. Empirical validations suggest that in-text citations are qualitatively different. Further, there is suggestive evidence that they more accurately proxy for knowledge flows, consistent with their legal role.

Engaging Japanese Philosophy: A Short History by Thomas P. Kasulis

Reviewed by: Engaging Japanese Philosophy: A Short History by Thomas P. Kasulis Leah Kalmanson (bio) Engaging Japanese Philosophy: A Short History. By Thomas P. Kasulis. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2018. Pp. i + 773. Hardcover $72. ISBN 978-0-8248-6979-3. When I first opened my copy of Thomas Kasulis's Engaging Japanese Philosophy: A Short History, I had planned to skip around, as one might do when reading an edited volume. Initially, I was most interested in how I might excerpt various chapters for classroom use. And I have indeed come away with many ideas for reading this book with students (a point that I will return to in the end). But, after making it through just the first few pages of Kasulis's highly informative and entertaining history of Japanese philosophy, I found that the book demands to be read in the order in which it was written. In addition to his role as philosopher and historian, in this book Kasulis is a storyteller. And so, as when enjoying a story, I read the book from cover to cover. The book is organized into four sections—ancient, medieval, Edo, and modern—each containing two chapters on an individual philosopher and a third chapter on general historical context, not always in that order. The philosophers included are Prince Shōtoku, Kūkai, Shinran, Dōgen, Ogyū Sorai, Motoori Norinaga, Nishida Kitarō, and Watsuji Tetsurō. The historical chapters focus on the Heian and Kamakura periods, Muromachi and Warring Domains, Edo, and the modern period, respectively. Throughout the text, Kasulis's narrative is synced to the 2011 collection Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook1 via marginal page citations, so that readers can cross-reference all texts and thinkers that he mentions with the primary source material available in the Sourcebook, making the two books together an impressively comprehensive course in Japanese philosophers, from famous to infamous to obscure. In his Preface, Kasulis explains why his project is not an intellectual history or a history of ideas but rather a history of philosophy, and that, as such, he writes with a philosopher's methodologies. Though the book is far-reaching in both breadth and depth, the thread that ties the content together is Kasulis's engagement with methods of philosophical argumentation and analysis that developed in Japan as a result of scholarly interactions within and across the major intellectual lineages comprising Confucianism, Buddhism, and nativist studies. More than an intellectual history of such developments, Kasulis's text also serves as an [End Page 1] introduction to these methodologies and an invitation to use them as tools for philosophical scholarship today. In particular, he identifies four key strategies for philosophical engagement relevant to his project: refutation, allocation, hybridization, and relegation (pp. 35–39). Refutation is the methodology most familiar in the Western context, resting on the basic logic of contradiction: if a given proposition is refuted as false, then the negation of that proposition is affirmed as true. As Kasulis points out, this method is not only seen as characteristic of Western philosophy but often as essential to doing any philosophy at all. Nonetheless, he claims, it is not the dominant mode of philosophical argumentation in Japan, where intellectual discourses often looked to achieve various modes of co-existence, compromise, and, at times, synergy. Argument by allocation, for example, looks to restrict competing claims within separate areas of discourse, to reveal that the competition is only apparent and that all claims carry weight in the contexts in which they are applicable. Relegation achieves a similar end but ranks various areas of discourse hierarchically, showing that some are more limited in scope than others, thereby upholding the supremacy of claims that are seen to be applicable in the most all-encompassing sense. In turn, hybridization does not restrict claims to separate areas of discourse but rather aims for a fusion that, at times, results in a third position altogether. All four strategies can be seen across both Western and Japanese traditions, Kasulis says, but the latter three strategies are particularly important for understanding philosophy in Japan. The chapters on the eight philosophers featured in the book alternate between Kasulis's engagement with the...

The Prevalence and Quality of Source Attribution in Middle and High School Science Papers.

Plagiarism is a commonly cited problem in higher education, especially in scientific writing and assignments for science courses. Students may not intentionally plagiarize, but may instead be confused about what proper source attribution entails. Much of this confusion likely stems from high school, either from lack of or inconsistent instruction across classes. To determine the extent of plagiarism issues in middle and high school student science papers, the authors surveyed student research reports to evaluate their use of in-text and reference page citations. While most of the students had a reference page, fewer than 35% of high school students properly used in-text citations. Furthermore, 12th grade students did not perform any better than 9th grade students in providing proper citations. A survey of college science faculty showed that they do not feel that students are receiving adequate training in source citation in high school. While proper source citation, including the use of in-text citations, is clearly indicated in state education standards, students may not be receiving consistent instruction for a variety of reasons. At a minimum, teachers and officials who supervise student research projects should ensure that students give proper attribution to their sources. This will avoid the development of bad habits that may be troublesome in college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico.

