Paddy Farmers Research Articles

Determination of risk-based for rice farmers using the nonparametric Bayesian method

The Paddy Farmers Business Insurance or Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi (AUTP) is one of the insurance programs organized by the Indonesian government to improve the welfare of rice farmers in Indonesia. In this study, we formulated a premium estimation model of risk-based AUTP insurance. The method used was the Bayes method with a nonparametric approach. The data used was the AUTP claim data in Aceh province. The determination of the premium has been done by providing a settlement algorithm based on past data for two periods. From the analysis conducted, it was found that the Bayesian premium obtained is still not in accordance with what is currently applied by the government, especially in the area of study.

Study of meteorological drought and its impact on rainfed paddy productivity in Gunungkidul Regency

Gunungkidul Regency is known as an area that often experiences drought. On the other hand, Gunungkidul Regency is also the regency with the highest amount of rice production in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Rainfed paddy farming is the most widely developed type of paddy in Gunungkidul Regency where irrigation needs are determined by rainfall. Decreased rainfall that triggers meteorological drought can disrupt rainfed-based agriculture. This study aims to analyze the distribution of meteorological drought and analyze the impact of meteorological drought on rainfed paddy productivity in Gunungkidul Regency during the period 2001 – 2019. Meteorological drought identification was carried out using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Results of the SPI classification was mapped using Spline-Tension interpolation for spatial analysis of the distribution of meteorological drought. Spatial analysis and comparison graphs were used to analyze the relationship between drought and rainfed paddy productivity. The widest meteorological drought in Gunungkidul Regency occurred in November 2006. The highest frequency of drought events occurred in Paliyan Sub-district for 50 months while the lowest occurred in Ponjong Sub-district for 30 months. Most sub-districts in Gunungkidul Regency have a positive relationship between meteorological drought. Most of rainfed paddy productivity decreased when El Nino occurred.

Dinamika Respon Mitigasi Petani Padi di Jawa Barat dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim serta Kaitannya dengan Pendapatan Usaha Tani

Paddy farming has been affected by climate change phenomena such as high rainfall and long dry seasons which have caused plant and crop failure. To minimize the impact of climate change on their farming, paddy farmers undertake various strategies for dynamically adapting to climate change. This study aimed to analyze and assess the dynamics of the mitigation response by paddy farmers in West Java to minimize the impact of climate change. The object of research was paddy farmers in West Java. The research sample was selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique to collect 300 respondents. Data analysis methods used descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (manova). The results showed that paddy farmers in West Java have dynamically mitigated climate change along with climate change over time. Types of climate change mitigation response applied by the majority of paddy farmers in West Java included planting shading trees, using energy saving technologies, cultivating organic agriculture, planting different crops instead of rice, changing farming to animal husbandry, migrating, looking for other income sources outside farming and renting/selling their land. Other mitigation responses that have rarely applied but interesting to explore were of shifting the planting and harvesting periods, selecting planting varieties, adapting plantation patterns and irrigation techniques. Farmers in Subang District who applied the most four types of climate change mitigation response earned higher income greater than those in Indramayu and Karawang.

The Paddy Farmers’ Channel Choice and Links to the Public and Private Marketing Channels in Sri Lanka

