Paddy Production Research Articles

Mathematical Model of Paddy Production using Cobb Douglas Method Based On Weather Factors

This research was conducted to model paddy production based on weather factors. This needs to be done to predict crop yields and regulate paddy cropping patterns. In setting the cropping pattern, the weather is selected which consists of temperature, wind speed, and rainfall, as a variable factor of production. Meanwhile, other factors (such as fertilization, sunshine, air humidity, etc.) are assumed to be in catteries paribus conditions. The research method used is a mixed method between qualitative methods which are descriptive details and quantitative methods which are based on weather data and Paddy's harvest data. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of weather on paddy production results. Analysis is done to get the production function. Parameters are estimated using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method by minimizing the sum of squared errors. Based on data analysis, a correlation of 0.899 was obtained with a standard error of .051665515. the results of model testing also show significant results with the F statistic obtained at 33.98 with a p-value of 0.028 which is less than 5%. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between weather and paddy productivity. In such a way that the weather can be used as a reference in determining the prediction of loss risk and paddy production. This model can also be recommended for further research, namely to determine insurance losses that may arise when extreme weather events occur.

Determinan Kesejahteraan Petani Tanaman Pangan di Provinsi Jawa Barat

Every year, West Java Province becomes the third largest rice-producing province in Indonesia, with a production of 9.43 million tons in 2022. However, this condition is inversely proportional to the welfare of food crop farmers when viewed from the exchange rate of food crop farmers (NTPTP), which in the last two years has been below 100%. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of rice crop production, rice crop productivity, the selling price of dry milled grain, production costs, and additional capital on NTPTP in West Java. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Directorate General of Food Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, from 2010–2022. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to examine the determinants of the welfare of food crop farmers. The findings of this study show that the selling price of dry-milled grain has a significant effect on increasing NTPTP. In contrast, rice crop production, productivity, production costs, and capital increases are not. The selling price of dry-milled grain influences the welfare of food crop farmers in West Java. Government policymakers can use this study in the agricultural sector to overcome the high expenditure of farmers' production costs by providing subsidies on target and maintaining the cost of goods sold for rice for the welfare of farmers in West Java.
 
 Keywords: price of dry grain, exchange rate of food crop farmers, paddy production, paddy productivity, multiple linear regression

Peningkatan Produktivitas Tanah Sulfat Masam dan Hasil Padi Menggunakan Bioarang dari Limbah Industri Penggergajian Kilang Kayu

The study aims to analyze three aspects. (1) Formulation of biochar from wood refinery sawmill waste at pyrolysis temperatures of 450°C and 550°C with pyrolysis times of 2 and 4 hours. (2) The best wood refinery sawing waste biochar dosage to improve the chemical quality of acidic sulfate soil through improving soil pH, Al-dd, N, P, and K of the soil. (3) Growth and production of paddy on acidic sulfate soils by application of ameliorant biochar of waste sawmill wood mill. The research was conducted in acidic sulfate soil in a screen house in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. Soil samples and biochar were analyzed at the Soil and Plant Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture. The study was an experiment using a factorial complete randomized design with two factors: the temperature and pyrolysis time and the dose of biochar. The results showed that the application of biochar waste from sawmill wood refineries had a very significant and significant effect on improving the quality of acidic sulfate soil and the growth and production of rice fields. The formulation of biochar at a pyrolysis temperature of 550°C for 2-hour pyrolysis with 20 tons/ha is the best improvement in acid sulfate soil quality, growth, and rice field production.
 
 Keywords: acid sulphate, biochar, paddy

COMPARISON OF FORECASTING RICE PRODUCTION IN MAGELANG CITY USING DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING AND AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE (ARIMA)

Magelang City has experienced a significant decline in the rice production sector, triggering the need for forecasting research as the next crucial step. This research aims to forecast rice production in Magelang city. By applying Double Exponential Smoothing and ARIMA methods, the most suitable forecasting model is identified. Data on rice production was obtained from the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) of Magelang city. The results revealed that the ARIMA (0,1,1) model with MSE of 479,259 was the best choice. This model is expressed as . Using this model, rice production was forecast from July to December 2023, the forecasting results showed that rice paddy production is expected to fluctuate in the coming months. For July 2023, production is projected to be around 65,1762 units, followed by 51,4779 units in August, 58,2432 units in September, and so on.

