Paecilomyces Sp Research Articles

Three New β‐Resorcylic Acid Lactones from Paecilomyces sp. SC0924

AbstractThree new β‐resorcylic acid lactones (RALs), paecilomycins G–I (1–3), and eight known compounds, aigialomycins B–D (4–6), 1′,2′‐epoxy aigialomycin D (7), zearalenone (8), 7′‐dehydrozearalenone (9), and trans‐7′,8′‐dehydrozearalenol (10), antibiotic LL‐Z1640‐1 (11), were isolated from the mycelial solid culture of Paecilomyces sp. SC0924. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and chemical means. In an assessment of antifungal activity by the well plate diffusion method, five known RALs, 4–7 and 11 showed weak activities against Peronophythora litchii

Variability in the production of extracellular enzymes by entomopathogenic fungi grown on different substrates

Entomopathogenic fungi are important controllers of pest-insects populations in agricultural production systems and in natural environment. These fungi have enzymatic machinery which involve since the recognition and adherence of spores in their hosts culminating with infection and death of these insects. The main objective of this study was to analyzed extracellular enzyme production of the fungi strains Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces sp when cultured on substrates. These fungi were grown in minimal media containing specific substrates for the analysis of different enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, esterases, lipases, proteases (gelatin and caseinase), pectinases and cuticles of Musca domestica larvae and adults. All the assays were performed with and without the presence of dextrose in the culture media. The quantification of enzyme activity was performed by the ratio of halo / colony (H/C) and the results subjected to variance analysis level of 5% (ANOVA) followed by post-Tukey test. All strains were positive for lipase and also they showed a high significant enzyme production for gelatin at concentrations of 4 and 1%. B. bassiana and Paecilomyces sp. were positive for amylase, pectinase and caseinase, and only Paecilomyces sp. showed cellulase activity.

Cloning and Expression of the Endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase Gene fromPaecilomycessp. FLH30 and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme

The cDNA encoding β-1,3(4)-glucanase, named PsBg16A, from Paecilomyces sp. FLH30 was cloned, sequenced, and over expressed in Pichia pastoris, with a yield of about 61,754 U mL⁻¹ in a 5-L fermentor. PsBg16A has an open reading frame of 951 bp encoding 316 amino acids, and the deduced amino acid sequence of PsBg16A revealed that it belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 16. The purified recombinant PsBg16A had a pH optimum at 7.0 and a temperature optimum at 70 °C, and randomly hydrolyzed barley β-glucan, lichenin, and laminarin, suggesting that it is a typical endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) with broad substrate specificity for β-glucans.

SELEÇÃO DE ISOLADOS DE FUNGOS ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS PARA O CONTROLE DE Hedypathes betulinus E AVALIAÇÃO DA PERSISTÊNCIA