All scientific names of Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, and Carabidae (including cicindelines) recorded from America north of Mexico are catalogued. Available species-group names are listed in their original combinations with the author(s), year of publication, page citation, type locality, location of the name-bearing type, and etymology for many patronymic names. In addition, the reference in which a given species-group name is first synonymized is recorded for invalid taxa. Genus-group names are listed with the author(s), year of publication, page citation, type species with way of fixation, and etymology for most. The reference in which a given genus-group name is first synonymized is recorded for many invalid taxa. Family-group names are listed with the author(s), year of publication, page citation, and type genus. The geographical distribution of all species-group taxa is briefly summarized and their state and province records are indicated.One new genus-group taxon, Randallius new subgenus (type species: Chlaenius purpuricollis Randall, 1838), one new replacement name, Pterostichus amadeus new name for Pterostichus vexatus Bousquet, 1985, and three changes in precedence, Ellipsoptera rubicunda (Harris, 1911) for Ellipsoptera marutha (Dow, 1911), Badister micans LeConte, 1844 for Badister ocularis Casey, 1920, and Agonum deplanatum Ménétriés, 1843 for Agonum fallianum (Leng, 1919), are proposed. Five new genus-group synonymies and 65 new species-group synonymies, one new species-group status, and 12 new combinations (see Appendix 5) are established.The work also includes a discussion of the notable private North American carabid collections, a synopsis of all extant world geadephagan tribes and subfamilies, a brief faunistic assessment of the fauna, a list of valid species-group taxa, a list of North American fossil Geadephaga (Appendix 1), a list of North American Geadephaga larvae described or illustrated (Appendix 2), a list of Geadephaga species described from specimens mislabeled as from North America (Appendix 3), a list of unavailable Geadephaga names listed from North America (Appendix 4), a list of nomenclatural acts included in this catalogue (Appendix 5), a complete bibliography with indication of the dates of publication in addition to the year, and indices of personal names, supraspecific names, and species-group names.

Citation analysis on the micro level: The example of Walter Benjamin's Illuminations

One can go even further and remember that interruption is one of the fundamental devices of all structuring. It goes far beyond the sphere of art. To give only one example, it is the basis of quotation. To quote a text involves the interruption of its context. (Walter Benjamin (1968/2007, p. 151). This article employs citation analysis on a micro level—the level of the cited document; in this case, Walter Benjamin's Illuminations (1968/2007). The study shows how this frequently cited publication—more than 4,000 citations in Web of Science—has been received. The growth of citations and interdisciplinary citing is studied, and a novel approach—page citation analysis—is applied to study how different parts of Illuminations have been cited. The article demonstrates how bibliometric methods can be used together with qualitative accounts to map the impact and dissemination of a particular publication. Furthermore, it shows how bibliometric methods can be utilized to study intellectual structures in the humanities, and highlights the influence of the humanities on the social sciences and sciences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious inHeart of Darkness

No one reads Heart of Darkness for the jokes (1899; page citations refer to the edition specified in the Reference), but a few critics have appreciated Conrad’s humor, generally interpreting it as a reprieve from an otherwise intolerable vision of depravity. 1 Covino (1977), for example, writes that Conrad softened the “harsh truth” with a “comic sensibility, helping us ‘carry on’”: “Without humor, the horror becomes unendurable and would force us ‘ashore’ with Kurtz for a howl and a dance” (p. 224). While Covino emphasizes the contrast between humor and horror, from a psychoanalytic perspective Conrad’s humor is rooted in the same unconscious material as the horror. Jokes about lawyers and sex express the principal anxieties of the narrative as a whole: being too far from the law and being too close to women. These fears culminate in the final scene when Marlow meets Kurtz’s Intended. Although Marlow faces the dangers of Africa with equanimity, he blunders into a verbal pratfall in a Belgian drawing room. Psychoanalytic readings usually focus on individual characters or the author, but Freud’s 1905 paper on “Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious” provides a theoretical bridge between personal and public manifestations of the unconscious. Emphasizing the social foundation of jokes, Freud’s argument not only illustrates how his dramatic paradigms of the nuclear family are related to public behavior but also avoids some common objections to psychoanalytic literary criticism. 2 Even critics

Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions

The Helms-Burton Law (the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Society Act of 1996) is one of the most controversial actions of the United States Congress in the realm of foreign policy. Consequently, it has been widely debated in scholarly literature, attracting the attention of legal analysts as well as authorities on Latin America, United States diplomatic history, political scientists, and international trade specialists. Questions involved include the role of the executive and the legislature in determining United States foreign policy, the role of the Cuban exile community in the enactment of the law, and the effect on U.S. trade partners of provisions that extend the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba.Providing a detailed account of the domestic political context of the bill, the author effectively traces its origins in both the Cuban exile community and the national political scene, while summarizing the subsequent debate. The focus of the study is on the reaction from other countries, whose objections to what they regard as the effort to extend U.S. jurisdiction beyond its borders in contravention of International Law and bind other nations to U.S. foreign policy are traced in detail, though in fact only two of the eight chapters are devoted exclusively to this central theme. It is clearly demonstrated that the law has implications that extend well beyond U.S.-Cuban relations, and that its provisions create broad precedents that cause friction with U.S. allies and trading partners. The book is based on extensive use of the press, published volumes, and in particular periodical articles in both the legal and political fields, drawn from throughout the United States and Europe, since documentary sources are not yet available on so contemporary a question.The strength of the study is that it effectively summarizes in a single volume the comments of political pundits and scholars in diverse fields spanning several countries, thereby providing easy access to the studies from different fields, particularly linking historical and political studies to legal analyzes. It draws on works that provide context for both U.S.-Cuban relations and the politics of the Cuban exile community in Florida and their impact on the national political scene. Many will find the latter aspects particularly relevant in view of the importance of the Florida vote in the presidential election of 2000. The account makes clear that domestic politics and winning elections were the key factors in the decisions regarding the adoption of the bill, and the author clearly demonstrates the role of several members of Congress. He notes, “U.S. Cuba policy had effectively become a domestic issue” (p. 34). Scholars will undoubtedly view the linkages the author provides to the Monroe Doctrine and the Platt Amendment as somewhat more controversial.Readers may well find the fact that the work is directed at several different audiences distracting, since legal scholars, historians of U.S.-Latin American relations, trade specialists, and Cuban specialists all focus on different aspects of the legislation, and their interests are quite distinct from those of the Cuban exile community. Historians will undoubtedly find the citation form awkward, since only short form citations, providing abbreviated titles and author’s last names and page citations are utilized within the chapters, compelling the reader to refer to the Bibliography for full titles, full author’s names, and complete publication information.This study will be of interest to all students of Cuba and U.S.–Latin American policy, as well as those concerned with the political influence of the Cuban exile community. Its primary value is its breath, concisely summarizing previously published works spanning the literature of several different fields.

Quincas Borba, Gregory Rabassa (review)

