Paddy Production Research Articles

Valuing ecosystem services: stakeholders’ perceptions and monetary values of ecosystem services in the Kilombero wetland of Tanzania

ABSTRACT Despite formal recognition of the need to incorporate multiple values in the assessment of ecosystem services, the operationalisation of a consistent integration of different types of values is still limited. This article assesses stakeholders’ perception and monetary (economic) values of ecosystem services delivered by the Kilombero wetland in Tanzania. A mixed-methods approach was employed, which included deliberative elements (diverse stakeholder focus groups) to recognise stakeholders’ perceptions on important ecosystem services alongside a survey to collect data on household characteristics, land use, status of ecosystem services and economic values of six provisioning ecosystem services (paddy production, maize production, water for domestic use, fishing, firewood and thatch grass). Findings revealed that stakeholder groups perceived the importance of ecosystem services differently. Analysis of the six provisioning ecosystem services in economic terms showed that paddy production generated the highest share of monetary value of about 56%. Furthermore, the study found out that there were differences in perceived and monetary values generated; for instance, paddy had much higher economic values than people acknowledged. The combined use of deliberative and monetary values is imperative in the assessment of ecosystem services as it will provide specific and complementary roles in supporting a management plan for the wetland ecosystem. EDITED BY Marta Berbés-Blázques

Effects of metsulfuron methyl herbicide doses on weed suppression, growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

One of the factors to production of the rice paddy is the environment the existence of weeds which growth and yield of rice paddy. Weed control using the chemical method of using herbicides is more effective than other weed controls.This research aims to review the efficacy of Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). This research was conducted in Desember 2018 – April 2019 in SPLPP (Sanggar Penelitian Latihan dan Pengembangan Pertanian), Baleendah District, Bandung Regency, West Java.This design used was a Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments and 4 replications. The type of treatment in this research consited of : Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 10g/ha, Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 15g/ha, Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 20g/ha, Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 25g/ha, Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 30g/ha, weeding 3 and 5 MST, control (without weeding and without herbicides). The difference between treatments was tested using the Duncan test at real level of 5 %.The result showed that Metsulfuron Methyl herbicide at a dose of 20 g/ha were able toLudwigia perennis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Limnocharis flava, Leersia hexandra and Monochoria vaginalis can control weeds and influence the growth and yield of rice plants.

Comparison performances of the optimisation models for the multi-objectives reservoir

The reservoir systems require a continuous development tools in the optimal operation for a sustainable and long-term reservoir system planning and management. Insufficient water supply from the reservoir especially during dry season could affect the paddy production, consumers and industrial needs. Thus, the aims of this study is to optimise the water releases from the Pedu-Muda reservoirs and at the same time to maximise the water storage for other purposes. The optimisation model that been used comprises the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm type II (NSGA-II) and linear programming (LP) to optimise multi-objectives reservoirs. These comparison performances were evaluated by reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability indices. Results revealed both models were capable to provide sufficient water for the irrigation demand without shortage. Unlike LP, NSGA-II was also successfully to maximise the water storage for another purposes. It provided a set of alternative solutions that were presented in the Pareto optimal curves depending on the climatic pattern. The finding was also supported by the reliability (91.7% excessive water and 8.3% meet the demand), resiliency (100%), and vulnerability (null) indices which better than the LP performances.

SAMSUN’DA ÇELTİK ÜRETİMİ VE PİRİNÇ İMALAT SANAYİ

Rice is one of the most consumed crops in the world. Samsun province is one of the most paddy growing fields in Turkey. Production is concentrated in Yesilirmak and Kizilirmak deltas known as Carsamba and Bafra plains in Samsun. Samsun are third and fourth respectively in terms of rice factory and the count of employees in Turkey. In this study, the geographical conditions of paddy production in Samsun, rice factories that use paddy as raw material; establishment and development pro-cesses, employment situations, potentials, problems and solutions are discussed within the framework of industrial geography principles. In addition, the relations between the rice factories and raw material supply across the Samsun scale, the marketing conditions of the were emphasized, and what else should be done with purpose increase the benefit to the economy of the province and the country by creating more added value has been examined. In the research, industrial estab-lishments were determined that operate in the production of rice in Samsun prov-ince. Face-to-face survey and interviews were conducted with them. For this pur-pose, It has been tried to prove the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of rice industrial establishments in Samsun by using SWOT and TOWS analysis methods.

