Paddy Husk Ash Research Articles

Evaluation of three inert materials in controlling Cowpea weevil (<em>Callasobruchus maculatus</em> F.) on stored cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculate</em> L.)

Eco-friendly inert materials can be achieved minimizing insect damages, this study was conducted to explore the efficacy of the three inert materials at 20% (w/w) paddy husk ash (PHA), fine dry sea salt and tiny bricks against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata) on the basis of adulticidal effects and asses the influence against germination losses of the seeds. The result exhibited a significant difference (p≤ 0.0001) in their level of weevil attack during the storage. Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment followed by dry salt it was observed 94% at the 5th day whereas, tiny bricks killed only 20% weevils as untreated control until 5th day after the treatment. Further, PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37) and also there were recorded 0.03% weight loss and zero percent germination losses proving it to be best protectant on stored cowpea. However, significantly (p≤ 0.0001) any adverse effects that, egg laying capacity and new progeny production did not visible in dry salt up to 90 days after the treatments except minimize the germination loss. Among the inert materials used, tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds. Considering it was noticed tiny bricks treated seeds significantly equivalence with the level of damage by the weevil C. maculatus in untreated control on stored cowpea.

Enhancing agricultural output: Investigating the impact of advanced organic formulations on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency, and profitability in a multi-crop system

The significance of integrating agricultural by-products such as paddy husk ash (PHA) and potato peels with organic fertilizers lies in enhancing soil fertility, increasing crop yields, and reducing reliance on traditional organic fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM) or compost alone. Grounded in sustainable agriculture and nutrient management frameworks, this study examines the impact of diverse formulations derived from agricultural waste on productivity, nutrient efficiency, and profitability in a pigeon pea–vegetable mustard–okra cropping system. A two-year field experiment (2020–2022) at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi tested seven nutrient sources viz., (T1) control, (T2) 100% RDN through FYM, (T3) 100% RDN through improved RRC, (T4) 100% RDN through PHA based formulation, (T5) 75% RDN through PHA based formulation, (T6) 100% RDN through PPC based formulation and (T7) 75% RDN through PPC based formulation that were tested in RBD and replicated thrice. Treatment T4 had significant effect on seed yield of pigeon pea (1.89 ± 0.09 and 1.97 ± 0.12 t ha−1), leaf yield of vegetable mustard (81.57 ± 4.59 and 82.97 ± 4.17 t ha−1), and fruit yield of okra (13.54 ± 0.82 and 13.78 ± 0.81 t ha−1) grown in rotation, followed by treatment T6 and T2 during both the years respectively over control. Enhanced system uptake of N, P and K along with system gross and net returns in T4, showed increases of 78.9%, 83.8%, 72.4%, 54.4% and 56.8% in the first year and 77.5%, 80.8%, 77.7%, 54.8% and 57.4% in the second year, respectively, over control. Treatment T4 significantly improved apparent recovery by 66.3% and 69.2% in pigeon pea, 64.7% and 47.9% in vegetable mustard, and 72.7% and 79.4% in okra over T3, averaged across two years. Based on the above findings, (T4) 100% RDN through PHA-based formulation, and (T6) 100% RDN through PPC-based formulation can be recommended for areas with a shortage of FYM but availability of rice husk ash/potato peels for sustainable agricultural wastes and improved sustainability.

Optimizing agricultural sustainability: enriched organic formulations for growth, yield, and soil quality in a multi-crop system.