of the obvious in the two workstreated:fictionpresented as fact, and factpresented as fiction. The documentarynarrativeof the shipwrecktestimonio has an interesting political dimension, since it also representsa rareattackon the dictatorialregime of Rojas Pinilla.What the two texts have in common is the postmodernphenomenon of blurringthe boundariesbetween fact and fiction, as Clarkastutelyrecognizes. One is reluctantto criticize any seriouswork of scholarship,but to complete my opening elliptical misgivings, there are far too many defects, both of content and form, in this brief study. Notwithstanding the little nuggets of illumination on fact as fiction and vice versa, the presentation lacks control and mastery. There is a certainnaivetyand ingenuousnessin thepresentationofplot summaries,undigested repetition of fact and theory, stating the obvious as if it were new, blocks of quotations, the introduction of extraneous material, not to mention occasional stylisticand formalinfelicities,likebrieflaconic paragraphs.I find the formatof the work odd too. The notes are really no more than translationsof quotations in the text, the bibliographystrangelyold-fashionedin many ways, despitethe presence of some new theorists,and the Index is a mess. Some authorswho figureprominently (and are quoted) in the text do not appear in the Index, or receive only one page citation (the bibliography).To compound this shambles, the page numbers in the Index do not correspond to the text. It is a pity that these formal and mechanical defectsvitiate even more the qualityof this study,which does have some interesting points to make about GarciaMarquez. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, ONTARIO JOHN WALKER Quincas Borba. By JOAQUIMMARIA MACHADODE ASSIS. Trans. by GREGORY RABASSA. Oxford: Oxford University Press. I998. 290 pp. ?20.00 (paperbound 10.99). With Gregory Rabassa'selegant translationof Quincas Borba by Machado de Assis, the Library of Latin America of the Oxford University Press has completed publicationof the successfulrenderinginto Englishof the threemasterpiecesamong the five novels of the author's 'mature'phase: that is, from 1879 until his death in 1908. The othertwo were DomCasmurro (thetranslationof which, byJohn Gledson, appearedin 1997)and Memorias Pdstumas deBrasCubas (againtranslatedby Rabassa and publishedin 1998).Rabassa, indeed, has a very solid reputationas a translator of LatinAmerican (includingBrazilian)literature,most notably of texts by Gabriel GarciaMarquez,Julio Cortazarand Mario VargasLlosa. PreviousEnglishversions of Machado's three great novels appeared in the early 1950s, publishedrespectivelyby the Noonday Pressin the United States(New York, I952-54) and by W. H. Allen in the United Kingdom (London, I953-54). Though the translation of Mem6rias Postumas deBras Cubasappeared in Penguin Modern Classicsin 1968, it is a sad fact that these earlierrenderingsmade little substantial impact. Despite fairly adequate translation(varyingfrom the able to the cumbersome ), theywere received by a largelyuncomprehendingreadingpublic;introductory essays (where they existed) were superficial and brief. Even British critical acclaim (notablyfromAngusWilson, S. P. B. Mais, L. A. G. Strong,Julian Symons and Geoffrey Bullough) was based on bedazzlement, rather than on the sound foundations that subsequent scholarshiphas provided. Pride of place among such elucubrationsmust go to John Gledson's two provocative and seminal studies The Deceptive Realism ofMachado deAssis(Liverpool:FrancisCairns, I984) and Machado de Assis:FicfaoeHistdria (Rio deJaneiro: Paz e Terra, I986). It is a matterfor rejoicing and optimism, therefore, that the translationsmade by Rabassa and Gledson are of the obvious in the two workstreated:fictionpresented as fact, and factpresented as fiction. The documentarynarrativeof the shipwrecktestimonio has an interesting political dimension, since it also representsa rareattackon the dictatorialregime of Rojas Pinilla.What the two texts have in common is the postmodernphenomenon of blurringthe boundariesbetween fact and fiction, as Clarkastutelyrecognizes. One is reluctantto criticize any seriouswork of scholarship,but to complete my opening elliptical misgivings, there are far too many defects, both of content and form, in this brief study. Notwithstanding the little nuggets of illumination on fact as fiction and vice versa, the presentation lacks control and mastery. There is a certainnaivetyand ingenuousnessin thepresentationofplot summaries,undigested repetition of fact and theory, stating the obvious as if it were new, blocks of quotations, the introduction of extraneous material, not to mention occasional stylisticand formalinfelicities,likebrieflaconic paragraphs.I find the formatof the work odd too. The notes are really no more than translationsof quotations in the text, the bibliographystrangelyold-fashionedin many ways, despitethe presence of some new theorists,and the Index is a mess. Some authorswho figureprominently...

