Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision Research Articles

How Does the Normalization Process After the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Longitudinal Study.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the normalization process after the pandemic on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. During the pandemic period, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and an interview form inquiring sociodemographic characteristics were applied to the participant patients with OCD. During the normalization process, the patients were reevaluated after about 1 year. A significant decrease was found in the patients' FCV-19S and PE-WSUR total scores along with all subscale scores as well as the Y-BOCS scores. The FCV-19S was associated with OCD symptoms both during the pandemic and the normalization period. The final FCV-19S scores of patients with a Y-BOCS score of 12 and under were found to be statistically significantly lower than the others. This study shows that OCD symptom severity and fear of COVID-19 decreased with the normalization process. A decrease in pandemic-related stress and fear of COVID-19 with the normalization process may have positively affected OCD patients.

Characterizing the building blocks of Problematic Use of the Internet (PUI): The role of obsessional impulses and impulsivity traits among Italian young adults

Problematic Use of the Internet (PUI) is a considerable issue of the modern era, but its risk factors are still poorly understood. Impulsivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms have been associated with PUI, but this relationship is still debated. In this article we focus on the relationships of PUI with obsessive-compulsive and impulsive symptoms in a cohort of Italian young adults, in order to identify possible vulnerability factors for PUI. A sample of 772 Italian individuals aged 18-30 (mean age 23.3±3.3years old; 38% males and 62% females) was assessed via online survey using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Screen, the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Ninety-seven subjects (12.6% of the sample) reported IAT scores at risk for PUI. PUI participants reported higher levels of impulsivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and a higher burden of co-occurrent psychiatric symptoms. In a logistic regression model, obsessional impulses to harm (OR =1.108, p<0.001), attentional impulsivity (OR=1.155, p<0.001) and depressive symptomatology (OR=1.246, p=0.012) had significant association with PUI. Finally, higher severity of PUI has been associated with manic/psychotic symptoms and with attentional impulsivity. Our findings confirmed the role of impulsivity in PUI, while also underling the association of obsessional impulses with this pathological behavior. We could hypothesize a trigger role of obsessive impulses for the engagement in PUI, together with factors as negative affective states. Further research is needed with respect to more severe forms of PUI, also for establishing tailored interventions.

Temporal association of contamination obsession on the prehospital delay of STEMI during COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundOne of the modifiable risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction is prehospital delay. The purpose of our study was to look at the effect of contamination contamination obsession on prehospital delay compared with other measurements during the Covid-19 pandemic.MethodA total of 139 patients with acute STEMI admitted to our heart center from 20 March 2020 to 20 June 2020 were included in this study. If the time interval between the estimated onset of symptoms and admission to the emergency room was >120 min, it was considered as a prehospital delay. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) test were used to assess Contamination-Obbsessive compulsive disorder (C-OCD).ResultThe same period STEMI count compared to the previous year decreased 25%. The duration of symptoms onset to hospital admission was longer in the first month compared to second and third months (180 (120–360), 120 (60–180), and 105 (60–180), respectively; P = 0.012). Multivariable logistic regression (model-2) was used to examine the association between 7 candidate predictors (age, gender, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, smoking, pain-onset time, and coronary artery disease (CAD) history), PI-WSUR C-OCD, and admission month with prehospital delay. Among variables, PI-WSUR C-OCD and admission month were independently associated with prehospital delay (OR 5.36 (2.11–13.61) (P = 0.01); 0.26 (0.09–0.87) p < 0.001] respectively].ConclusionOur study confirmed that contamination obsession was associated with prehospital delay of STEMI patients, however anxiety and depression level was not associated during the pandemic.

Distress and Disability in Subjects Having Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Co Morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with Psychotic Features: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Analysis

Background: Persons with psychiatric disorders have greater deficits, psychosocial consequences suchas unemployment and causes disability and distress due to their symptomatology and chronic course.Objectives: Assessment and comparison of distress and disability in patients suffering from obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) and co-morbid OCD with psychotic features. Methods: A cross-sectional studywas carried out in the Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. Thesample was collected both from outdoor and indoor services and consisted of 100 subjects (60 OCD subjectsand 40 subjects of OCD with psychotic features).All were assessed through the Yale-Brown ObsessiveCompulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Padua inventory - Washington state university revision (PADUA-WSUR)and Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS).Results: Results revealed that patientsof OCD with co-morbid psychotic features had greater disability in all domains than patients of OCD butdistress due to obsessive-compulsive symptoms was greater in severity in patients of OCD. Conclusion:Psychiatric illnesses, OCD and when OCD is complicated by psychotic features affects all areas of dailyfunctioning leading to greater disability and distress, thus increasing the burden on the family, imposinggreater challenges for rehabilitation.