Utilizing agricultural and industrial wastes, potent reservoirs of nutrients, for nourishing the soil and crops through composting embodies a sustainable approach to waste management and organic agriculture. To investigate this, a 2-year field experiment was conducted at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, focusing on a pigeon pea-vegetable mustard-okra cropping system. Seven nutrient sources were tested, including a control (T1), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farmyard manure (T2), 100% RDN through improved rice residue compost (T3), 100% RDN through a paddy husk ash (PHA)-based formulation (T4), 75% RDN through PHA-based formulation (T5), 100% RDN through a potato peel compost (PPC)-based formulation (T6), and 75% RDN through PPC-based formulation (T7). Employing a randomized block design with three replications, the results revealed that treatment T4 exhibited the significantly highest seed (1.89 ± 0.09 and 1.97 ± 0.12 t ha-1) and stover (7.83 ± 0.41 and 8.03 ± 0.58 t ha-1) yield of pigeon pea, leaf yield (81.57 ± 4.69 and 82.97 ± 4.17 t ha-1) of vegetable mustard, and fruit (13.54 ± 0.82 and 13.78 ± 0.81 t ha-1) and stover (21.64 ± 1.31 and 22.03 ± 1.30 t ha-1) yield of okra during both study years compared to the control (T1). Treatment T4 was on par with T2 and T6 for seed and stover yield in pigeon pea, as well as okra, and leaf yield in vegetable mustard over both years. Moreover, T4 demonstrated notable increase of 124.1% and 158.2% in NH4-N and NO3-N levels in the soil, respectively, over the control. The enhanced status of available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil, coupled with increased soil organic carbon (0.41%), total bacteria population (21.1%), fungi (37.2%), actinomycetes (44.6%), and microbial biomass carbon (28.5%), further emphasized the positive impact of T4 compared to the control. Treatments T2 and T6 exhibited comparable outcomes to T4 concerning changes in available N, P, soil organic carbon, total bacteria population, fungi, actinomycetes, and microbial biomass carbon. In conclusion, treatments T4 and T6 emerge as viable sources of organic fertilizer, particularly in regions confronting farmyard manure shortages. These formulations offer substantial advantages, including enhanced yield, soil quality improvement, and efficient fertilizer utilization, thus contributing significantly to sustainable agricultural practices.

Exploring the potential of enhanced organic formulations for boosting crop productivity, nutrient utilization efficiency, and profitability in baby corn-kabuli gram-vegetable cowpea cropping system

The preparation of enriched formulation by integrating of agricultural wastes such as paddy husk ash (PHA) and potato peel with organic fertilizer such as farmyard manure (FYM), compost can enrich the soil with essential plant nutrients, leading to higher yields in subsequent crops and potentially reducing the dependence on farmyard manure/compost alone. However, there is lack of adequate research findings regarding the impact of different formulations generated from agricultural waste on productivity, nutrient utilization efficiency and profitability of baby corn-kabuli gram-vegetable cowpea cropping system. Therefore, a two-year field experiment (2020–2022) was conducted ICAR-IARI, New Delhi with baby corn-kabuli gram-vegetable cowpea cropping system. Seven nutrient sources were tested in Randomized Block Design and replicate thrice.The results showed that treatment T4 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through PHA based formulation) had significant effect on crop yield grown in rotation, followed by treatment T6 (100% RDN through potato peel compost (PPC) based formulation) and T2 (100% RDN through FYM). The increase in yield was 75.0, 44.3 and 33.1% during first year and 72.6, 45.9 and 31.0% during second year, respectively, over control. Treatment T4 also significantly enhanced system uptake of N, P and K as well as system gross returns and net returns, resulting in 65.6, 84.9, 69.5, 50.7 and 55.2% higher returns during first year and 68.6, 80.5, 73.9, 50.0 and 54.2% higher returns during second year, respectively, over control. Furthermore, treatment T4 significantly improved agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and apparent recovery by 151.6 and 2.0% in baby corn, 74.2 and 1.5% in kabuli gram, 55.7 and 13.9% in veg cowpea over T7, respectively, averaged across two years of study. Based on these results, it is recommended to adopt (T4) 100% RDN through PHA based formulation, and (T6) 100% RDN through PPC based formulation in the area with a shortage of FYM but with the availability of rice husk ash or pototo peels for sustainable utilization of the agricultural wastes and improving the agricultural sustainability.