Comparison performances of the optimisation models for the multi-objectives reservoir

The reservoir systems require a continuous development tools in the optimal operation for a sustainable and long-term reservoir system planning and management. Insufficient water supply from the reservoir especially during dry season could affect the paddy production, consumers and industrial needs. Thus, the aims of this study is to optimise the water releases from the Pedu-Muda reservoirs and at the same time to maximise the water storage for other purposes. The optimisation model that been used comprises the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm type II (NSGA-II) and linear programming (LP) to optimise multi-objectives reservoirs. These comparison performances were evaluated by reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability indices. Results revealed both models were capable to provide sufficient water for the irrigation demand without shortage. Unlike LP, NSGA-II was also successfully to maximise the water storage for another purposes. It provided a set of alternative solutions that were presented in the Pareto optimal curves depending on the climatic pattern. The finding was also supported by the reliability (91.7% excessive water and 8.3% meet the demand), resiliency (100%), and vulnerability (null) indices which better than the LP performances.

A Systematic Assessment of Paddy Losses at Various Stages from Harvest to Storage in the State of Goa

Paddy, the main field crop of Goa, is not profitable due to small and fragmented landholdings, inaccessible fields, lack of farm work force and mechanization. A study was conducted to assess the post-harvest practices and losses of paddy in Goa using the methodology developed by AICRP-PHT, ICAR to estimate losses by enquiry and actual observation methods. The study indicated that traditional methods of manual harvesting, threshing, winnowing, sun-drying on road side, parboiling in brass pots and storage in woven polybags with Vitex negundo (lingur leaves) or neem leaves for unprocessed paddy and boric powder for milled rice, were practiced in the state during 2011-13 with a slight shift towards mechanization during 2013-15. Most of the rice mills in Goa needed modernization and product diversification. Data indicated total losses of 19.26±14.63 % and 11.31±12.09 % by enquiry, and 5.92±2.62 % and 9.04±9.74 % (excluding parboiling by observation) in various unit operations of paddy production in the year 2011-13 and 2013-15, respectively. No on-farm value addition by farmers was practiced. Interventions in terms of infrastructure and mechanization, sensitization through trainings on modern methods of harvesting, processing, value addition, and improved storage methods are required to reduce the postharvest losses in Goa, and ensure better profit margin for farmers.

A Systematic Assessment of Paddy Losses at Various Stages from Harvest to Storage in the State of Goa

Paddy, the main field crop of Goa, is not profitable due to small and fragmented landholdings, inaccessible fields, lack of farm work force and mechanization. A study was conducted to assess the post-harvest practices and losses of paddy in Goa using the methodology developed by AICRP-PHT, ICAR to estimate losses by enquiry and actual observation methods. The study indicated that traditional methods of manual harvesting, threshing, winnowing, sun-drying on road side, parboiling in brass pots and storage in woven polybags with Vitex negundo (lingur leaves) or neem leaves for unprocessed paddy and boric powder for milled rice, were practiced in the state during 2011-13 with a slight shift towards mechanization during 2013-15. Most of the rice mills in Goa needed modernization and product diversification. Data indicated total losses of 19.26±14.63 % and 11.31±12.09 % by enquiry, and 5.92±2.62 % and 9.04±9.74 % (excluding parboiling by observation) in various unit operations of paddy production in the year 2011-13 and 2013-15, respectively. No on-farm value addition by farmers was practiced. Interventions in terms of infrastructure and mechanization, sensitization through trainings on modern methods of harvesting, processing, value addition, and improved storage methods are required to reduce the postharvest losses in Goa, and ensure better profit margin for farmers.

Empirical Analysis of Awareness and Adoption of Paddy Production Technologies in Thiruvannamalai District

Empirical Analysis of Awareness and Adoption of Paddy Production Technologies in Thiruvannamalai District

Paddy Supply Chain: A Case of Paddy Industry in Kelantan

The production of paddy and the supply of rice to the consumers should not be viewed as separate segments but as a series of linked segments within a supply chain model. It involved of both upstream and downstream linkages. Each linkage has different processes and activities that produce different value and form of products and services before it reaches to the final customer or consumer. The paddy supply chain in Kelantan starts with the paddy producers (farmers), to the rice millers, then to the traders who will hand it to the wholesale traders, and lastly to the final consumers. A strong linkage between actors in every stage of supply chain can guarantee a competitive production and efficient distribution of paddy and rice from farmers to the final consumers.