A better understanding of the paddy marketing channels paves the way to explore the dynamics of the rice economy in mixed marketing conditions. Thus, paddy/rice industry in Sri Lanka has now become a serious concern with all its multi-faceted implications. This study examines the influencing factors for the choice of marketing channels by the paddy farmers as well as the links to the public and private marketing channels in Sri Lanka. A sample of 345 farmers were selected using multi-stage random sampling from DS divisions in Ampara, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Batticaloa districts. A pre-tested structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were conducted to collect primary data. Binary logistic regression was deployed for the data analysis. Results revealed that the average paddy land cultivated in the Maha season in Anuradhapura, Ampara, Polonnaruwa and Batticaloa was 3.41 ac., 3.50 ac., 3.09 ac., and 4.80 ac. respectively. Nearly 52% of the farmers sold their paddy to the Paddy Marketing Board (PMB) showing the popularity of the Government Paddy Purchasing Programme (GPPP) in major producing areas. Analysis further indicated that, low land extent (p<0.1), availability of paddy storage facility (p<0.1), distance to PMB centers (p<0.1), distance to private collectors (p<0.05) and quantity of wet paddy sold (p<0.1) were the criteria which had significant impact over choice of paddy marketing channels. Positive significant coefficient of ‘Distance to PMB center’ reflects that, even if a selected farmer is residing far from the PMB center, he or she is more inclined to select GPPP. PMB centers offer more price premium than in the open market and in some cases, this was more than Rs.10.00/kg. “Quantity of wet paddy sold” is the variable which indicates a negative and significant impact on selecting GPPP. If a particular farmer tends to sell higher quantity of paddy as ‘wet paddy’, he or she is less likely to select GPPP. Farmers who, did not possess safe storage facilities, had difficulties in finding a suitable place to dry paddy, had high labour requirement to reach 14% moisture content in the final produce and the farmers who faced immediate cash needs were more inclined towards private buyers. There are more opportunities for small-scale farmers who produce limited surplus of paddy in government paddy purchasing channel. More time and cost involved, ineffective buying process, strict quality checks, lack of sufficient storage facilities, delaying of the commencement of purchasing and lack of drying facilities are the major problems faced by the farmers when selling paddy to the PMB centers. The major problem highlighted by the farmers regarding selling paddy to private sector is inability to receive a fair price.

MONITORING KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG PADA BERBAGAI TUTUPAN LAHAN DI CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER (CSC), JAWA BARAT

Birds play an essential role in ecosystems, especially in urban landscapes such as the Cibinong Science Center (CSC). As an urban landscape, CSC always experiences land cover changes due to the development of research infrastructure resulting in various human-made land cover types. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in various types of land cover as a community response to CSC development dynamics. Bird data was collected using the point count method modified with a grid (plot) measuring 200mx200m with a radius of observation as far as 50m at 34 points. Landsat images were analyzed from 2006 to 2018 to see changes in land cover changes. The observations show that there are 35 species of birds. Among those, three birds are protected by Indonesian regulation. There are six type of land cover in CSC paddy fields, buildings, opened area, farm land, plantation, and water. CSC has total diversity S(mean) = 32 covering 65% of all recorded birds. At land cover level, building area show the highest diversity (Shannon=2.03) while paddy fields is the lowest (Shannon=1.45). Based on the Landsat imagery, there are several changes in vegetation and the addition of some buildings.

Evaluation of Seasonal Groundwater Quality Changes Associated with Groundwater Pumping and Level Fluctuations in an Agricultural Area, Korea

This study was conducted to evaluate seasonal groundwater quality due to groundwater pumping and hydrochemical characteristics with groundwater level fluctuations in an agricultural area in Korea. Groundwater levels were observed for about one year using automatic monitoring sensors, and groundwater uses were estimated based on the monitoring data. Groundwater use in the area is closely related to irrigation for rice farming, and rising groundwater levels occur during the pumping, which may be caused by the irrigation water of rice paddies. Hydrochemical analysis results for two separate times (17 July and 1 October 2019) show that the dissolved components in groundwater decreased overall due to dilution, especially at wells in the alluvial aquifer and shallow depth. More than 50% of the samples were classified as CaHCO3 water type, and changes in water type occurred depending on the well location. Water quality changes were small at most wells, but changes at some wells were evident. In addition, the groundwater quality was confirmed to have the effect of saltwater supplied during the 2018 drought by comparison with seawater. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the water quality from July to October was confirmed to have changed due to dilution, and the effect was strong at shallow wells. In the study areas where rice paddy farming is active in summer, irrigation water may be one of the important factors changing the groundwater quality. These results provide a qualitative and quantitative basis for groundwater quality change in agricultural areas, particularly rice paddies areas, along with groundwater level and usage.