An Overview of Natural Inert Dust Utilization Against Stored-Product Pests as Part of Integrated Pest Management

Natural inert dust has been used as a grain protectant since the ancient Aztecs of Mexico to this modern era. Natural inert dust is divided into three groups: the first group includes sand, kaolin, paddy husk ash, wood ash, and clay; the second group includes mineral dust; and the third group includes natural silicas such as diatomaceous earth and zeolite. Natural inert dust has a unique mechanism for killing insect pests. Inert dust particles penetrate the insects’ exoskeleton, causing dehydration through the cuticle. Relative humidity is a crucial factor affecting the efficacy of inert dust application. Inert dust has been traditionally used by farmers, which impacts the insects, such as decreasing population, no insect resistance, and being environmentally friendly. Problems of using inert dust include visible residues on grain, airborne dust, reduced flowability, bulk density reduction, and adverse effects on downstream processing machinery. Moreover, inert dust is a very light product, thus it may cause human respiratory illness. The inert dust can be applied to the smaller or larger storage containers. Natural silica can be readily integrated into modern agriculture as a pest management solution.

Effect of enriched FYM and rice residue compost on growth, productivity and economics of pigeonpea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>)

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the research farm of ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to evaluate the performance of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] as affected by enriched organic formulations. The experiment comprised of seven nutrient sources, viz. control; 100% RDN through FYM; 100% RDN through improved RRC (Rice Residue Compost); 100% RDN through PHA (Paddy Husk Ash) enriched FYM; 75% RDN through PHA enriched FYM; 100% RDN through PPC (Potato Peel Compost) enriched FYM; and 75% RDN through PPC enriched FYM that were tested in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Significantly higher number of pods per plant was observed with the application of 100% RDN through PHA enriched FYM over control during both the years of study. The same treatment resulted into statistically higher yields of seed (1.89; 1.97 t/ha) and stover (7.83; 8.03 t/ha) over control and remained at par with 100% RDN through PPC enriched FYM and FYM during both the years. Results further indicated that highest gross returns, net returns and net B:C ratio (₹121.2 × 103 and 131.9 × 103/ha; ₹94.9 × 103 and 104.6 × 103/ha; 3.60 and 3.84) were obtained with 100% RDN through PHA enriched FYM over control and remain at par with treatment 100% RDN through PPC enriched FYM and FYM. Significantly maximum amount of available N in soil after harvest of pigeonpea crop was obtained under application of 100% RDN through PPC enriched FYM (229.1 and 231.9 kg/ha) over control. Further, application of 100% RDN through RRC showed superiority in increasing the available K (264.9 and 265.0 kg/ha) content in soil over control and other nutrient sources during both the years.

Eco-friendly Approach for the Management of Rust Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on Wheat Grains

Background: Wheat is the major cereal crop occupying an eminent place in economy of our country. About 10-15% wheat is lost annually due to ravages of stored grains pests during storage. The principal stored grain pest of wheat is red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) which is a cosmopolitan and most serious pest. Methods: The present investigation was carried out in the Entomology Laboratory during 2020-2021, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal to investigate eco-friendly management of rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum on wheat grains by using different inert materials viz., paddy straw, paddy husk ash, cow dung ash, coal ash, sand dust, saw dust, boric acid and one untreated control with the dose of 1.5 gm/100 gm of wheat grains. Result: The results showed that the boric acid exhibited 100 per cent adult mortality of T. castaneum within 5 days after treatment. Afterwards the next best treatment was cow dung ash, coal ash shows the very effective in treatment in the adult emergence and grain weight loss. Whereas, saw dust shows the least effective treatment in the controlling adult emergence.