Psychometric evaluation of a parent-rating and self-rating inventory for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: German OCD Inventory for Children and Adolescents (OCD-CA)

BackgroundThis study assesses the psychometric properties of the German version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision for measuring pediatric OCD.MethodsThe parent-rating and self-rating inventory is assessed in a clinical sample (CLIN: n = 342, age range = 6–18 years) comprising an OCD subsample (OCDS: n = 181) and a non-OCD clinical subsample (non-OCD: n = 161), and in a community sample (COS: n = 367, age range = 11–18 years).ResultsAn exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution: (1) Contamination & Washing, (2) Catastrophes & Injuries, (3) Checking, and (4) Ordering & Repeating. Internal consistencies of the respective scales were acceptable to excellent across all samples, with the exception of the self-report subscale Ordering and Repeating in the community sample. The subscales correlated highly with the total score. Intercorrelations between the subscales were mainly r ≤ .70, indicating that the subscales were sufficiently independent of each other. Convergent and divergent validity was supported. Participants in the OCD subsample scored significantly higher than those in the non-OCD clinical subsample and the COS on all scales. In the COS, self-rating scores were significantly higher than parent-rating scores on all scales, while significant mean differences between informants were only found on two subscales in the OCD subsample.ConclusionThe German version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision for measuring pediatric OCD is a promising, valid and reliable instrument to assess self-rated and parent-rated pediatric OCD symptoms in clinical and non-clinical (community) populations.

The Padua Inventory–Washington State University Revision of Obsessions and Compulsions: A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis

The Padua Inventory–Washington State University Revision (PI–WSUR) is a frequently used test to assess obsessive–compulsive symptoms in screening and clinical contexts. A reliability generalization meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the average reliability of the PI–WSUR scores and its subscales and to search for characteristics of the studies that can explain the heterogeneity among reliability coefficients. A total of 124 independent samples reported some coefficient alpha or test–retest correlation with the data at hand for the PI–WSUR scores. The average internal consistency reliability of the PI–WSUR total scores was .929 (95% CI [.922, .936]), and for the subscales, the means ranged from .792 to .900. The test–retest reliability for PI–WSUR total scores was .767 (95% CI [.700, .820]), with the subscales ranging from .540 to .790. Moderator analyses revealed a positive relationship between the standard deviation of PI–WSUR total scores and alpha coefficients, as well as higher reliability estimates for the original version of the test and for studies from North America. The reliability induction rate for the PI–WSUR was 53.7%. Regarding reliability, the PI–WSUR ranks among the best scales for assessing obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Internal consistency reliability was excellent for the PI–WSUR total score and good for the subscales.

Gender differences in disgust processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Objective To explore the gender differences in disgust processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods A total of 74 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (39 males and 35 females) and 65 normal healthy controls (35 males and 30 females) were assessed with Padua inventory-Washington State University revision (PI-WSUR), Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) and were tested the lexical decision task, in order to evaluate their OCD symptoms and severity.The results of reaction time, accuracy and rating intensity of core disgust words, moral disgust words and neutral words were recorded, and the gender differences in disgust processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal healthy controls were analyzed. Results The reaction time of core disgust words((753.6±84.1) vs (711.8±83.8)ms), the reaction time of moral disgust words((813.5±89.0) vs (749.4±81.4)ms) and neutral words((775.3±91.8) vs (725.9±104.2)ms) showed significant differences between males and females in pateints with OCD, but there were no differences in accuracy and rating intensity(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In normal healthy controls, there were only differences between males and females in reaction time of neutral words, females were also showed shorter reaction time than males (P<0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed that both male and female patients had a negative correlation between the reaction time of core disgust words and total PI-WSUR scores (P<0.05). There was a gender difference in the relative variables of PI-WSUR, Y-BOCS and disgust processing in OCD patients. Conclusion There were gender differences in disgust cognitive processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, females with obsessive-compulsive disorder have higher core disgust and moral disgust than males. Females with OCD have a special high sense of moral disgust. Key words: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Core disgust; Moral disgust; Gender differences

Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms among clients attending psychiatric outpatients' clinic in Duhok