Panel Data Analysis on Rice (Paddy) Production in Indonesia 2018-2021

Rice is the staple food of Indonesian society. Rice (Paddy) as a staple food for Indonesian people is an important commodity for the government in effort to maintain national food security. Food security can be fulfilled if a country has sovereignty over food. Food sovereignty can be realized if domestic production meet its people consumption needs. Therefore, this research pays attention to government policies in effort to increase rice (paddy) production optimally. The policies analyzed included the realization of subsidized fertilizer distribution, the realization of insurance for rice farming, the realization of activities for developing agricultural irrigation units, and farmer exchange rates. Analysis was performed using panel data regression. From this research, it can be concluded that the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, the development of agricultural irrigation units, and the availability of farmer financing in the agricultural financing index positively affect the increase in domestic rice production. Conversely, the occurrence of rice crop insurance claims indicates crop failure in a certain region. This disruption negatively impacts the quantity of domestic rice production. On the other hand, having agricultural insurance provides a guarantee of financing for farmers when they experience crop failure.

Agroecosystem Sustainability in Forest Dependent Tribal Villages in Odisha, Eastern India

The present study was carried out in Niyamgiri hills inhabited by primitive Dongaria tribes in Odisha to assess present state of socioeconomic components of village and efficiency and viability of production systems at the current level of natural resource dependency and to find out the linkage between human community and forest ecosystem. The study area comprises of eight villages where human population varies from 83 to 312 in uphill villages and 76 to 150 in foothill villages. The cultivated area ranges from 3.37% to 18.85% of the total village geographical area with per capita cultivated area 0.117 to 0.329 ha.. The quality of forest has been affected due to absolute dependency on resources which calls for taking appropriate step to enhance forest productivity. All villages depend on rain fed agriculture, natural stream water is used to cultivate paddy in valleys, shifting (Podu) cultivation practiced in uphill areas, mid hill orchards below the Podu area and home garden adjoining habitation. Cereals, pulses and oil seeds are grown together in Podu areas. Maize is a major cereal as staple food grown in uphill villages. The village productivity of Millets, legumes and paddy is much lower than other settled agriculture areas of the state. The home garden areas are grown with vegetables and cereals especially for domestic use. However, vegetables like Tomato, Brinjal, Bin, Sweet Potato, Chilly from foothill villages are marketed. Home garden provides variety of requirements to the tribal community round the year. The production of agriculture sub-system is not sufficient to meet the food requirement of villages and rice distributed to villagers meet this gap. However, crops grown as horticulture products (Jackfruit, Pine apple, Banana, Orange, Mango) and a few Millet crops in the uphill villages like minor Millets, are exported to markets for earning money as these are only assets recorded as high energy valued products. Odisha Millet Mission (OMM) may need to provide interventions to these villages with modern approach to increase Millet productivity including improvements in seed quality and health condition of the tribal community. To ensure sustainability of the traditional cultivation and livelihood system, involving the people of these villages in forest-based activities other than agriculture will lead to protecting the indigenous biodiversity of this region.

The public sector's role towards sustainable agricultural economy and rural development: Techno-economic feasibility analysis of hybrid paddy production

Rice is the major food and a significant source of foreign exchange. To meet internal demand, must develop high quality varieties of rice, including early and late maturing varieties, hybrid and conventional rice varieties. In this study evaluated the adoptability and suitability of different hybrid rice varieties in local soil. The studied hybrid varieties revealed supremacy regarding the growth characters over the inbreed rice. At the reproductive stage, highest plant height was recorded in hybrid variety ennpova-55 (106.5 cm) while inbreed IRRI-9 produced the shortest height (65.5 cm). Whereas no of highest tillers was observed in Winner-55, Tahafuz-121, and Ashoka (24/m-2) and have highest seedling number and lowest no. of tillers were recorded in Komal 21/m-2. Highest plant dry matter per hill was found in Ennova-55 (95.9/g) and lowest observed in IRRI-9 (69.8/g) as compared to others. In chlorophyll studies, highest chlorophyll parameter was observed in Ennova-08 and Pukhraj and lowest was observed only in inbreed varieties. Shoot and root length showed significant variation among the rice. Tallest shoot was found in Ennova-55 (82.3 cm) which was statistically identical with Thafuz-121 (78.1cm), while shortest was found in IRRI-9 (54.1 cm) at harvest. However, the maximum Leaf area index was recorded from Komal (4.50) at heading stage followed by Ennova-55 (4.20), whereas significantly lower in Shakar (2.70). Compared with inbreed, hybrid rice produced a higher yield with BCR of 21.96. However, further research studies are obligatory to perform for adoptability of hybrid rice locally for sustainable rice production.