Combine Harvester: Impact on paddy production in Bangladesh

Due to migration of agricultural labor in non-farm sectors and increasing climate vulnerability it is a great challenge to keep pace of food production for the exponential growth of population in Bangladesh. For following the traditional paddy harvesting methods, significant amount of field losses has been occurred in every year. The study was conducted to evaluate performance of combine harvester in comparison to manual harvesting of paddy and identify the impact on agricultural production system in Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted at Wazirpur Upazila of Barisal district during Aman-2018 paddy harvesting using a combine harvester and also, manual harvesting was conducted at the same location. Financial analysis of combine harvester over manual method was carried out for comparison. Cost savings in mechanical harvesting of paddy were found 57.61% for using combine harvester over manual harvesting. Similarly, labors savings for using combine harvester was found 70% over manual harvesting. The estimated BCR of combine harvester is found 1.55. The break-even use of combine harvester is 35 ha/yr which indicates a combine harvester must operate above 35 ha/yr to have profit. The combine harvester will run on fully profit basis if it could be used after that minimum hectares. The average total harvesting losses (including harvesting, threshing and cleaning) were also found 1.61% and 6.08% for using combine harvester and manual harvesting, respectively. The losses of paddy will be reduced 4.47% using combine harvester over manual harvesting. The above results revealed that manual harvesting is a labor and cost involving system. On the other hand, mechanical harvester like combine harvester is a time, labor and cost saving system along with reducing harvesting losses. As a result, total paddy production might be increased, and which will help to contribute significantly to the development of livelihood status of rural community of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 583–591, 2019

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI MINAPADI DI KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO

The demand of paddy commodity is high, so paddy productivity needs to be increased. One way to increase productivity is land diversification through minapadi. Sukoharjo Regency is one of the development sites of Minapadi. The transition from the paddy monoculture system to minapadi provides a change for farmers both from technical cultivation, inputs, costs and income. This research aims to analyze net income of minapadi and paddy monoculture, profitability of minapadi dan paddy monoculture, comparation between net income of minapadi and paddy monoculture, comparation between profitability of minapadi and paddy monoculture, and analyze comparation between profitability of minapadi with bank deposit rate. Research method is sencus with 33 repondents who applied minapadi and previoudly carried out paddy monoculture. The research was conducted in November-Desember 2018 in the Gatak and Tawangsari District, Sukoharjo Region. Data were collected by interview using quetionnaires. Data were analyzed by net income analyze and profitability analyze. Hypothesis testing by paired sample t test and one sample t test. The results showed that net income of minapadi (IDR 11,417,133/season/4,152 m2) greater than net income of paddy monoculture (IDR 7,564,842/season/4,152 m2), minapadi profitability (77.69%) and paddy monoculture profitability (142.86%) was a significant different. Profitability of minapadi is greater than bank deposit rate (5.5%).

Characteristics of Soil Fertility Affecting the Rice Fields Productivity in Bogor Regency

The purpose of this study was to determine the parameters of soil fertility in rice fields and the effect of soil fertility on paddy productivity in Bogor Regency. This research was conducted in the districts of Cileungsi, Darmaga and Leuwiliang, Bogor Regency. The location selection was done deliberately based on the location of rice production facilities with Ciherang and Inpari varieties. Sampling was conducted at several sampling points at each location. Each sub-district was taken 8 samples or 24 in total, then analyzed in the laboratory. Data processing using multiple regression with a dummy. The results showed that the soil in Bogor Regency was generally acidic, where soil fertility characteristics with organic C content were low to moderate, nitrogen was very low to moderate, P was low to high, K was very low to moderate, CEC was moderate to high, and saturation bases (KB) are moderate to high. Soil biology, namely total bacteria, total fungi, total solvent P bacteria, Azotobacter sp., And Rhizobium sp. Are generally low to moderate. Variable characteristics of soil fertility in the form of organic C, Nitrogen (N), K2O HCl 25%, and CEC significantly influence rice productivity. Soil fertility in the three districts is almost the same and does not affect the productivity of rice fields. While the productivity of rice fields with Inpari varieties is higher than those grown by Ciherang varieties. To increase the productivity of rice fields in Bogor Regency, it is recommended to plant Inpari variety rice by applying N fertilizer

Assessing Profitability, Marketing Activities and Problems in Modern Rice Production in Two Northern Districts of Bangladesh