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric illness, develops in childhood, and can result in considerable impairment to an individual's lifespan. The persons suffer from OCD do not seek treatment in medical settings and remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and consequently, the person faces persistent untreated symptoms over time leading to considerable disturbance in familial, academic, or social functioning. Therefore, careful assessment of OCD symptoms is seminal to clinical practice. OCD among clients attending the outpatient clinic of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Iraq was assessed in the current study. Methods: This cross-sectional study that consisted of 465 consecutive clients who visited an outpatient psychiatric clinic of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Iraq was designed, and face-to-face interview was performed using a translated Arabic version of Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision in order to assess the OCD symptoms. Results: The study confirmed previously unrecognized symptoms of obsessions and compulsions in those who visited the psychiatric outpatients' clinic. In addition, it was shown that among total obsessions and compulsions, obsessions included contamination, thoughts of harm to self/others, impulses to harm self/others and compulsions included checking and dressing/grooming and washing which were more prevalent in males, those completed primary school education, completed higher education, and divorced/married clients. The study did not show any significant difference among different age group and employment aspects. Conclusion: The study confirmed that some individuals are unaware of their obsessions and compulsions and clinical screening would give us a golden opportunity to their issue recognition and immediate treatment commencement.

Early Maladaptive Schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders.

Purpose of this study is comparing early maladaptive schemas which are active in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders together, considering recent DSM-5 changes through which OCD has been placed in a separate and new diagnostic level. This research is a causal-comparative study. 151 persons were categorized in three groups of people suffering from OCD (50), suffering from anxiety disorders (50), and control group (51). Early diagnosis of disorders in two clinical groups were verified based on structured clinical interview for DSM )SCID-I) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). General health questionnaire (GHQ-28), the short versions of the Young schemas questionnaire (YSQ), and Padua inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) were also implemented. Findings revealed that mean scores of all schemas of those suffering from anxiety disorders, except for Self-Sacrifice, Unrelenting-Standards/Hypercriticalness, Entitlement/Grandiosity schemas, and mean scores of all early maladaptive schemas of those suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder are significantly higher than those of control group. OCD group had significantly higher scores in Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, and Defectiveness/Shame schemas than anxiety disorders group. Defectiveness/Shame and Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schemas can explain 38 percent of variance of obsessive compulsive symptoms. The dominant and specific early maladaptive schemas of OCD are Defectiveness/Shame, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation Schemas. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas, suggests that interventions based on specific schemas can be useful methods in treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders.

The Role of Distinctiveness of Stimulus in Memory Distrust as a Function of Repeated Checking

Recent literature proposes that repeated checking increases familiarity with the material, making recollections less vivid and detailed and promoting distrust in memory. The aim of the current study is to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms of low confidence in memory. The Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) was applied in a cohort of university students. Among the students who completed the PI-WSUR, 84 participants were selected and assigned to low Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology (OCS) group or high OCS group according to their PI-WSUR scores. An interactive computer animation was developed to test repeated checking behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: "Feedback condition" and "no feedback condition". The participants were all asked to carry out checking rituals on a virtual gas ring. However, half of the participants were given feedback indicating that checking activity was successful and complete and half of the participants were not. While there was no significant difference in terms of memory accuracy, memory detail and memory vividness between feedback condition and no feedback condition, there was a significant difference in terms of memory confidence between two experimental groups. Results are discussed in the light of a different explanation offering that the level of distinctiveness of recollections plays crucial role in memory distrust rather than the explanation of low confidence hypothesis.

Checking Behaviours, Prospective Memory and Executive Functions

Explanations implicating memory in the causes and severity of checking symptoms have focused primarily on retrospective memory, and relatively little attention has been paid to prospective memory. Limited research has examined the relationship between prospective memory and executive functions. We assessed whether impairments in prospective memory and executive function predict checking symptoms in a sample of 106 adults. Checking symptoms were assessed using the Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR). All participants completed the prospective memory questionnaire (PMQ) and four computerised executive function tasks from the CANTAB, measuring inhibition, planning, attention set-shifting and working memory. Prospective memory and inhibition predicted checking symptom severity. Importantly, there were no correlations between internally cued prospective memory and inhibition or between prospective memory aiding strategies and inhibition. These variables appear to have an independent role in checking. The current findings highlight prospective memory and inhibition as key contributors to the checking symptom profile and provide the first evidence that these cognitive processes may independently contribute to checking symptoms. These findings have implications for a model in which memory performance is thought to be secondary to impairments in executive functions.