POTENTIAL OF LOSS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER IN LOWLAND RICE FARMING IN KLUNGKUNG DISTRICT, BALI

Rice straw is an abundant resource that was still seen as a waste in intensive rice cultivation. Rice straw is said to be a resource because it can be used as organic fertilizer (compost) and contains nutrients that were beneficial for crop growth and soil fertility. The fact in the field was still found that rice straw was wasted, one of which was burned. A study was conducted through a method of observation and survey involving rice paddy farmers in 3 sub-districts in the district of Klungkung, namely Banjarangkan, Klungkung and Dawan. The aim of the research was to know the production of rice straw waste and the potential of wasted organic fertilizer in intensive rice cultivation. Based on the results obtained the production of dried straw waste in each harvest about 10.21 tons/ha. Farmers do not utilize rice straw as compost by reason, not knowing how to composting. There were 30.34% of farmers who burn straw because based on the knowledge gained burn is an easy way to restore rice straw to the ground. The impact of burning rice straw was around 5,887,086 - 7,888.7 tons of organic fertilizer wasted.

Insights of women’s empowerment and decision-making in rice production in Malaysia

Women's empowerment is essential in achieving global food security while being prioritised as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda. Even though a women’s empowerment role in agriculture received wide attention in works of literature, there is still a research gap about women’s empowerment in Malaysia's agriculture. This study contributes to the status of women’s empowerment and its determinants, as well as challenges to enhance women’s empowerment among rice smallholders in Selangor, Malaysia. By using a framework adapted from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), 200 smallholder paddy farmers were selected using stratified random sampling. The results revealed vital domains that contributed to women’s empowerment, which provided access to extension services and led to effective decision-making, whereas leadership displayed a negative association. The lack of participation in the planning process and community groups were significant obstacles in enhancing the women's empowerment among rice farmers. These results suggested the scope of possible interventions and policy recommendations to enhance women’s empowerment in agriculture.

A study on farmers’ choice in integrating paddy and cattle farming as farm management practices

The study was conducted to examine the farmers’ choice on the technology of the paddy and cattle integration farming and determine factors that affected the integrated adoption. Primary data were collected through personal interview from 198 respondents divided into three categories (‘no integration’, ‘partial integration’, and ‘full integration’) based on the farmer’s utilization of manure and crop residues at Magelang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Then, the data were analyzed by multinomial logit by using ‘no integration’ as a baseline. The results revealed that 60.6% of farmers had applied ‘full integration’, although most farmers rarely adopt both fermentation and composting technology. In conclusion, formal education, frequency of training, and farming experience were found significant in affecting the integration of paddy and cattle farming practice.

Selling pattern and marketing system of Boro paddy in Purbadhala upazila of Netrakona district in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the major rice producing countries in the world; rice is the major crop of this highly populated agrarian country and this sector is by far the most important provider of rural employment. The study was designed to examinethe marketing system with selling pattern of paddy in selected areas of Netrakona district which is one of the important paddy producing areas of Bangladesh. Samples were purposively selected in order to meet the objectives. The total sample size was 45 respondents including 20 paddy farmers, 7 Faria, 5 Bepari, 5 Paiker and 8 Aratdar-cum- wholesaler. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the farmers and intermediaries by the researcher himself during the month of November, 2013. The marketed surplus of all types of farms represents 72.07 percent of total quantity of paddy produced in this study area. Marketing functions performed by the farmers in the study area were selling of paddy, transportation, storage, grading, financing and market information. The marketing functions performed by the intermediaries were buying and selling of paddy, transportation, storage, processing, grading, financing, pricing, market information and risk bearing. Farmers and intermediaries transported their paddy to the market for sale by head/shoulder load, rickshaw, van, trolley, push cart, bi-cycle etc. In this study the researcher had found 10 marketing channels of paddy in the study area. In describing selling pattern of boro paddy, the study showed that the small farmers sold 64.17 percent of paddy and the medium and large farmers sold 70.37 and 75.00 percent of paddy, respectively. The small farmers recorded the highest number of sale (7) and the quantity offered per sale was the lowest i.e. 8.25 quintal. The number of sale for the large farms was the lowest (4) but the quantity sold per sale was the highest (53.57 quintal). The small, medium and large farmers sold 74, 39 and 25 percent of their total sale at the farm-gate and 26, 61 and 75 percent in the primary and secondary markets, respectively.
 Progressive Agriculture 31 (2): 104-118, 2020