Hedypathes betulinus (KLUG, 1825) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) é a principal praga da cultura da erva-mate. Para o seu controle, avaliou-se em laboratório e campo a utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos. Em laboratório, foi avaliada a infectividade de isolados dos fungos Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, 1912; B. brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch, 1926; Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, 1883, e Paecilomyces (=Isaria) sp. Bainier, 1907, em adultos de H. betulinus. Os insetos foram imersos nas suspensões fúngicas na concentração de 107 conídios/mL. Após a aplicação, eles foram mantidos em laboratório para registro da mortalidade. Verificou-se que B. bassiana (CG 716) foi o mais infectivo, com 100% de mortalidade. Foi estimada a CL50 do isolado CG 716 de B. bassiana com cinco concentrações, variando de l05 a l09 conídios/mL, mais a testemunha. A CL50 estimada foi de 2,0x106 conídios/mL, variando de 6x105 a 5x106 conídios/mL. Foi avaliada a persistência do isolado CG 716 de B. bassiana formulado à base de óleo emulsionável em campo, verificando-se alta mortalidade nas primeiras três semanas após a aplicação do fungo, variando de 95 a 78%, decaindo para 65 a 47%, um e dois meses após a aplicação, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Controle biológico; broca-da-erva-mate; CL50. AbstractEntomopathogenic fungi in the control of Hedypathes betulinus and evaluation of persistence. Hedypathes betulinus (KLUG, 1825) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is the main pest of “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis) culture. Focusing its control, it was evaluated in laboratory and field the entomopathogenic fungi using. In laboratory, it was evaluated the infectiveness of the strains of the following fungi: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, B. brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.), Sorokin and Paecilomyces (= Isaria) sp. Bainier, in adults specimen of H. betulinus. The insects were immersed in a conidial suspension at a concentration of 107 conidia mL-1. After the application the insects had been kept at laboratory for mortality register. It was verified that B. bassiana (CG 716) was more infective, reaching to 100% of mortality. It estimated LC50 of isolated CG 716 of B. bassiana with five concentrations and a variation of l05 to l09 conidia mL-1, along the control plot. The estimated LC50 was 2,0 x 106 conidia mL-1, ranging from 6 x 105 to 5 x 106 conidia mL-1. The persistence of strain CG 716 of B. bassiana - formulate oil was evaluated in field, producing the highest mortality, at the first three weeks after the application of the fungus, with a variance of 95 to 78 %, with a decreasing of 65 to 47% , along one and two months after the application , respectively.Keywords: Biological control; erva-mate pest; LC50,.

Remoción de Cromo Hexavalente por el Hongo Paecilomyces sp. Aislado del Medio Ambiente

A fungal strain resistant to Cr (VI) and capable of removing the oxyanion from the medium was isolated from the environment near the Chemical Science Faculty, University San Luis Potosi in Mexico. The strain was identified as Paecilomyces sp, by macro and microscopic characteristics. It was concluded that this fungal biomass can be used for the removal of Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions, since 1 g of fungal biomass removes 100 y 1000 mg/100 mL of this metal after one and three hours of incubation, and removes 297 mg Cr (VI) from contaminated soil.

Remoción de Cromo (VI) por una Cepa de Paecilomyces sp Resistente a Cromato

The ability to reduce chromium (VI) by a fungal strain of Paecilomyces sp was studied. When it was incubated in minimal medium with glucose and other inexpensive commercial carbon sources such as unrefined and brown sugar or glycerol, in the presence of 50 mg/L of Cr(VI), the strain caused complete removal of Cr(VI). The reduction to Cr (III) occurs in the growth medium after 7 days of incubation, at 28°C, pH 4.0, and inoculum of 38 mg. Also, the fungi efficiently reduced the concentration of Cr(VI) from contaminated soil wastes. The results indicate that the fungal strain of Paecilomyces sp has the capacity of reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and therefore it could be useful for the removal of Cr(VI) pollution.

Two new paeciloxocins from a mangrove endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp.

Paeciloxocins A and B (2-(1-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)- and 2-(1-acetoxy-3-methylbutyl)- 11-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-methoxy-5H,7H-dibenzo[b,g]-1,5-dioxocin-5-ones), viz., two new metabolites, were isolated from the mangrove fungus Paecilomyces sp. collected from the Taiwan Strait. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. Paeciloxocin A exhibited strong cytotoxicity against the hepG2 cell line.

High-level expression of a specific β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces thermophila in Pichia pastoris

In this study, a novel beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene (designated as PtLic16A) from Paecilomyces thermophila was cloned and sequenced. PtLic16A has an open reading frame of 945 bp, encoding 314 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shares the highest identity (61%) with the putative endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase from Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181. PtLic16A was cloned into a vector pPIC9K and was expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris as active extracellular beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase. The recombinant beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (PtLic16A) was secreted predominantly into the medium which comprised up to 85% of the total extracellular proteins and reached a protein concentration of 9.1 g l(-1) with an activity of 55,300 U ml(-1) in 5-l fermentor culture. The enzyme was then purified using two steps, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 38.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE. It was optimally active at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 70 degrees C. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited strict specificity for beta-1,3-1,4-D: -glucans. This is the first report on the cloning and expression of a beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Paecilomyces sp.