Assessing The Impact of Jajar Legowo Planting System on Wetland Paddy Productivity and Income of Farmers in Indonesia

This study aims to assess whether Jajar Legowo planting system has a significant impact on increasing the productivity of wetland paddy and the income of the paddy growers in Indonesia. We applied a linear regression model to the results of the 2017 National Cost Structure of Paddy Cultivation Household Survey conducted by BPS-Statistics Indonesia in all 34 provinces. The main contribution of this study is to provide an evaluation of the performance of Jajar Legowo planting system in increasing paddy productivity and income of the farmers. Therefore, our research can be used by the government as a reference for future improvement of the implementation of Jajar Legowo cultivation system. Our findings show that the new cultivation system has a significant impact on increasing the productivity of wetland paddy. Without controlling for other variables affecting productivity, the estimation result pointed out that on average, the new cultivation system can increase productivity by about 10 per cent. However, after controlling for other variables (the farmers and other cultivations characteristics), the magnitude decreases to around 5 per cent. Moreover, our estimation results also show that the income of the farmers rises by around 12 per cent by implementing Jajar Legowo. Our study indicates that the implementation of Jajar Legowo planting system results in better efficiency than that of the conventional one.

Optimizing mat quality and transplanter performance using soil mix with vermicompost and farmyard manure in paddy tray nursery: A sustainable smart farming approach in India

In order to improve transplanter performance and mat characteristics in mat-type paddy tray nurseries in paddy cultivation and to increase the paddy seedling quality and yield, a soil mix fertilizer with vermicompost and farmyard manure was optimized in different proportions. The investigation provides valuable insights for optimizing paddy cultivation practices, with emphasis on the potential of a specific treatment TC7, composed of 50% vermicompost, 30% farmyard manure, and 20% soil, to contribute to more robust and productive paddy cultivation systems. The TC7 treatment showed notable results, including highest average paddy seed germination (93.00 ​± ​2.24%), significant paddy seedling height (16.85 ​± ​1.72 ​cm), balanced root-to-shoot ratio (0.72 ​± ​0.013), robust seedling vigour index (1567.05 ​± ​121.45), substantial biomass production (0.481 ​± ​0.0010 ​g), and significant dry matter production (0.0422 ​± ​0.0029 ​g). The highest mat thickness of 28.10 ​± ​0.05 ​mm and the lowest mat weight per m2 area of 22.30 ​± ​1.56 ​kg/m2 was recorded in TC4 treatment containing 44% vermicompost, 44% farmyard manure, and 12% soil. The highest rolling quality of the mat with a rolling score of 10.00 ​± ​0.027 in TC8 treatment containing 30% vermicompost, 50% farmyard manure, and 20% soil, and the maximum mat strength of 54.90 ​± ​3.82 ​kg/m2 in TC10 treatment (soil alone). Mechanical transplanter performance exhibited superiority maximum planted hills per meter run (7 ​± ​1), optimum seedlings per hill (3), minimum occurrences of missing hills (1), and a maximum plant population per m2 (116 ​± ​5) utilizing seedling mats prepared with TC7 treatment. The highest grain yield of 4180 ​± ​449 ​kg/ha and grain straw ratio of 0.88 ​± ​0.0317 was recorded in the TC7 treatment. Thus, this study recommends fine-tuning and adopting the TC7 treatment combination to facilitate sustainable smart farming practices in India. Farmers are encouraged to consider implementing TC7 treatment combinations to elevate the quality and productivity of paddy cultivation.

A Study on Agricultural Mechanization Status under Paddy and Wheat Crop Production in Central Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The technological progress in agricultural machinery since the mid-1960s has led to a revolutionary increase in crop yield in India. Northern states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh (especially the western and central region have experienced rapid growth in the adoption of mechanized farming practices. A study was conducted to evaluate the present state of farm mechanization in four districts of Uttar Pradesh. The average farm power accessible in this area was recorded at 2.05 kWha-1, surpassing the national average (1.9 kW/ha). The lowest mechanization index in wheat crop was observed in plant protection operations (20.6%) whereas highest mechanization index was observed in harrowing operation (94.2%). Similarly, in paddy crop, the lowest mechanization index was observed in transplanting operations (0%) whereas highest mechanization index was observed in harrowing harrowing and puddling operations (99%).With the exception of tasks like transplanting paddy and ensuring pest control in rice and wheat cultivation, almost all stages of crop production employed tractor-driven machinery. The primary obstacle observed in farm mechanization in the region was the lack of timely access to farming equipment.