Evaluation of Different Designs of Isolated Cells to Raise Single Rice Seedlings for SRI Mechanized Transplanting

Numerous benefits of the system of rice intensification (SRI) have been documented since SRI was popularized 30 years ago. To date, more than 58 rice growing countries are practicing SRI, covering around 4 million ha of paddy fields and involving more than 10 million farmers. Many paddy farmers shy away from practicing SRI due to extreme labour endurance and number of labors required, especially during transplanting and frequent weeding. The manual transplanting technique to ensure proper root establishment of the seedlings, makes SRI less appealing to many paddy farmers. Furthermore, the transplanting shock is a problem arises from manual transplanting technique needs to be solved that resulted to damaged roots causing delays in crop establishment and reducing productivity. Mechanized transplanting of the young single seedlings into the paddy fields at a wider plantation area eliminates drudgery and enables better exposure to sunlight, water, air, and nutrients. This paper presents a solution to overcome the problem of transplanting shock and the back-breaking manual transplanting, which was achieved by containing the roots of each seedling in a grid of isolated cells. Several designs of the isolated cells to contain the root system were fabricated and tested. These include using aluminum square cells, polyvinyl chloride pipe circular cells, biodegradable grid cells, biodegradable conical capsules, and germinated seeds sowed in a grid without isolated cells. The typical grid cell size was 15 mm by 15 mm with a depth of each cell varied from 40 mm to 60 mm. The most promising design was one with single seedlings raised in bio-degradable capsules arranged close together to fit the conventional rice seedling tray of 300 mm by 600 mm and can accommodate 684 capsules per tray. Upon reaching 2-3 leaf stage, the seedlings with undisturbed roots are ready to be transplanted into the paddy fields using the currently available rice transplante rs.

PERSEPSI PETANI PADI TERHADAP PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN DAN GAPOKTAN DI DESA BUKIT RAYA KECAMATAN TENGGARONG SEBERANG (Perception of Paddy Farmers on the Role of Agricultural Extension Worker and Gapoktan in Bukit Raya Village, Tenggarong Seberang Subregency)

Perception is a direct response of something. The process of a person knows things through his five senses. This study aimed to determine paddy farmers perceptions on the role of agricultural extension worker and Gapoktan in Bukit Raya Village, Tenggarong Seberang Subregency, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This study collected primary data and secondary data. Sampling used purposive method and number of samples of 40 respondents. Data were analyzed by descriptive. The results of this study showed farmers perception on the role of field agriculture instructure has a total score of 3,551 and it is classified as good. While farmers perception on the role of Gapoktan has a total score of 1,706 and it is classified as good.

Factors affecting risk tolerance among small-scale seasonal commodity farmers and strategies for its improvement

In developing countries, farming businesses are dominated by small-scale farmers with limited resources. Such farmers are subjected to high risks, influencing the success rate of their agricultural endeavors. This study, conducted in Aceh Province, Indonesia, measured the risk tolerance among six groups of farmers with businesses based on the following seasonal commodities: paddy, corn, soy, chili, potato, and tomato. A total of 360 respondents were surveyed and 54 key respondents interviewed. A Likert scale was used to assess the risk tolerance levels of the farmers, and ordinal regression analysis to analyze the factors influencing risk tolerance. Paddy, chili, and potato farmers had a relatively high tolerance to farming risks, whereas corn and tomato farmers showed a moderate tolerance. Soy farmers were classified into the low risk tolerance category. Ordinal analysis indicated that the risk tolerance of farmers in each commodity group was influenced by specific factors. Overall, it was found that the farmers' attitudes to risk tolerance were significantly affected by the following factors: experience, education, farming income, capital, land status, and land size. An intervention strategy including improvements in the curriculum, actors, network, scope of clusters, and technology are among the strategies required to positively improve farmers’ perceptions and increase their tolerance to farming risks.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PADDY AND OIL PALM FARM INCOME IN TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR REGENCY