Evaluation of Soil Ameliorants on Immature and Mature Oil Palms in Acidic Peat

Although peat soil has a low pH range of 3.2 to 3.8 units, it remains unclear whether this is a major constraint to oil palm cultivation, as the cultivar is known to tolerate fairly high levels of acidity without any serious adverse effects. Earlier work on liming and acidity correction has often given conflicting and sometimes, even negative results. In view of the latter, two trials were established to evaluate a number of soil ameliorants and their impact if any, on the growth and yield of newly planted and young mature palms in deep acidic peat. This paper summarises results over a 7- year evaluation period. Of the four ameliorants evaluated on newly planted seedlings in trial no.1, limestone dust (LSD) was the most effective in correcting acidity, raising the soil pH from 3.6 to 5.4 - 6.1 units in the top 30 cm of soil. Despite the significant improvement in soil pH, no advantage in nutrient uptake, palm growth and fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield was recorded over unlimed control plots. In contrast, oil palm bunch ash (BA), eucalyptus fly ash (EFA) and paddy husk ash (PHA) had a smaller impact on soil acidity, but increased FFB yield from 2 per cent to 9 per cent, of which BA was the most effective, especially at the higher rate of application (9.0 kg/palm/year). One negative aspect of acidity amelioration is its impact on peat subsidence. Being highly caustic, application of LSD and BA accelerated decomposition and mineralisation of the peat, increasing subsidence rates by as much as 1.0 cm per annum. In trial no.2 which evaluated two potash sources [muriate of potash (MOP) and BA] on young mature palms, only annual applications of BA significantly improved soil pH, requiring up to 9.0 kg per palm per year to improve and maintain top soil pH above 5.0 units. BA was also superior to MOP in improving soil fertility, particularly the levels of exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium and also significantly reduced the concentration of free aluminium ions and aluminium saturation to low or negligible levels. Although BA ameliorated soil acidity and significantly improved soil fertility, no significant differences in FFB yield were recorded between BA and MOP. With MOP, response to fertiliser inputs was linear, highest yield being achieved with 6.0 kg per palm per year. In contrast, no significant differences were recorded between the different BA rates applied, with 4.50 kg per palm per year producing the same yield response as the highest rate of 11.25 kg per palm per year. For peat soil, BA appeared to be the more efficient K source, as it could attain the same yield as MOP, but at lower K inputs. As peat is reported to be very deficient in silica, it is suspected that any positive responses elicited by application of ash products (which have high silica content) could be a response to silica rather than correction in soil acidity. However, as no soil, foliar and product analysis was carried out for silica content in both trials, the latter will remain a hypothesis until proven otherwise. Trials are currently underway to evaluate the impact of silica on oil palm growth and yield in peat soils. Keywords: Acidity, bunch ash, oil palm, peat, soil amelioration.

The Effect of the Medium and the Variety on the Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) Grown in a Polybag

Shallot is an important spice and seasoning in Indonesia. It is consumed almost daily in many dishes. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of the medium and the variety on the yield of shallots grown in a polybag. The experiments were arranged in a two-factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors were medium (1 soil: 1 paddy husk ash and 1 soil: 1 compost) and variety (Agrihorti 1 and Mentes). Data were statistically analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the means were compared using Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) at P < 0.05. There was no interaction between medium and variety. Overall, all treatments did not significantly affect yield. Varieties were significant differences on bulb diameter; however, they were not significant differences on bulb height, fresh bulb weight per polybag, and bulb number per polybag. Those media are considered as precise media due to they contain organic materials.