This study estimated the cost and revenue of BRRI dhan 28 productions in two districts namely, Bogura and Gaibandha in Bangladesh. The paper also identifies farmers marketing activity and their production problems. Primary data were collected from 60 farm household’s survey using pretested semi-structured questionnaire during November to December, 2017. Farm level production and profitability were analysed by using net farm incomes and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) taking into account the variable cost and total cost. Applying descriptive statistics, the analysis showed that total cost of paddy production was higher in Bogura (BDT 44,555.3/acre) compared that of Gaibandha (BDT 42,199.5/acre) while net farm income was higher in Gaibandha (BDT 32992.2/acre) than Bogura (BDT 32475.9/acre). The analysis further showed that paddy production was profitable in both districts. BCR on the basis of variable cost and total cost indicated that return from paddy production was higher than cost which also ensures farmers profit in paddy production in both the districts. According to farmers’ opinion, disease infestation was the major production problem in Bogura district while both disease attack and natural calamities were the major production problems in Gaibandha district. Farmers’ suggested to reduce the cost of pesticides and they need marketing facilities to sell their product. They also suggested to establish cold storage facilities which create the opportunity to get fair price for their product.
 The Agriculturists 2019; 17(1-2) 31-40

A study on replacement rate of paddy (<em>Oryza sativa</em>) seed in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh

Paddy is one of the most important stable food crop grown and consumed by the population of Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh. In general, farmers of the district growing paddy under the irrigated condition and farmers were getting lower crop yield due to the non-adoption of improved agronomic practices for paddy production including less seed replacement. The seed replacement of crop can enhance the crop production by 10-20 per cent without any change of other inputs of crop production. Present study was an attempt to find out the seed replacement rate in Chandauli districts of Uttar Pradesh. The standard rate of seed required for paddy is 40-45 kg per hectare depending on the crop variety and location. For the estimation of total paddy demand in Chandauli district, we considered two paddy seed rate i.e. 40 kg (standard seed rate) and 60 kg (as farmers’ point of view) per hectare. Total seed requirement for the paddy under the both seed rate was estimated to be 17352 and 26028 quintal under both seed rate respectively during 2016-17. The gap between standard seed rate (40 kg per hectare) and farmers’ point of view (60 quintal per hectare) was estimated to be 7623 and 16299 quintal respectively during 2016-17.

Pedogeomorphological Categorization of Selected Soils in Mbogo - Komtonga Irrigation Scheme, Mvomero District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania

Pedogeomorphological categorization of selected soil profiles developed on alluvial deposits in Mbogo - Komtonga traditional irrigation scheme, Mvomero District in Morogoro Region, was carried out during February 2017. Using standard grids, pedogeomorphic approach and standard manuals, detailed soil survey was conducted which enabled delineation of soil mapping units from which the representative profiles were identified, described and sampled. Eighteen samples were collected at a depth of 0–30 cm and from each horizon of the selected soil Master pits and analyzed for physico – chemical characterization. Based on FAO soil survey system of classification, the representative profiles were classified as Eutric Fluvisols and/or Eutric Cambisols. The pedon was deep to moderately deep, well to moderately well drained, with brownish black clay top soils or dull yellowish brown soil colors with sub soils stratified with fS, C, CL and SCL. Top soil pH was strongly to medium acid to medium or slightly acid sub soils. OC showed no decline in soil quality. N was very low to low, P and K levels were medium to low or very low; CEC was high to very high in all the profiles. Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the top soils were high to very high and very low or low to medium in the sub soils. Na+ was rated as low to medium in the top soils of all profiles and low to very low in the sub soils. Base saturation was > 50% and was rated as high. Topsoil Bd and total porosity were ideal to medium. AWC was medium and water storage capacity (AWSC) was good and sufficient for paddy production and other upland crops. These results suggest that where the soil parameters were low to very low as for N, P and SOM should be included in the overall soil fertility management program. Soil reaction may be regulated during irrigation development by provision of sufficient drainage, discharge and flood control structures and minimum application of lime if required.

The Nexus of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agriculture Sector: Case of Turkey and China

Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.

Sustainability Assessment of Wetland Rice Farming in Sri Lanka: A Case Study in Kaduwela Wetland Ecosystem