This research aims to analyze the cost and net income of wetland paddy and palm oil smallholder farming in Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. The subjects of this research were rice and oil palm smallholder farmers particularly palm oil farmers who were recorded to perform functional shift of land use such as from rice to palm oil. The primary data obtained through interviews with rice and oil palm smallholder farmers in research areas, and secondary data collected from various offices and related agencies. Data analyzes used quantitative descriptive methods. The results showed that net income of oil palm farming was significantly greater than net income of rice farming per ha per year. A lower income from rice farming activity was caused by a higher production cost due to higher labor costs compared to oil palm farming. Keywords: farm management, rice farming, oil palm, cost, farm income

Paddy Farmers’ Pro-environmental Behavior Based on Virtue-Ethical Perspective

Many environmental problems remain unresolved because of the lack of adherence to ethical principles in dealing with the environment. The purpose of this study is to use an ethical approach to analyze rice farmers’ pro-environmental behavior in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The research method was descriptive correlation conducted by a survey. The target population consisted of all rice farmers in Mazandaran Province (N = 200,000). The sample size was 400 respondents which was selected by using Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table by using stratified random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire and its validity was approved by a panel of experts and the reliability was also verified using Cronbach's alpha test and a pilot study (0.61 ≤ α ≤ 0.83). The results of the classification of environmental behavior showed that 63.1% of farmers had moderate and good environmental behavior. Most of the farmers (76.5%) had a moral value of utilitarianism and 23.5% were responsible, which was significantly different between the two groups in terms of environmental behavior. The results of the correlation test showed that environmental education, environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, moral values of virtue, and moral norms had a positive and significant relationship with environmental behavior. The results of the analysis revealed that environmental knowledge had the most direct and total effect and environmental education had the most indirect effect on the environmental behavior of rice farmers. The paper is concluded by presenting a list of competency requirements for agricultural extension and education in order to improve the environmental behavior of rice farmers.

Comparative Analysis of Competitive Advantages of Rice Paddy and Oil Palm Farming in Mukomuko Regency, Bengkulu Province

ABSTRACT
 
 The conversion of lowland rice land to oil palm plantations has become a long debate because it is not in accordance with the vision and mission of Mukomuko Regency regarding food self-sufficiency, but in recent years there has been a change in the function of oil palm plantations to lowland rice. This is interesting to study because this phenomenon is considered unique when in other areas people flock to change the function of food land to oil palm plantations, on the other hand in Mukomuko District the community has shifted land functions from oil palm plantations to rice fields, even though so far the oil palm farming business . The location selection was carried out purposively and the determination of the respondents was carried out by the solvin method, which obtained 181 respondents. Collecting data using a survey method by distributing questionnaires to respondents. For data analysis using the private profit method and the private cost ratio. The results of the study explain private profitability and financial efficiency (private cost ratio). Where the private profitability of lowland rice (Private Profitability) is Rp. 38,173,833, - / Ut / Ha / Year - while for oil palm farming, the private profit is Rp. 28,308,303, - / Ut / Ha / Year. This means that when viewed from a private profit side, lowland rice is more competitive. However, if it is seen from the financial efficiency (Private Cost Ratio) of lowland rice farming, it is 0.31, while for oil palm farming it is 0.24 which means that the PCR values ??of lowland rice and oil palm farming are less than 1, so both of them have a level of competitive advantage and have competitiveness, when compared, the value of oil palm PCR <PCR for Paddy Paddy (024 <0.31) which means that in financial efficiency, oil palm farming is more efficient.