LIMBAH TULANG HEWAN SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGGANTI TAMBAHAN CAMPURAN BETON

Concrete is material with satisfy compressive strength, malleable, easily produced, rigid, and economical. This research uses alternative materials in process of mixing concrete environmentally friendly. One alternative used are waste animal bones. The use of this animal bone as a alternative coarse aggregate material for the concrete mixture. This is because the amount of animal bone waste in Indonesia is very much and has not been exploited thoroughly. It can suppress natural damage figures due to wild rock abatting. The purpose of this research is, want to increase the quality of concrete with the added material and animal bones, minimizing the waste of animal bones, creating innovations in the development of environmentally friendly. And the benefits that can be gained from this, for upgrade quality concrete, The latest innovations in the utilization of hard and lightweight animal bone waste are assessed to absorb/substitute coarse aggregate use so that it will affect the weight of concrete, With the use of other added materials such as paddy husk ash and red cement whose characterisiticity almost resembles Portland cement, it can absorb the use of Portland cement in concrete and can be a reference or recommendation for Development in Indonesia that is environmentally friendly. This research uses free variables with the red cement waste brick by 30% & 50% of cement usage, paddy husk ash 20%, and animal bones 15%. In this research, the experimental method was making 4 samples of concrete test objects (15x30) that would be tested in heavy and solid tests at the age of 7.14, and 28 days. From the results of this research in obtaining the weight of concrete using the waste of animal bones is lighter than the weight of normal concrete because of the weight of bone type is much lighter than the rough aggregate in general. The addition of bones in the concrete mixture can reach 89% of the achievement target to produce strong press 35MPa. But the use of pozolan cement can’t be used exceeding 30% of its mixing, because stickiness from pozolan cement not entirely the same as ordinary Portland cement.Keywords: Bones, Concrete Mixture

Adsorption of As(V) from Water over a Hydroxyl-Alumina Modified Paddy Husk Ash Surface and Its Sludge Immobilization

Arsenic (As) is considered as one of the most hazardous elements found in the groundwater. It is present in water in both arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) forms. On exposure for a considerable length of time to water having As concentration above the maximum permissible limit of 10 μg/L, there is a serious threat of developing various health problems including cancer. There is frequent reporting about the development of different newer methods for the removal of arsenic from water. In this present approach, a low-cost product namely modified paddy husk ash (PHA) was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of arsenic from water. The adsorbent is important from the point of its easy availability in the tropical paddy producing countries. For improved removal efficiency and disposal of spent adsorbent, the surface of the PHA was activated with an aluminum oligomeric solution called as hydroxyl-alumina. To understand the process, various techniques such as XRD, SEM–EDS, particle size determination, and zeta potential measurements were used and the effects like variation of adsorbent dose, pH, initial arsenic concentration, and contact time were studied. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were found to be the best fitted adsorption isotherm and kinetic data models respectively thereby confirming the adsorption as a multilayer chemisorption process. Finally, the issue of disposal of the spent sludge through the successful formation of cement clinkers was studied.

Addition of Nano Particles Effect of Rice Husk Ash as a Mixture On The Bricks Strength

This study aims to: 1) Determine the effect of the addition of rice husk ash particles to increase of the quality and composition of stones, 2) Determine the effect of the use of nanoparticles of rice husk ash on compressive strength and tensile strength of bricks, 3) Determine the effect of the use of nano particles paddy husk ash bricks against density. This research method was Carried out by varying the nano-particles of rice husk ash to clay/clay with a variation of (0%, 100%); (5%; 95%); (10%; 90%); (15%; 85%); (20%; 80%). In each sample the strength of the bricks was tested (compressive strength, tensile strength, density). The mixture was printed and dried naturally for 14 days and continued with burning for 3 x 24 hours. Based on the Standardization of SII-0021-1978 bricks compressive strength of 50-5.0 MPa. X-Ray Diffraction analysis is used to identify the crystalline phase in the material to Obtain particle size. The results of X-Ray Diffraction analysis by adding 5% nano-husk ash particles of rice husk or without using nano-husk ash particles of rice husk in clay have the dominant phase of Silica Dioxyde (Quartz) with trigonal crystal structure (hexagonal axes).