Pyrenocine I, a new pyrenocine analog produced by Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573

Pyrenocine I, a new pyrenocine analog produced by Paecilomyces sp. FKI-3573

ChemInform Abstract: Paecilospirone, a Unique Spiro[chroman-2,1′(3′H)-isobenzofuran] Derivative Isolated from Tropical Marine Fungus Paecilomyces sp.

A spiroacetal compound named paecilospirone was isolated from a marine fungus Paecilomyces sp. Collected at Yap Island. Paecilospirone was found by the screening assay for detecting inhibitors of microtubule assembly using conidia of Pyricularia oryzae. The structure was assigned based on the spectroscopic data. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of spiro[chroman-2,1′(3′H)-isobenzofuran] derivative as a natural product.

β-Resorcylic Acid Lactones from a Paecilomyces Fungus

Six new beta-resorcylic acid lactones (1-6), named paecilomycins A-F, and five known compounds, aigilomycin B (7), zeaenol (8), aigialomycin D (9), aigialomycin F (10), and aigialospirol, were isolated from the mycelial solid culture of Paecilomyces sp. SC0924. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR analysis, single-crystal X-ray study, and chemical correlations. Compounds 5 and 10 exhibited antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum line 3D7 with IC(50) values of 20.0 and 10.9 nM, respectively, and compounds 5-7 showed moderate activity against the P. falciparum line Dd2.

Enhanced laccase production by ion-implanted mutant of Paecilomyces sp. S152

Enhanced laccase production by ion-implanted mutant of Paecilomyces sp. S152

Improvement of laccase production and its properties by low-energy ion implantation

Low-energy ion implantation was employed to breed laccase producing strain Paecilomyces sp. WSH-L07 and a mutant S152 that exhibited an activity of more than three times over the wild strain was obtained. The optimum substrate of both the wild and mutant laccases was 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), and followed by guaiacol with optimal pH at 3.4 and 5.0, respectively, while the mutant laccase exhibited a broader active pH range. The mutant laccase had a higher optimal catalytic temperature (60-65 degrees C) than the wild one (55 degrees C), and the wild laccase deactivated rapidly when temperature increased above 55 degrees C. Furthermore, the mutant laccase was more stable under neutral and alkaline conditions. A thermostability experiment revealed that the mutant laccase was superior to the wild laccase. Both laccases were stable in the presence of metal ions, mildly inhibited by SDS (0.5 mM), EDTA (1 mM) and 1,4-dithiothreitol (0.5 mM), and almost completely inhibited by 0.1 mM NaN(3).

A newly isolated Paecilomyces sp. WSH-L07 for laccase production: isolation, identification, and production enhancement by complex inducement

Laccase can catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of organic and inorganic substrates. In this study, an easily detectable method was employed for screening laccase-producing microorganisms by using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) as laccase-secretion indicator. A novel laccase-producing strain was isolated and identified as Paecilomyces sp. WSH-L07 according to the morphological characteristics and the comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequences. In further investigation, the production of laccase by Paecilomyces sp. WSH-L07 was greatly enhanced by the nontoxic inducers of copper sulphate and methylene blue. Under the induction of 50 microM copper sulphate and 20 microM methylene blue, the maximum laccase production was obtained. When these inducers were added into cultivation medium at 24 h and 12 h, respectively, an increment of about 100 times of laccase activity compared with that of in inducer-free medium and about two times of that of in single copper-supplemented medium was observed. Compared with other Paecilomyces species, Paecilomyces sp. WSH-L07 exhibit the better laccase-producing characteristics with an activity of 1,650 U/l on the eighth day, suggesting its potential ability for industrial application.