The Nabokov-Sartre Controversy

Nabokov Studies, 1 (1994), 69-82. D. BARTON JOHNSON (Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A.) THE NABOKOVSARTRE CONTROVERSY Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) were, in their very different ways, leading figures on the Western intellectual scene during the middle decades of the twentieth century. The two men held radically divergent views of the world, and it is not surprising that they came into conflict. Their dispute arose from Sartre's 1939 re view of Nabokov's novel Despair and expanded, at least on Nabokov's part, to an attack on Sartre's views of literature, politics, and, ultimately, philosophy. While the Nabokov-Sartre controversy is less well known than the Nabokov-Wilson feud, it was no less elegantly acidulous. Brian Boyd and Andrew Field briefly discuss the Nabokov-Sartre exchange in their books, as does Simon Karlinsky in his notes to the Nabokov-Wilson correspondence and in a subsequent essay.' Both of the protagonists have published and republished their contributions.2 My purpose is to gather and summarize the available information and to suggest that an early Nabokov story may have some relevance to the imbroglio. In 1926 Nabokov wrote a short story called "Uzhas" or "Terror" about a world suddenly devoid of meaning.3 The first person poet-narrator is nameless, as is his mistress, the only other character of conse quence. There is no dialogue. Events take place in a nameless Russian city, and in an equally anonymous non-Russian city, all set in a featureless 1. Brian Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1991), pp. 138-39; Andrew Field, Nabokov: His Life in Art (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), pp. 132-33, and VN: The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov (New York: Crown, 1986), pp. 167-68; Simon Karlinsky, ed. The Nabokov-Wilson Letters: 1940-971 (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 198, and Simon Kariinsky, "Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)," in Histoire de la Littérature Russe. Le XXe Siècle**. La Révolution et les années vingt, ed. Efim Etkind, Georges Nivat, llya Serman et Vittorio Strada (Paris: Fayard, 1989), pp. 166-67. 2. Jean-Paul Sartre, "La Méprise," Europe, June 15, 1939, pp. 240-49; rpt. in Situations I (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), pp. 58-61; Vladimir Nabokov, "Sartre's First Try," The New York Times Book Review, April, 24 1949, pp. 3 & 19; rpt. in Strong Opinions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973), pp. 228-30. 3. Vladimir Nabokov, "Uzhas," in Sovremennye zapiski (Paris), No. 30 (Jan. 1927), pp. 214-20; Terror," in Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), pp. 113-21. Page citations to Nabokov's works in the text of the article refer to both the Russian and the English versions, e.g. (R201/E118). 70 Nabokov Studies present. The Russian poet-narrator tells of earlier, brief episodes of existential estrangement. He has survived these, thanks, in part to his relationship with his beloved mistress whose gay simplicity seemingly protects him from the abyss of a stark, unmediated reality. The narrator's affairs require a solitary business trip abroad. On the fifth sleepless day, he goes out for a stroll. His head feels as if it were made of glass. On the street he suddenly sees "the world ... as it actually is" (R201/E118). Houses, trees, cars, people have all lost any connection with ordinary life: "My line of communication with the world snapped, I was on my own and the world was on its own, and that worid was devoid of sense. I saw the actual essence of all things" (R202/E119). Floundering to regain his former, habitual "reality," he feels he is "no longer a man but a naked eye, an aimless glance moving in an absurd world" (R203/E120). At that moment he receives a telegram telling him that his mistress is dying. His existential tenor instantly vanishes in the face of simple human grief. He travels back to her bedside, where she dies without regaining consciousness. Her death has saved him, but what is to protect him now?4 Nabokov's tale of vastation was written in Berlin. Some eight years later in that same city a...

Conceptualizing the History of Women in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East

Conceptualizing the History of Women in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East Cheryl Johnson-Odim and Margaret Strobel In this thematic overview* we hope to do, with beneficial results, what historians are loath to do: dispense with chronology and introduce several themes common to the histories of women in the "non-Western" world. A thematic focus will accomplish several purposes. First, we can discuss the significance of phenomena, for example, the existence of female networks and subcultures, so that the authors' references (see Co-Editors' note) to such phenomena are given a broader context than the sometimes-scant evidence allows. Second, we can introduce and synthesize approaches and ideas found in feminist scholarship. Third, because regions often develop distinctive sets of research questions and ignore others, our overview may suggest new areas of exploration. Finally, we can suggest possibilities for comparative investigation. We cannot here do justice to the specificity of the historical tradition in each region; we direct you to the essays that a version of this article introduces (see Co-Editors' note). Our themes highlight the similarities in women's experience across these very diverse regions, but the differences, not dealt with here, are equally crucial. The intellectual justification for addressing these four regions together rests on the assertion that parts of these areas have experienced broadly comparable relationships with Western Europe and the United States in the past five hundred years. It was difficult to decide on a common terminology that allowed us to keep from constantly listing the regions under consideration . "Third World" (despite some controversy) was often appropriate as a geo-political designation, but it left out places such as Japan that are not generally regarded as Third World due to a high degree of industrialization. © 1989 lOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HISTORY, VOL. 1 NO. 1 (SPRING)__________________ * A slightly different version of this article appears as an introduction to a 500-page collection of essays on women in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East, Restoring Women to History, edited by this article's authors and published in October 1988 by the Organization of American Historians under grants from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The essays in the OAH publication were written by Iris Berger and E. Frances White (Africa); Barbara Ramusack and Sharon Sievers (Asia); Marysa Navarro and Virginia Sanchez Korrol (Latin American and the Caribbean); and Guity Nashat and Judith Tucker (the Middle East). This article contains parenthetical page citations referring the reader to these regional essays for documentation. The entire collection may be purchased from the OAH for $18.00 U.S. (international orders add $5.00 U.S.) by writing to 112 North Bryan Street, Bloomington, IN 47408. A review of these essays can be found on pages 115-33. 32 Journal of Women-s History Spring "Non-Western" also seemed appropriate, except that after many centuries of contact, Latin American societies cannot legitimately be regarded as entirely non-Western. Moreover, we prefer to define people and places by a positive, rather than a negative, descriptive term. We ended up employing both terms, despite sometimes imperfect usage, in addition to the cumbersome listing of all four geographic regions. A final word about terminology: we distinguish between "sex" as a set of biological (physiological) differences and "gender" as socially constructed roles that may build upon or ignore biological sex. Hence, in place of the common term "sex roles," in this text, we will instead use "gender roles." The Challenge of Third World Women's History It is important to avoid three common pitfalls: interpreting women as the exotic, women as victims, and women as anomalies. Stereotypes regarding the non-Western world are very prevalent in our society and frequently provide the only knowledge many North Americans have about other cultures. The roles, positions, and statuses of women in non-Western societies are often as central to those stereotypes today as they were when European colonizers first pointed to women's "oppression" in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East as partial justification for their own imperialist designs. "Bride...