Effect of Transplanting Dates on the Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar CR Dhan 307 (Maudamani) in Terai Zone of West Bengal, India

Aims: Paddy cultivar, CR Dhan 307 (Maudamani) can enhance paddy productivity due to its heavy panicles and high-density planting adaptability. Date of transplanting is one of the important non-monetary inputs which greatly influence the growth and yield of paddy. The appropriate date of transplanting ensures optimum vegetative growth during the period of satisfactory temperature and solar radiation level. In India, maximum rice farmers are unable to transplant their crop timely, which reduces rice yield significantly and increases total cost of cultivation. This research aimed to study the effect of different dates of paddy transplanting on the performance of CR Dhan 307 (Maudamani) and to find out the optimum date of transplanting in terai zone of West Bengal.
 Study Design: Randomized block design with 4 replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in rabi season, 2017-18 at the instructional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal.
 Methodology: Five treatments namely transplanting on 2nd January, on 14th January, on 26th January, on 8th February and on 20th February allocated randomly in each replication.
 Results: Paddy transplanted on 26th January provided the maximum increment in almost all the growth attributes on all the dates such as no. of tillers m-2 at 90 DAT (252.77), dry matter accumulation at 90 DAT (1595.20 g m-2) etc. and yield attributes such as no. of panicles m-2 (210.64), no. of grains panicle-1 (280.46), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (233.34) etc. vis-à-vis grain productivity (7.59 t ha-1) and harvest index (44.20%). Highest gross return (Rs. 132825.00 ha-1), net return (Rs. 83336.00 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (2.68:1) as well as the incremental benefit-cost ratio (1.68:1) were obtained from the same treatment.
 Conclusion: Paddy transplanting on 26th January can be recommended for the cultivar, CR Dhan 307 (Maudamani) for achieving highest productivity and profitability.

CONCEPTUALISING RESILIENCE LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES OF PADDY FARMERS TOWARDS MALAYSIA NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY AGENDA

The paddy production in Malaysia is characterised as small-scale agriculture, with modest plots of less than 2 ha and approximately 194,000 farmers employed. Majority of these farmers primarily rely on low-income agricultural production. This situation was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020, resulting in a 3.11% reduction (17.03 million tonnes) in the overall agricultural output across Southeast Asia. Rural communities are recognised as vulnerable and must adapt to these sudden changes. Despite the vulnerability and shocks experienced by rural communities, especially paddy farmers, the resilience of sustainable livelihood for staple food is the main issue to be taken into consideration. Sustainable livelihoods, which are closely related to rural development communities, serve as the primary force behind the preservation of the economic well-being in rural areas. The primary concern is the lack of imperative strategies to empower the paddy farmers and key stakeholders in the staple food ecosystem in facing uncertainties and shocks. The Sustainable Livelihood Framework has been adopted since 1992 in several countries and international organisations to eradicate poverty. However, this framework raised an issue as a generic concept and required further enhancement to visualise the response to uncertainties and shocks. The framework’s adaptability to climatic and non-climatic food insecurity is dependent on the adaptation strategies that are based on socioeconomic and cultural factors, such as household composition, gender, household asset distribution and external instructions.

Impact of Land Use Change on Land Capability in Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The imbalance between land use and land capability can cause environmental problems in Katingan Regency. This study aims to analyze changes in land use change for the 2015-2021 period, land capability, land cover suitability with land capability in Katingan Regency. This research uses the method of overlaying the 2015 and 2021 land cover maps, analyzing land capability with variables of erosion maps, flood maps, and aridity maps, and analyzing land suitability by overlapping land use maps and land capability maps. The results show that land use change is 67.864 ha with map accuracy KA = 90.6% and OA 81.1%, while the concentration of land use change in Malan Island District with an LQ value of 2.5. Land capability is divided into three with the limiting factors of erosion, flooding, and slope class, namely: class II, III, IV, VI, and VII which are designated as productive paddy fields, dry land agriculture, and agriculture mixed with shrubs. Land use change has an impact on land capability, namely the increase of unsuitable land by 23.050 ha. This research can provide important information for taking policies and strategies for optimizing land use at the site level in Katingan Regency in the future.