Clay stabilization by using gypsum and paddy husk ash with reference to UCT and CBR value

Clays that have low shear strength need to be stabilized in order to meet the technical requirements to serve as a subgrade material. One of the usual soil stabilization methods is by adding chemicals such as Portland cement, lime, and bitumen. The clay stabilization research was done by adding gypsum and paddy husk ash. The research goals were to find out the value of engineering properties of clay due to the addition of 2% gypsum and 2% - 15% paddy husk ash. The soil was classified as Clay – Low Plasticity (CL) based on USCS and was classified as A-7-6 (10) based on AASHTO classification system. The UCT value of original soil was 1.41 kg/cm2. While the CBR soaked and unsoaked values of original soil were 4.41% and 6.23% respectively. The research results showed the addition of paddy husk ash decreased the value of unconfined compressive strength as well as CBR. The stabilized soil by 2% gypsum and 0% paddy husk ash gave maximum UCT value of 1.67 kg/cm2, while the maximum value of CBR were found 6.71% for CBR soaked and 8.00% for CBR unsoaked. The addition of paddy husk ash did not alter the soil classification according to AASHTO or USCS, even degrade the engineering properties of original soil.

Immobilization of fluoride in cement clinkers using hydroxyl‐alumina modified paddy husk ash based adsorbent

AbstractBACKGROUNDPaddy husk ash (PHA) is a commonly available biowaste rich in silica which when coated with oligomeric aluminium hydroxyl species becomes a good adsorbent for the treatment of fluoride‐bearing water. This is due to the high affinity of Al3+ ions towards F‐ ion and the good coating of cationic oligomers over the silica surface. To control the serious environmental problem of post‐adsorption disposal of the sludge produced in the defluoridation process, studies were made to determine whether they can be further used as a raw material or additive for cement preparation.RESULTSThe surface modified PHA was used as a good adsorbent for fluoride and the resulting sludge was used as a cement clinker additive. The clinker formed was found to have the required cementitious phases. Also, on addition of the sludge the clinker formation temperature was lowered from conventional 1450 to 1350 °C, as the presence of Al–F coating over PHA worked as mineraliser. It was observed that the fluoride ion was immobilized in the cement matrix in a form that was difficult to leach out.CONCLUSIONOligomeric aluminium activated PHA acts as a good defluoridising adsorbent which when used for cement clinker formation immobilises the fluoride ion and reduces the clinkerization temperature. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Surface modification of paddy husk ash by hydroxyl-alumina coating to develop an efficient water defluoridation media and the immobilization of the sludge by lime-silica reaction

When fluoride content in the water crosses its permissible limit of 1.5ppm, it causes threat of fluorosis. The current defluoridation technologies are expensive and technologically complicated. Therefore, there is a need for cheap, socially acceptable methods of defluoridation. In this present approach, an improved adsorbent was prepared by surface modification of a locally available bio waste Paddy Husk Ash (PHA) with a soluble aluminium oligomer called as hydroxyl-alumina (OH-Al). Coating of PHA surface with OH-Al provides a good defluoridising composite adsorbent (A-PHA). To know the structure and property relationships of A-PHA, its characterisation was carried out by using techniques like XRD, SEM-EDS, particle size analysis. Also, the effects of various parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, initial fluoride ion concentration, contact time, presence of other interfering anions were studied. Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models were found to be the best fitted adsorption isotherm and kinetic data models respectively for the present process. Continuous mode column adsorption study was also carried out. More importantly the further scope of immobilising the spent adsorbent at low temperature by an economic route of reaction of the generated sludge with lime, to trap it further in the calcium-alumino-silicate hydrated matrix was also studied. Encouraging positive results on fluoride immobilization by sludge-lime reacted product was observed in both leaching as well as the hydration study.

Synthesis of Nanosilica from Paddy Husk Ash and Their Surface Functionalization

Nanosilica was synthesized by a chemical precipitation process from paddy husk ash (PHA) efficiently and effectively. Surface functionalization of the silica nanoparticles was carried out with oleic acid (C18H34O2). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) data showed that the nanosilica particle size was in the range of 50-70 nm and they were in the agglomerate form. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis data revealed that synthesized nanosilica was in amorphous form showing a strong broad peak at 22.14° (2q). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) data supported the presence of hydrogen bonded silanol group and siloxane groups in nanosilica. Surface functionalized nanosilica with oleic acid was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT-IR methods. FT-IR experimental data showed that the modified nanosilica formed the ester bonding between silanol group in nanosilica and the carboxylic group of oleic acid with a successful functionalization.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/josuk.v8i0.7238J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 8 (2013): 33-48