Legal Satire in The Tale of Beryn

Legal Satire in The Tale ofBeryn Richard Firth Green University of Western Ontario rTALE Of BERYN, though h,rdly a negligible item in the Chaucerian apocrypha, has receivedvery little comment. Perhaps potential readers have been warned offby an untypical lack of enthusiasm in its first editor: its Prologue at least, says Frederick Furnivall, may repay study­ "whoever skips or skims the Tale."1 In what follows I shall be arguing that its very specificlegal satire makes the tale itselfin some ways quite as interest­ ing as its prologue and that it deserves rather better than skipping or skimming. At the end of a prologue which has described the arrival of Chaucer's pilgrims at Canterbury, their visit to the cathedral, their stay at the "Checker of the hope" Inn (where the Pardoner's sexual opportunism gets him into hot water), and their departure next morning, the Merchant volunteers to tell the first tale of the return journey. T hough judged by Furnivall to be an "awfully long-winded one," this tale reworks only the first sixth of its French original, the Roman de Berinus-a section which is largely concerned with its hero's dealings at law.2 In the English version 1 The Tale ofBeryn. ed. F J. Furnivall, EETS, e.s., vol. 105 (London, 1909), p. viii. Subsequent quotations from the tale are taken from this edition (see note 10 below). For studies ofthe prologue, however, see E.J. Bashe, "The Prologue to The Tale ofBeryn," PQ 12 (1933):1-16; S. Kohl, "Chaucer's Pilgrims in Fifteenth-Century Literature," Fifteenth-Cen­ tury Studies 7 (1982):221-36; B. Darjes and T. Rendall, "A Fabliau in the Prologue to the Tale o/Beryn," MS 48 (1985):416-31;]. M. Bowers, "The Tale o/Beryn and The Siege ofThebes: Alternative Ideas of The Canterbury Tales," SAC 7 (1985):23-50; K. A. Winstead, "The Beryn-Writer as a Reader of Chaucer," ChauR 22 (1988):225-33. 2 Ben.nus: Roman en prose du Xlf;e siec/e, ed. Robert Bossuat, SATF, 2 vols. (Paris, 1931-33). Subsequent page citations are to this edition. This prose version is evidently a redaction ofan earlier Berinus in verse, only surviving in cwo fragments; unfortunately both fragments come from near the end ofthe work and thus cannot be directly compared with the English version. Since the French prose Berinus is "en etroit rapport" with these fragments (1.vii), whereas the English poem is a rather free rendition, there seems no way of deciding which of the two French versions the English poet was working from; as Bossuat remarks, Beryn "peut tout aussi bien deriver du Berinus en vers que de son remaniement en prose" (1.viii, n. 2). 43 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER Beryn, a spoiled young Roman nobleman who has fled an unsympathetic stepmother to seek his fortune in foreign trade, is driven off course by a storm and lands in a strange city where he immediately finds himself embroiled in a series of preposterous lawsuits. Two local merchants try to enforce fraudulentcontractsto swindle Beryn outof his cargo, he isaccused by a blind man of having cheated him out of his eyesight, a woman claims to be his abandoned wife, and he is even framed for a murder by the victim's son. With the aid of a man called Geoffrey (once a Roman mer­ chant himself, though long since ruined by the chicanery of the citizens), hesuccessfully extricates himself from these lawsuits-thereby winning the approval of Isope, the local king, who rewards him with the hand of his daughter. In the numerous additions and alterations the author makes to his source, he revealsan obvious concern for the law, and we may reasonably assume that the story had recommended itself to him in the first place as a vehicle forcommenting on contemporary legal practice. As Mary Tamanini has rightly observed, "The law and its processes are central to the develop­ ment of the Tale ofBeryn."3 To claim that The Tale ofBeryn is about "the law" is far easier than to define precisely the kind of law it is about or the kinds of legal issues it raises, yet...