Influences of Exogenic Organic Materials Application on Soil Fertility Status and Paddy Growth under a Coastal Saline Soil Condition

Paddy cultivation in saline soil can rapidly reduce soil salinity, which is an important approach for managing, utilizing, and improving such soils. However, the high salinity of saline soil severely limits the sustainability of paddy production. Adding exogenic organic material to improve soil fertility in saline soil is a key measure for obtaining high-yield, efficient and sustainable cultivation of paddy. This study used a field experiment to explore the influences of different organic materials application on soil desalination and fertility improvement in saline paddy soil. The results showed that the application of dairy manure (DM), sludge vermicompost (SV), and vinegar residue (VR) reduced soil barrier factors, including electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, increased soil fertility, including soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), and promoted paddy growth in saline soil. Specifically, soil EC decreased by 29.0%, 32.9% and 49.4% and paddy biomass increased by 27.7%, 63.7% and 107.6% in DM, SV, and VR-treated soils with the highest application rates, respectively, compared to the control. At an equal carbon application rate, VR was more conducive to decreasing soil EC and pH and increasing paddy biomass. Compared to DM and SV, VR addition resulted in an average decrease of 20.7% and 19.1% in soil EC, respectively, and an average increase of 57.3% and 29.5% in paddy biomass. In addition, soil water-stable aggregates (WSA), SOC, N, and P contents in VR-treated soil were lower than those in DM and SV-treated soils. Correlation and path analysis revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between paddy biomass and soil barrier factors. However, EC in VR-treated soil had a direct negative effect on paddy biomass, while EC in DM and SV-treated soils had an indirect negative effect on paddy biomass. Additionally, the direct contribution of soil pH to paddy biomass was higher with VR (−1.49) than that with DM (−0.21) and SV (0.89). In contrast to DM and SV, the effect of soil WSA on paddy biomass in VR-treated soil was mainly an indirect positive effect, and the direct effect was negative. The corresponding results provided new options and ideas for the efficient utilization of saline soils and high-yield cultivation of paddy.

Study on Sustainable Agriculture in West Papua: in terms of the Aspects of Plant Productivity and Land Use Change

Land availability and crop productivity are important in realizing sustainable agriculture in West Papua. This study aims to provide an overview of agricultural development in West Papua in terms of agricultural aspects and changes in land use. This research is descriptive-analytic in nature, using population data for the period 2003-2018, data on paddy rice, cassava, sweet potato, dry-field rice and corn. Land use data for the 1996-2019 period and potential agricultural land cover for 2021. The results obtained are an average population growth rate of 3.4 percent. The conditions of lowland rice, cassava and sweet potato crops for the 2004-2018 period are as follows: The average productivity of lowland rice is 3.72 tonnes/ha or 37.2 quintals/ha. Cassava production was very fluctuating, which was obtained that the average productivity of cassava was 12.03 tons/ha or 120 quintals/ha. Sweet potato crop productivity decreased in 2018 with an average sweet potato productivity of 11.11 tons/ha or 111.1 quintals/ha. The condition of dryland paddy and maize for the 2003-2017 period showed that the production and harvested area of upland paddy tended to decrease every year with an average dryland paddy productivity of 2.86 tons/ha or 28.6 quintals/ha while corn productivity continued to increase until 2017 with the average productivity is 1.78 tonnes/ha or 17.8 quintals/ha. Aspects of changes in land use in the agricultural sector for the period 1996-2019 obtained that dryland agriculture and mixed dryland agriculture tended to decrease.

Impact of KVK Training Programme on Knowledge and Adoption of Paddy Production Technology in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India

KVK is organizing various types of training programme as one of the important mandatory activities for the benefit of the stakeholders. To know the impact of the KVK Training programme among KVK Vridhachalam trained paddy growers, the study was conducted in the Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. 150 Paddy growers were selected as respondents from 15 Paddy growing villages by employing simple random sampling techniques. It was found that 58.00 per cent of paddy growers had a high level of knowledge as a result of the KVK Training programme. Similarly, it was observed that the level of adoption among farmers also increased, with the number of high-level adopters increasing from 20.00 per cent to 63.33 per cent. In contrast, the number of low-level adopters decreased from 33.33 percent to 13 percent. It is concluded that paddy growers should utilize the KVK training programme periodically to update their knowledge and skill for better adoption of paddy technologies for improving productivity and income.