Cognitive flexibility differentiates young adults exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behaviors from controls

The National Institute of Mental Health has proposed a shift toward classifying clusters of disorders on the basis of underlying biomarkers and neurological correlates. The present study sought to determine whether cognitive flexibility represents one such construct underlying obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OCBs), a cluster of behaviors characteristic of OCD and other body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), including trichotillomania, pathological skin picking, nail biting, and tic disorders. One-hundred and twenty-four undergraduate students completed the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision, Massachusetts General Hospital-Hairpulling Scale, Skin Picking Scale, and an Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift (IDED) Test. Analyses were performed using a subsample of participants who met criteria for inclusion in the OCB group and a control group (N=56). Results indicated that young adults in the OCB group demonstrated significantly poorer performance on the IDED compared to controls. However, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that increased deficits in cognitive flexibility failed to predict worsened OCB severity-as assessed via a composite score. These results suggest that while cognitive flexibility differentiates those exhibiting OCBs from controls, it does not appear to be related to OCB severity. Future research is needed to replicate these results in larger clinical samples.

Investigating the mediator roles of obsessive beliefs in the relationships between, attachment and obsessive compulsive symptoms

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the relationships between attachment, obsessive beliefs and obsessive compulsive symptoms in Turkish normal sample. Moreover, examining the mediator roles of obsessive beliefs between attachment and obsessive compulsive symptoms was aimed. Methods: For these purposes 116 female and 108 male participants completed questionnaires related to research variables. Experience in Close Relationship Scale to evaluate attachment, Obsessive Belief Questionnaire to evaluate obsessive beliefs and Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision to evaluate obsessive compulsive symptoms were used in this study. Results: A series of hierarchical regression analyses where gender and age were controlled. Findings of the analyses revealed that control variables (gender and age) only predict contamination obsession and cleaning compulsive symptoms. According to results, being female and older age are as a risk factor for this symptoms. The results provide evidence for the mediator role of responsibility/threat estimation of obsessive beliefs between anxiety of attachment and symptoms which are obsessional thoughts about harm to self/others, contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions, dressing/grooming symptoms. Based on checking symptoms both responsibility/threat and perfectionism/uncertainty obsessive beliefs had the mediator role between anxiety of attachment and these symptoms. Although, avoidance of attachment and importance/control of thoughts predicted obsessional impulses to harm self/others by separately, there were not mediator effects in these analyses. Conclusion: To sum up according to results of this study attachment and obsessive beliefs follow different paths toward different obsessive compulsive symptoms. The results were discussed in the light of the related literature.

Disgust Emotion and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in an Iranian Clinical Sample

A growing body of research has revealed robust associations between disgust and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. The present study aimed to understand if particular disgust domains are more closely associated with OC symptoms subscales, especially contamination and washing. A sample of 60 OCD patients from an outpatient Iranian psychiatric clinic completed self-report questionnaires including the Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) and the Padua inventory-Washington State University revision (PI- WSUR). The results indicated correlations between the total, core and contamination subscales of the DS-R together with the OCI-R total score as well as with the PI-WSUR total score. However, no correlation was found between these inventories and the DS-R animal reminder subscale. The DS-R total score also correlated with the washing and checking subscales of the OCI-R and with the contamination obsessions and washing and checking compulsions of the PI-WSUR. The relationship between disgust and demographic characteristics showed that the DS-R total, core and contamination scores were significantly higher for women and married subjects, and that the animal reminder subscale score was significantly higher for women than men. Although symptoms presentation, risk factors, and outcomes may vary cross-culturally, very little is known about disgust emotion as an OCD symptom in Iranian and eastern cultures. Additional work is needed to better understand these symptoms in other eastern cultures.

Relationship between orthorexia and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) refers to an intense desire to consume healthy or biologically pure food that is free of artificial products. ON is not regarded as a separate eating disorder, but its clinical presentation shares common features with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders. The current study examined 136 patients who were diagnosed with OCD (n = 49), panic disorder (n = 44), and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 37). Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR), The Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), and the ORTO-11 test were given to the participants. There were no significant differences between patient groups in the mean scores of eating attitudes and orthorexia symptom severity. No significant association between ORTO-11 scores and body mass index was noted. Moderate correlations (r > 0.30) were obtained between orthorexia symptom severity and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity, EAT-40 total score, and checking and dressing/grooming compulsions. These findings suggest that ON, a pathological inclination towards an obsession with healthy eating, is not specifically associated with any of the investigated illness groups. However, it has moderate correlations with the ritualistic signs of OCD. Underlying worry may predispose people to develop a compulsion to create the pure diet.

Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviours, Responsibility Attitudes and Life Events as Predictors of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology: Test of a Cognitive Model

It is important to investigate the role of cognitive, developmental and environmental factors in the development and maintenance of Obsessive Compulsive Symptomatology (OCS). The main objective of this study was to examine the vulnerability factors of OCS in a non-clinical sample. On the basis of Salkovskis' cognitive model of OCD, the study aimed to investigate the role of perceived parental rearing behaviours, responsibility attitudes, and life events in predicting OCS. Furthermore, the mediator role of responsibility attitudes in the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviours and OCS was examined. Finally, the specificity of these variables to OCS was evaluated by examining the relationship of the same variables with depression and trait anxiety. A total of 300 university students (M = 19.55±1.79) were administered the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision, Responsibility Attitudes Scale, s-EMBU (My memories of upbringing), Life Events Inventory for University Students, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. Regression analysis revealed that perceived mother overprotection, responsibility attitudes and life events significantly predicted OCS. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes mediated the relationship between perceived mother overprotection and OCS. The predictive role of perceived mother overprotection and the mediator role responsibility attitudes were OCS specific. The findings of the present study supported that perceived mother over-protection as a developmental vulnerability factor significantly contributed to the explanation of a cognitive vulnerability factor (namely responsibility attitudes), and perceived maternal overprotection had its predictive role for OCS through responsibility attitudes.

The Interaction Effect of Impulsivity and Responsibility in Relation to Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the relationship between obsessive–compulsive symptoms and impulsivity, and the interaction effects of impulsivity and responsibility in relation to obsessive–compulsive symptoms. A total of 205 university and college students were asked to fill out the Padua Inventory—Washington State University Revision, the Responsibility Attitudes Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale—version 11 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A sub-sample (n = 79) also completed the Stop Signal Task (SST), a performance task that assesses behavioral inhibition (i.e., impulsivity). Obsessive–compulsive symptoms were found to be related to responsibility attitudes and self-reported attentional impulsiveness. There was no association between behavior inhibition (SST) and self-reported impulsivity or obsessive–compulsive symptoms. The interaction between responsibility attitudes and attentional impulsiveness as well as between responsibility and behavior inhibition, added to the prediction of obsessive–compulsive symptoms. These findings indicate that certain aspects of impulsivity influence obsessive–compulsive symptoms in interaction with responsibility attitudes.

The Padua Inventory: Do Revisions Need Revision?

The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties, factorial structure, and validity of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision and of the Padua Inventory-Revised in a large sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 228) and with anxiety disorders and/or depression (n = 213). The five-factor structures of both revisions were not replicated. A 24-item revision, referred to as the Padua Inventory-Palatine Revision (PI-PR), was developed on the basis of both theoretical and statistical considerations. The PI-PR assesses six subscales: Contamination and Washing, Checking, Numbers, Dressing and Grooming, Rumination, and Harming Obsessions and Impulses. The results demonstrate that the PI-PR is a brief, psychometrically sound, and valid measure for the assessment of a broad range of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which has important advantages over both previous revisions.

Psychometric properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory‐Revised among Icelandic college students

In the present study, the psychometric properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) (Foa, et al., 2002) were investigated. The OCI-R was administered to a total of 816 Icelandic college students. The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were administered to a subsample of 304 students, and the PI-WSUR (Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision), the PSWQ and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) to another subsample of 212 students. Also, 89 students filled in the OCI-R twice with two weeks in between. The factor structure of the instrument was replicated in a confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliabilities of the OCI-R total scale and all subscales were satisfactory. Further, the OCI-R total score showed a significantly higher correlation with the PI-WSUR and the MOCI than with the PSWQ or the MPS. Finally, conceptually similar scales of the OCI-R and the MOCI as well as the PI-WSUR showed higher inter-correlations than the correlations that were observed between conceptually more distinct scales. It is concluded that the Icelandic version of the OCI-R has strong psychometric properties in a student population.

Measuring Obsessions Without Worry: Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Revised Padua Inventory in an Icelandic Student Population

The revised Padua Inventory (Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision or PI-WSUR) was investigated in an Icelandic student population ( n = 431). The inventory was explicitly constructed to minimize the overlap between the measurement of obsessionality and worry. Its relationships with the Maudsley-Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were investigated. The factor structure of the PI-WSUR was studied as well as the relations of PI-WSUR subscales with corresponding scales on the MOCI (checking, contamination). It was further investigated whether a factor analysis of the PI-WSUR together with PSWQ would indicate that the PI-WSUR and its different components were relatively uncontaminated by variance shared with worry. The results generally supported the psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the PI-WSUR as well as its relative independence of PSWQ specifically.