Achieving sustainability in farming systems which are in close connection with natural ecosystems is a challenging task for farmers, researchers and policy makers. There is long history for use of floodplains for agriculture, due to their high fertility created by regular flooding events. Kaduwela wetland ecosystem is such floodplain which is situated in Colombo district. Paddy is the most prominent cultivation in this area and intensive farming practices hence has led to continuous reduction of sustainability and natural biodiversity of this wetland ecosystem. The objective of the study is therefore to calculate a total sustainability index (TSI) for the paddy farmers with social, economic and environmental components. A household survey using a pre-tested questionnaire was conducted among randomly selected 100 paddy farmers from Dedigamuwa Grama Niladhari Division of Kaduwela Divisional Secretariat Division. Key informant interviews were also conducted to collect information. Thirteen different indicators were developed to analyse economic, social and environmental sustainability. These data were used to derive an Economic Efficiency Index (EEI), Social Security Index (SSI) and an Environmental Security Index (ESI). Total Sustainability Index (TSI) was calculated finally combining all indices. According to the results only 3% (TSI>0.5) of paddy farmers were totally sustainable within the system. Overall results emphasized that only 13%, 8% and 4% of paddy farmers respectively were economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. Further, as a result of continuous reduction of paddy productivity and higher labour cost, 87% of paddy farmers were economically vulnerable while overuse of fertilizers and agrochemicals has lead to reduction of environmental sustainability of the system. Lack of proper extension services and poor women involvement in agriculture has lead 92% of paddy farmers towards the social vulnerability. The study concludes that lack of adequate knowledge on sustainable farming systems and unfamiliarity with resource conserving practices negatively related to less adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Finally the study suggest that government support and intervention in agricultural advisory services can serve as an engine to promote sustainability in paddy production while conserving the natural characteristics of this wetland ecosystem. Keywords: Paddy farming, Sustainability index, Wetland ecosystem

Transition pathways for Malaysian paddy farmers to sustainable agricultural practices: An integrated exhibiting tactics to adopt Green fertilizer

Sustainable agriculture mainly depends on the efforts and abilities of farmers that depend on the rational decisions and actions taken by them with the help of their practical knowledge and information. Recent advances in the field of nanomaterials such as graphene possess the significant potential benefits for both agriculture and the environment. Therefore, for promoting sustainable agriculture farmer’s outlook needs to be more towards the social approach rather a technocratic approach. The purpose of this research is to examine paddy grower’s perception of productive paddy farming in peninsular Malaysia. So, for this study, a sample of 74 paddy farmers had adopted to have their insights and opinions about predefined sustainable practices of farming. Altogether 86 items were factor analysed and eventually, there are five main factors, policy, namely, environmental, economic and social and communication which was acknowledged to construct a perception of sustainability by considering the sustainable agricultural practices among Malaysian paddy farmers insights were characterized mainly into three groups like low, medium and high-level insights. This was considered as the dependent variable of the ordered research model, whereas socioeconomic characteristics and communication behaviour variables were used as a variable. The results of this research model reflected that communication channels, environmental factors, socio-psychological, socioeconomic aspect, and innovation attributes education level, age, participation in farming events and productive using of knowledge the perception of sustainable farming lead to the adoption of GFT among Malaysian paddy farmers. The government should be more focused towards policy linked with the issues like illegal paddy entry, plus social elements such as increasing the level of socialization and communication between stakeholders, researchers, a scientist in the region and giving out some special programs related to farming.

A Higher Order Fuzzy Logic Model with Genetic Algorithm Used to Predict the Rice Production in India

Forecasting paddy production is considered as a difficult problem in the real world due to in deterministic behavior of the nature. Specifically, rice production is forecasted for a leading year for overall planning of the crop, utilization of the agricultural resources and the rice production management. Likewise, the key challenge of the forecasting rice production is to create a realistic model that can able to handle the critical time series data and forecast with minor error. Prognostication of the Future data is highly correlated with the time series data set. If the accuracy of your prediction is more appropriate, then the value of the forecast will improve as well. This paper represents a new technique depends on Higher Order Fuzzy Logical Relationship. Here, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used to estimate the errors of predicted data. historical data relating to the rice production of 1981 to 2003 is used as secondary data and the error of the predicted data is further reduced using different soft computing technique.

Determinants of Farm Productivity in Flood Prone area: A Study in Dhemaji District of Assam

Floods have threatened the agricultural productivity in Assam every year. Quality of soil, which is one of the important factors, that determines the production and income of farm, has been damaged by flood. Various study and secondary data reveal that deposition of sand due to flood has negative impact on farm productivity. This paper tries to investigate the impact of flood induced sand deposition and other factors on farm productivity in Dhemaji district, one of the mostly flood effected area of Assam. The study is based on primary survey which included 10 flood effected villages and 276 agricultural plots for testing the quality of soil. After testing the soil quality, the paper attempts to establish the relationship between quality of soil and paddy productivity. To identify the factors affecting the productivity of the paddy and estimate the damage due to flood induced sand deposition, the study used regression models by taking productivity of paddy as dependent variable. The regression model is estimated using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. In order to ensure the validity of OLS results, this study also tested a Tobit model. Results of the paper revealed that sand deposition created huge damage to the paddy fields and poor agricultural outcomes from the degraded lands were forcing people to look for other livelihood and opportunities.