Efeito de Agroquímicos à Base de Óleo Mineral e Vegetal sobre a Viabilidade dos Fungos Entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin e Paecilomyces sp. Bainier

Many phytosanitary products have either vegetable or mineral oils as active ingredients or adjuvants. However, there are few papers that investigated the effects of these products on entomopathogenic fungi. Most studies refer to the use of oils as adjuvants in entomopathogen formulations with entomopathogens, and not as adjuvants in the tank mix. The objective of this study was to verify the compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, and Paecilomyces sp. Bainier with agrochemicals based on mineral and vegetable oil in the tank mixes. Fourteen products were tested at their average recommended field rates. Conidial viability was estimated based on the percentage of germinated conidia and the number of colony-forming units (CFU). The commercial pesticides Assist, Attach, Agnique CSO 40-B, Agnique ESO 81-B Dytrol, Iharol, Joint Oil, Max Oleo, Natur Oleo, Nimbus and Veget Oil did not affect germination of the B. bassiana isolate CG 432. Attach, Agnique CSO 40-B, Dash, Dytrol, Agnique ESO 81-B, Natur Oleo and Veget Oil were compatible with M. anisopliae isolate UEL 50 and OPPA, Nimbus and Assist was compatible to Paecilomyces sp. isolate UNI 31. Therefore, the selected oils can be used in tank mixes with conidia of tested entomopathogenic fungi without any risk of detrimental effects.

Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces spp. and isolation of a novel active compound

Many species of Paecilomyces are entomogenous fungi and several are efficacious toward nematodes. To study the potential of Paecilomyces species in controlling nematodes, fungal extracts of 40 Paecilomyces spp. were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Panagrellus redivivus. The extracts of six Paecilomyces spp. exhibited the nematicidal activity against P. redivivus, and 11 species exhibited the nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. The methanol extract of strain 1.01761 incubating on Czapek solid medium killed more than 95% P. redivivus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml, and the filtrate of strain 1.01788 cultured in Sabouraud's broth medium resulted in 90% mortality of B. xylophilus in 24 h at 5 mg/ml. A novel nematicidal compound 4-(4'-carboxy-2'-ethyl-hydroxypentyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-methylcyclobuta[b]pyridine-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, was isolated from Paecilomyces sp. YMF1.01761. The LD(50) value of the compound within 24 h against P. redivivus was 50.86 mg/L, against Meloidogyne incognita was 47.1 mg/L, and against B. xylophilus was 167.7 mg/L.

Wood Colour Test of Fisherman’s Boat on Microorganism Linkage in Kangean

Most of Indonesian fishermen have been using wooden boat. The boat has been used by fishermen in the north shore of East Java are made from Teak and Silk cotton tree. The leakage indication had not been shown on its linkage but on the boat caused by a microor-ganism called biofouling. The research used Colony For-ming Unit method (CFU) and Saburoud Dextrose Agar (SDA) as a fungus counting medium and Nutient Agar (NA) as a bacteria counting medium. Each medium had been adjusted to the microorganism. The result shows that the wood and the paint which were used to build the boat influenced the type of microorganism, fungus, and bac-teria on the boat. Bacteria preferred to stick on the yellow boat, and fungus preferred to stick on the green boat. The microorganism had been identified on the red Nyamplung tree, Kosambi tree, Jackfruit tree, Kamfer tree, and Teak tree are Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, and Pseudomonas sp, and all of those are bacteria. The other microorganism had been identified were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium sp, Candida sp, Rhodotorulla sp, Saccharomyces sp, Verticillium sp, Paecilomyces sp, Monillia sp, and Altenaria sp, and all of those are fungus.