Reichenbach's theory of nomological statements

My primary aim in this paper is to discuss and evaluate Reichenbach’s theory of nomological statements. The importance of this topic is evident from the fact that Reichenbach offers the concept of a synthetic nomological statement as an explication for the recalcitrant notion of a law of nature. An early version of this theory was presented in the last chapter of his Elements of Symbolic Logic (1947), but I shall here deal with the considerably revised version contained in his Nomological Statements and Admissible Operations (1954). All parenthetical page citations in the sequel (unless otherwise identified) will refer to this book.

Leibniz: An Introduction (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 105 14) The happy conclusion, except for the case of the martyr, is that Hobbes saves piety, but not theology, and he provides for the integrity of scientific knowledge. Describing Hobbes's philosophy as "'a-theistic," Johnson summarizes: Hobbes "sharply separated faith from reason and isolated piety from theology. Such a view let him completely free to construct a metaphysics , a psychology, and a politics in which the idea of God played no functional role and in which the traditional religious issues could be subjected to the severest criticism and finally left in the hands of the ruler" (p. 124). Johnson reveals the momentous achievement of Hobbes's capacity to deal with the divine as well as with the secular aspects of experience, even if there are passages in his writings that cause intellectual discomfort from both sides. There is such a question as that of false prophets, which requires a covenant before truth can be revealed (e.g., Lev., iii, 402). There is the further question of the proof of God's existence from his power (Lev., iii, 345-346, and passim), even if it does not reveal, as Fulton Anderson points out in the parallel in Bacon's thought that "the objects given to sense manifest the power of God but not his will and essential nature (The philosophy of Francis Bacon, p. 54). Also, as we have before noted, the questions of peace and its workings are beclouded by obligations sometimes said to be of divine origin. sometimes not. Perhaps some of these questions can be answered by a closer understanding of what Schneider felicitously calls "the civilizing arts." Thomas llobbes in Ills Time is a fine and illuminatingwork that deserves close reading for a fresh and needed reinterpretation of Hobbes. One may, however, also discern from this work that, placed in historical perspective, Hobbes's philosophical, but less pious, successors are Jeremy Bentham, and, in a humanistic sense, John Dewey. BERTRAM MORRIS UniversiO' of Colorado Leibniz: An Introduction. By C. D. Broad. Ed. by C. Lewy. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Pp. xi+174. 514.95 cloth. $4.95 paper.I Assessing this work presents the reviewer with some special problems. (11 The volume contains Broad's Cambridge undergraduate lectures on the philosophy of Leibniz which were delivered initiallyin 1948-1949 and again the following year revised. Thus at least a quarter of a century elapsed between the preparation of the lectures and the present publication. (2) Because this material was not specially prepared by Broad for publication, it has retained some features more appropriate to a lecture than to a published work, e.g., the style, the recapitulation of the point at issue, and the lack of detailed references. (3) The editor has tried to provide references to currently available English translations where possible, but since Broad himself usually gave no page citations and sometimes offered only a paraphrase of the actual text, it has been a formidable task, and one can only hope that all the references are accurate. (4) Since Professor Broad is dead, he cannot respond to such comments upon his work as may be inaccurate or unfair. The title is far too encompassing for the scope of the work. It is not a wide-ranging introduction to the multifaceted life and thought of Leibniz. Only brief mention is made of Leibniz's contributions in such areas as mathematics, science, technology, political and legal theory. history and linguistics. At most this can be thought of as an introduction to Leibniz's philosophy , but even here there are major omissions in Leibniz's logic and a quite brief treatment of his ethics. Of course, H. W. B. Joseph had preempted the title Lectures on the Philosoph.v of Leibniz. But Lewy might have entitled the volume C. D. Broad's Lectures on Leibniz 's Metaphysics and Epistemology and thereby more accurately conveyed the major thrust of the work, because Leibniz's ethics receives comparatively little attention and almost all of his theology can be reasonably subsumed under his metaphysics. Broad himself treats the controversy over transubstantiation and the doctrine of the vinculum substantiale under the theory of monads. The text...