Emulsion-enhanced remediation of lindane and DDT in soils

The agricultural lands in most Asian countries have been contaminated by pesticides for decades, especially γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). For most sites, the concentrations are in the parts per million level favoring bioremediation. However, due to high hydrophobicity, they are hard to be biodegraded in soils. In situ phase inversion emulsification and biological reductive dechlorination (ISPIE/BiRD) is proposed as an effective approach for the removal of lindane and DDT in soil. Three tests were conducted, i.e., a batch test, a column test, and a sandbox test. In the batch test, the Taguchi method was applied to define optimum environmental parameters, such as pH, water content, emulsion concentration, and soil organic matter level. A column test was performed using a real agricultural soil to define the removal efficiency of a single operation of ISPIE on lindane and DDT. A sandbox was employed to test if the remaining emulsion can assist in the biodegradation of lindane and DDT in a real agricultural soil. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to profile the microbial community for the best groups in the batch test and the sandbox test. The batch test results showed that water content and emulsion concentration are critical controlling factors, and the removal of lindane and DDT was 99.7% and 88.9%, respectively. A single operation of ISPIE removed 52.9% and 31.5% of DDT and lindane, respectively, and the difference is probably due to the log KOW. The best parameter combination was employed in the sandbox test and the best removal rates of DDT and lindane on the 28th day were 78.0 ± 1.2% and 99.7 ± 0.5%, respectively. NGS data results showed that agriculture soil has more abundant and diverse microorganisms than the acclimated sediment culture. NGS analysis showed two cohesive groups were competing against each other in the batch test and complex interactions existed in the sandbox test. These results suggest that ISPIE/BiRD is a highly viable remediation option for rice paddy farming lands contaminated by highly hydrophobic contaminants. ISPIE followed by BiRD can be finished in a 42-day period and is highly suitable for implementation during an annual break of paddy field farming. Some potential strong degraders and complex interactions require more research in the future.

KERJASAMA MARO PENGOLAHAN SAWAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM EKONOMI ISLAM DI DESA TAMANAGUNG KECAMATAN CLURING KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

This research aims to find out how the practice of collaborating with rice processing in the Tamanagung Village, Cluring District, Banyuwangi, and knowing how to practice the cooperation with processing of maro in The Tamanagung Village, Cluring District, Banyuwangi the perspective of Islamic economic law. The type used in this study is descriptive analysis, which describes the data that researchers collect both from observations, interviews and documentation. Data analysis uses interactive model analysis techniques. The results of the study are the collaboration carried out by the owner of the paddy field and the paddy farmer, the paddy owner only provides land only, while the paddy cultivator is burdened with material capital and labor to work on the paddy. The practice of maro processing in paddy fields in Tamanagung Village, Cluring District, Banyuwangi Regency is included in the mukhabarah contract. The profit sharing mechanism uses the bawon system (fee). If 100% of the yield is obtained, 20% will be given to the cultivators of the paddy fields, while the remaining 80% of the deduction will be collected between the two parties where each party will get an equal 40% yield.

Analysis of factors and major problems of production of paddy farming in Sunsari district, Nepal

Analysis of factors and major problems of production of paddy farming in Sunsari district, Nepal

Factors influencing adoption of climate resilient paddy production practices in Andhra Pradesh, India

This paper examined the factors affecting adoption of climate resilient practices in paddy production using data collected from farmers of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2019. Majority of the farmers reported increase in temperature, unpredictability in weather, reduced duration of winter, uneven and irregular rainfall as the climatic change events. The practices being followed by farmers which fit the adaptation criteria were timely sowing and weeding, proper spacing and formation of soil bunds. The climate resilient practices most preferred and prioritized by paddy farmers were direct sown rice, drought tolerant varieties, weather forecast services, integrated nutrient management, growing of green manure crops followed by crop diversification, crop insurance, system of rice intensification (SRI) and use of leaf color chart. Market demand, assured irrigation, land fertility, and availability of finance were the major factors governing the decision to grow crops. The educational level of farmers exhibited significant and positive correlation with practices namely SRI, use of leaf color chart, crop insurance, weather forecast services and drought tolerant varieties. Analysis of factors influencing the adoption of climate resilient paddy production practices would help to promote and disseminate these practices to increase the adoption rate and also aid in the framing of appropriate policies.