The effects of moisture and temperature on the degradation of sulfentrazone

This study examined the degradation of sulfentrazone in Arenic Hapludult soil, such soil being representative of regions where sulfentrazone is used in Brazil. Soil samples were supplemented with the herbicide [0.7 µg active ingredient (a.i.) g − 1 soil] and maintained at 27 °C. The soil moisture content was corrected to 30, 70 or 100% of water holding capacity (WHC). Herbicide-free soil samples were used as controls. Aliquots were taken after 14, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 255 days of incubation for the quantitative analysis of sulfentrazone residues by gas chromatography. Another experiment was conducted using soil samples with and without herbicide, submitted to different temperatures of 15, 30 and 40 °C, and kept at a constant value for WHC of 70% . The sulfentrazone residues were quantified by gas chromatography after 14, 30, 60 and 120 days of incubation. The potential degrader microorganisms were isolated and identified. A half-life of 172.4 days was estimated at 27 °C and 70% WHC. The microorganisms identified as potential degraders of the herbicide were Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Chrysosporium sp., Eupenicillium sp., Metarhizium sp. and Paecilomyces sp. After 120 days, temperature had no further effect ( P < 0.16) on sulfentrazone degradation, and the soil moisture content had no effect on degradation at any time.

Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Thermostable β-1,3-1,4-Glucanase (Lichenase) from Paecilomyces thermophila

The purification and characterization of a novel extracellular beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces thermophila J18 were studied. The strain produced the maximum level of extracellular beta-glucanase (135.6 U mL(-1)) when grown in a medium containing corncob (5%, w/v) at 50 degrees C for 4 days. The crude enzyme solution was purified by 122.5-fold with an apparent homogeneity and a recovery yield of 8.9%. The purified enzyme showed as a single protein band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of 38.6 kDa. The molecular masses were 34.6 kDa and 31692.9 Da when detected by gel filtration and mass spectrometry, respectively, suggesting that it is a monomeric protein. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 19.0% (w/w). Its N-terminal sequence of 10 amino acid residues was determined as H2N-A(?)GYVSNIVVN. The purified enzyme was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 70 degrees C. It was stable within pH range 4.0-10.0 and up to 65 degrees C, respectively. Substrate specificity studies revealed that the enzyme is a true beta-1,3-1,4-D-glucanase. The K m values determined for barley beta-D-glucan and lichenan were 2.46 and 1.82 mg mL(-1), respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed barley beta-D-glucan and lichenan to yield bisaccharide, trisaccharide, and tetrasaccharide as the main products. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the protein contains 28% alpha-helix, 24% beta-sheet, and 48% random coil. Circular dichroism spectroscopy is also used to investigate the thermostability of the purified enzyme. This is the first report on the purification and characterization of a beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Paecilomyces sp. These properties make the enzyme highly suitable for industrial applications.

Degradation of the herbicide sulfentrazone in a Brazilian Typic Hapludox soil

The herbicide sulfentrazone is classified as highly mobile and persistent and this study aimed to examine degradation of this compound on a Typic Hapludox soil that is representative of regions where sulfentrazone is used in Brazil. Soil samples were supplemented with sulfentrazone (0.7 μg active ingredient (a.i.) g −1 soil), and maintained at 27 °C. Soil moisture was corrected to 30%, 70%, or 100% water-holding capacity (WHC) and maintained constant until the end of the experimental period. Soils without added herbicide were used as controls. Aliquots were taken after 14, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 255 days of incubation for quantitative analysis of sulfentrazone residues by gas chromatography. Another experiment was conducted in soil samples, with and without the herbicide, at different temperatures (15, 30, and 40 °C), with moisture kept constant at 70% of WHC. The sulfentrazone residues were quantified by gas chromatography after 14, 30, 60, and 120 days of incubation. Sulfentrazone degradation was not affected by soil moisture. A significant effect was observed for the temperature factor after 120 days on herbicide degradation, which was higher at 30 °C. A half-life of 146.5 days was recorded. It was observed that the herbicide stimulated growth of actinomycetes, whereas bacterial and fungal growth was not affected. The microorganisms selected as potential sulfentrazone degraders were Rhizobium radiobacter, Ralstonia pickettii, Methylobacterium radiotolerans, Cladosporium sp., Eupenicillium sp., and Paecilomyces sp.