Matthew Fontaine Maury and Joseph Henry: Scientists of the Civil War (review)

340CIVIL WAR HISTORY movement which burgeoned into a crusade that was sometimes unwise, irresponsible , and ül-directed, though its ideals were on the highest level. He covers the entire field of the myriad of sects, parties, splinter groups, and radicals, as well as the unorganized masses who mildly opposed the institution for conscience' sake. Not aU who opposed slavery were abolitionists, and not all agreed on means and methods. There werethe Garrisonians—the noisy, radical group which is best known, whose vitriolic writings and preachings so enraged the South; the moral and political abolitionists—antislavery advocates in varying degrees and beliefs, even anti-Negro colonization societies and political organizations, on down or up (according to point of view) to the forthright armed raids of John Brown. Over the years the outpourings of the radicals and the intervention by force, as well as the encouragement and assistance given to escaped slaves, made a terrific impact on the pubhc mind, particularly in the South, creating a climate of distrust, hate, and political contention. Inescapably, the antislavery agitation had much to do with dividing the country and paving the road to war. The survey of the tumultuous and crucial period under study not only considers the impact of the antislavery movement but takes into account the related political, social, and economic problems, of which many phases stemmed from the slavery system. Dr. Filler, who is professor of American civilization at Antioch College, has produced a provocative original work with many new evaluations of the multitude of characters who were leaders in the reform movement, and the heroes and martyrs of the crusade, set in a fresh historical perspective. His conclusions are his own, soundly arrived at, though all readers may not be in agreement with him. For the student the work has added values in the copious footnotes and references, and in the twenty-two pages of annotated bibüography; what is important, it is adequately indexed. Boyd B. Stutler Charleston, West Virginia Matthew Fontaine Maury and Joseph Henry: Scientists of the Civil War. By Patricia Jahns. (New York: Hastings House, 1961. Pp. xü, 308. $5.95.) Matthew Maury and Joseph Henry placed all men in their debt by their laborious, painstaking efforts in observation, scientific experimentation, discovery , invention, and record-keeping. To provide a biography of these notable scientists is a worthy objective. The volume at hand sketches the career of each man. Maury moves from his proud Virginia-Tennessee beginnings through his sailing days, his great years in Washington charting the winds and currents of the oceans from the naval reports he insisted upon receiving, his frustrated efforts for the Confederacy in Richmond and England, and the bitter, postwar dechne. Henry Book Reviews341 rises from his indifferent upstate New York origin through the fascinating years of experiment and invention (electromagnet and forerunner of the telegraph, among others), the quiet period of scientific pursuits at Princeton, and the great years as organizer of the Smithsonian, guide and stimulator of other scientific seekers and inventors. The main oudines of the story are here. But difficulties arise, partly from the pattern the author sets for her book. Jumping back and forth in alternate chapters between Henry and Maury undermines any cohesive unity in the work. The men's "times" are frequendy and colorfully interjected—often, it seems, simply for the purpose of creating atmosphere but with the disturbing effect of distracting and confusing the reader. Method of investigation and use of sources also raise questions. Heavy rebanee is placed on secondary sources, some, like W. E. Woodward's debunking New American History, of dubious quality. While the Washington Star and some other primary sources have been used, examination of manuscript materials is limited largely to Henry's papers and his daughter's diary. Surely the Huntington Library's collection of the correspondence of long-time Smithsonian assistant William J. Rhees would have been helpful. Most evidence is accepted by the author at face value without attempt at critical analysis. Imprecise footnote references, relatively few in number, give only author's last name in most cases, no facts of publication, and page citations only occasionally. Unfortunately, errors of fact (Lee won at Antietam is asserted...