The efficacy of diatomaceous earth in mixed formulation with other dusts and an insecticide against the pulse beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis L. and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

Effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) and other inert dusts (kaolin powder, paddy husk ash, coal ash, alluvial soil, china clay) and a dust formulation insecticide carbaryl have been tested on the pulse beetles Callosobruchus chinensis L. and C. maculatus (F.). The bioassay of the dusts was done on adult beetles by mixing them with normal food (lentil and black gram seeds). The LD50 of the combined doses of mixtures for C. chinensis have been calculated as 12703.57 and 859.36 ppm for DE+ kaolin powder; 2432.78 and 274.00 ppm for DE+ paddy hush ash; 3430.036 and 426.16 ppm for DE+ coal ash; 12563.47 and 652.29 ppm for DE+ alluvial soil; 2242.81 and 325.76 ppm for DE+ china clay; and 21.33 and 14.45 ppm for DE+ carbaryl after 24 and 48 h after treatment respectively. The LD50 of combined doses of different mixtures for C. maculatus have been calculated as 3640.65 and 503.74 ppm for DE+ kaolin powder; 54946.68 and 987.2394 ppm for DE + paddy hush ash; 61029.04 and 3229.436 ppm for DE+ coal ash; 61029 and 4265.599 ppm for DE+ alluvial soil; 4648.786 and 642.278 ppm for DE+ china clay; and 24.12017 and 15.47023 ppm for DE+ carbaryl after 24 and 48 h after treatment respectively. The co-toxicity coefficient has been calculated and all ratios showed synergistic action. The highest co-toxicity coefficient was recorded as 88885.15 and 92107.22 in DE+ carbaryl at 24 and 48 h after treatment for C. chinensis and 78615.55 and 86004.88 in DE+ carbaryl at 24 and 48 h after treatment for C. maculatus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15436Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 73-78

Paddy husk ash as a source of potassium for growth and yield of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L.)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of paddy husk ash as a source of potassium on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The treatments included recommended rate (0.075 ton/ha) of muriate of potash as a control (T1) and application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 1.5 (T2), 2.5 (T3), 3.5 (T4) and 4.5 (T5) tons/ha. This experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in sandy regosol. The agronomic parameters were recorded at regular intervals. Result revealed that there were no significant differences among treatments especially for number of seeds and dry weights of leaves, stem and root. However, number of nodules, number of pods, dry weight of pod and 100 seed weight were significantly varied among treatments. It was further noted that application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 4.5 tons/ha gave high yield (1.44 tons/ha) followed by T1 (1.42 tons/ha) and T4 (1.35 tons/ha). The application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 4.5 tons/ha is suitable for obtaining high yield of cowpea in sandy regosol. Hence paddy husk ash could be used as a source of potassium in cowpea cultivation due to the potential constraint of chemical fertilizer and the benefits of organic farming in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Cowpea; paddy husk ash; potassium; yield; fertilizer DOI: 10.4038/jas.v4i2.1646 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009, vol. 4, no. 2 pp.67-76

KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN ABU SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI SUMBER LISTRIK

<p>This research aims on measuring and knowing the electricity current resulted from husk-ash. The husk-ash is the remainder of burning process which contains inorganic compound. Because of this compound, husk-ash can produce electricity. The husk-ash used in this research is made of burned paddy trunks; the research used simple electro-chemistry method (primary cell). In the analyzing process, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are used. While the parameters are electrodes distance, width of the electrodes and items amount variation. The result is that there is electricity current produced from the paddy husk-ash, with a requirement the smaller distance between the electrodes, the wider the size of the electrodes and the more the amount of the items, the electricity will be and the longer its ability to store the electricity.</p>

Zeolite ZSM-5 from Paddy Husk Ash with and without Template

Zeolite ZSM-5 from Paddy Husk Ash with and without Template