Assistance Of Farmers In Utilizing The Consortium Of Endophite Bacteria And Organic Fertilizer As Well Organic Pesticides Based On Local Wisdom To Increase Rice Productivity

The "Sidodadi" farmer group in Demangan village, Sambi sub-district, Boyolali district consists of 15 members, which is a rainfed farmer group. Paddy productivity in rainfed lowland is quite low (2-3 tons/ha) compared to irrigated land (5 tons/ha). The use of a consortium of endophytic bacteria, organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom and the selection of varieties according to their designation can increase rice productivity. Rice farming in this farmer group does not yet have proper management, so assistance is needed. The purpose of this service is to assist in the management of rainfed land so that their income increases.The problems of this farmer group are 1) Aspects of Production and 2) Aspects of management. Production aspects include (a) Technology Utilization Aspect: not having technology to increase rice productivity (b). Aspects of Soil Fertility: rarely use organic fertilizers (c) Aspects of Use of Varieties: rice varieties that are not suitable for allotment of rainfed rice fields. The solution to the problems that arise is to assist farmer group members to use endophytic bacteria consortia, use organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom, use rice varieties that are suitable for sub-optimal rainfed land and farm management training. This activity will be carried out in two places, 1) in the yard of the farmer group members and 2) in the paddy fields in Demangan village, Sambi sub-district, Boyolali Regency from July 2023 to December 2023. The method used is 1) Farm management counseling and assistance, 2) Practice: making a consortium of endophytic bacteria, organic fertilizers and organic pesticides based on local wisdom 3) Cultivating organic rice in rainfed paddy fields, 4). Monitoring and evaluation. The result of this community-based service activity is an increase in the skills of farmers in making endophytic bacteria, making local microorganism (MOL), making solid organic fertilizers, making liquid organic fertilizers and organic pesticides and selecting rice varieties that are suitable for rainfed lowland rice fields and its application in rainfed lowland rice cultivation.

Application of Input Management and Integrated Pest Management on Paddy Production: Case Study in Kampar Subdistrict, Kampar District, Riau Province

Application of Input Management and Integrated Pest Management on Paddy Production: Case Study in Kampar Subdistrict, Kampar District, Riau Province

Pengaruh Literasi Zakat dan Religiusitas terhadap Kepatuhan Membayar Zakat Pertanian:

Agriculture zakah is one of the obligations of a Muslim if their agricultural products have reached the nisab and haul. Pitu Riawa District is one of the areas with a fairly high level of paddy production. However, the realization of the collection of agricultural zakah is still very low. This study aims to determine the effect of zakah literacy and religiosity on obedience in paying zakah for agriculture communities in Pitu Riawa District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This research is quantitative. The research subjects were farmers in Pitu Riawa District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency, with a total sample size of 100 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques using a closed-ended questionnaire The data analysis uses multiple linear regressions. The results showed that zakah literacy and religiosity had a positive and significant effect on compliance with paying zakah for agriculture in the Pitu Riawa District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency.
 Keywords: Zakah literacy; Religiosity; Obedience; Agriculture Zakah.

Pranatamangsa agricultural accounting: Regulated fees as guarantees for farmers' income at cost-revenue exchange rates

Research aims: Pranatamangsa calendar serves as a local wisdom genius to determine agricultural accounting for farmers' income.Design/Methodology/Approach: A qualitative method with an eco-phenomenology approach was used to reveal season markers.Research findings: Agricultural accounting presence through yield calculation embodies Farmer Exchange Value as income, with the use of pranatamangsa to increase harvest. This calculation is based on the calculation of planting costs to make the cost components that can be calculated, namely input and output costs to be managed by farmers as a formulation of farmer income, which is about costs paid (Ib) with prices received (It) added to the season factor as cost-revenue exchange rate determinants.Theoretical contribution/Originality: Agricultural accounting becomes an aspect based on concern for setting seasons. Disclosure or reporting of seasons through pranatamangsa agricultural accounting reports is the cost-revenue exchange rate as farmer income.Practitioner/Policy implication: The formulation that becomes farming income is multiplying the paddy production amount by the selling price of paddy per ton. The formulation considers the season factor as a determinant of harvest production. This formulation produces integrated, relevant agricultural accounting information based on season markers.Research limitation/Implication: It is necessary to further develop the results of public awareness as a form of the presence of agricultural accounting. Furthermore, research methods can use a positivist approach with harvest variable determinants. In addition, descriptive, causal, and qualitative studies can use ethnomethodology or phenomenology based on participant observation as a complete source.