Paddle Wheel Research Articles

A study on the formation of the nitro radical anion by ornidazole and its significant decrease in a structurally characterized binuclear Cu(II)-complex: impact in biology.

An acetate-bridged binuclear Cu((II)) complex of the antiparasitic drug ornidazole was synthesized and characterized by different techniques. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the complex had a paddle wheel structure. Enzymatic assay experiments performed under anaerobic conditions on ornidazole and its Cu((II))-complex using xanthine oxidase as a model nitro-reductase showed that complex formation is able to cause a significant decrease in the reduction of the nitro group on the imidazole ring. Reduction products of 5-nitroimidazoles interact with DNA, causing destruction of the double helical structure and strands, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Although not directly coordinated to the metal center, such a decrease in the generation of nitro radical anion through complex formation would result in decreased cytotoxicity of the complex, which could be a disadvantage from the standpoint of drug efficacy. For this reason, other aspects associated with the drug action of 5-nitroimidazoles, such as DNA binding, were studied. Experiments using cyclic voltammetry revealed that the binding of the complex was almost comparable to ornidazole. Bactericidal activity of ornidazole and the complex was studied on two separate bacterial strains, showing that the complex was comparable to ornidazole. Nitro radical anions are known to adversely affect the central nervous system, and this study showed that the Cu((II)) complex has the ability to decrease the generation of NO2˙(-) to an extent that struck the correct balance for beneficial activity, as cytotoxicity due to ornidazole was not affected.

The synthesis and characterisation of coordination and hydrogen-bonded networks based on 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzoic acid.

The synthesis, structural and thermal characterisation of a number of coordination complexes featuring the N,O-heteroditopic ligand 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzoate, HL are reported. The reaction of H2L with cobalt(II) and nickel(II) nitrates at room temperature in basic DMF/H2O solution gave discrete mononuclear coordination complexes with the general formula {[M(HL)2(H2O)4]·2DMF} (M = Co (1), Ni (2)), whereas the reaction with zinc(II) nitrate gave [Zn(HL)2]∞, 3, a coordination polymer with distorted diamondoid topology and fourfold interpenetration. Coordination about the tetrahedral Zn(II) nodes in 3 are furnished by two pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms and two carboxylate oxygen atoms to give a mixed N2O2 donor set. Isotopological coordination polymers of zinc(II), {[Zn(HL)2]·2CH3OH·H2O}∞, 4, and cobalt(II), [Co(HL)2]∞, 5, are formed when the reactions are carried out under solvothermal conditions in methanol (80 °C) and water (180 °C), respectively. The reaction of H2L with cadmium(II) nitrate at room temperature in methanol gives {[Cd(HL)2(MeOH)2]·1.8MeOH}∞6, a 2-D (4,4)-connected coordination polymer, whereas with copper(II) the formation of green crystals that transform into purple crystals is observed. The metastable green phase [Cu3(HL)4(μ2-SO4)(H2O)3]∞, 7, crystallises with conserved binding domains of the heteroditopic ligand and contains two different metal nodes: a dicopper carboxylate paddle wheel motif, and, a dicopper unit bridged by sulfate ions and coordinated by ligand pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms. The resultant purple phase {[Cu(HL)2]·4CH3OH·H2O}∞, 8, however, has single copper ion nodes coordinated by mixed N2O2 donor sets with trans-square planar geometry and is threefold interpenetrated. The desolvation of 8 was followed by powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction which show desolvation induces the transition to a more closely packed structure while the coordination geometry about the copper ions and the network topology is retained. Powder X-ray diffraction and microanalysis were used to characterise the bulk purity of the coordination materials 1–6 and 8. The thermal characteristics of 1–2, 4–6 and 8 were studied by TG-DTA. This led to the curious observation of small exothermic events in networks 4, 6, and 8 that appear to be linked to their decomposition. In addition, the solid state structures of H2L and that of its protonated salt, H2L·HNO3, were also determined and revealed that H2L forms a 2-D hydrogen bonded polymer incorporating helical chains formed through N–HO and O–HN interactions, and that [H3L]NO3 forms a 1-D hydrogen-bonded polymer.

Hydrothermal syntheses, structural characterizations, and magnetic properties of five MOFs assembled from C2-symmetric ligand of 1,3-di(2′,4′-dicarboxylphenyl)benzene with various coordination modes

Five new complexes with appealing structural features from 0D paddle wheel {Cu2(COO)4} SBUs to 3D frameworks were reported to better understand the synthon selectivity in multifunctional crystal structures.

Developing of a Wheel-Paddle Integrated Propeller for Amphibious Robot Based on Moving Webbed Paddle Wheels

With wheeled amphibious robot as the research object, for the adaptability of amphibious robot to amphibious environment such as sandy, muddy, or rocky land, we have proposed a new wheel-paddle integrated propeller based on moving webbed paddle wheels. This propeller made the robot functional well in the water and on land, and made it a good adaptability to amphibious environment. Considering the specific situations of the amphibious robot, the design process was proposed to design this integrated wheel-paddle integrated propeller. The angles of the paddles in water were analyzed for stability through simulations. Finally, a wheel-paddle integrated propeller based on moving webbed paddle wheels was made according to virtual model. To test the prototype propeller’s performance on speed, turning and switching ability both on land and in water, several experiments were carried out. Results showed that the prototype propeller achieved the desired design specifications.

Supramolecular Assembly of Organophosphonate Diesters Using Paddle-Wheel Complexes: First Examples in Porphyrin Series

The reactions of dicopper tetrapivalate complex Cu2(μ-OOC-t-Bu)4(NCMe)2 (1) with triphenylphosphine oxide and diethyl phosphite allow paddle-wheel (PW) copper(II) complexes with phosphorus-containing axial ligands (2, 3) to be obtained. When meso-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)porphyrins 4M were employed in this ligand exchange reaction, a series of one-dimensional (1D) homo- and heterometallic coordination polymers 5M composed of PW subunits and organophosphonate diesters were prepared and characterized by means of single crystal X-ray analysis. Planar porphyrinate 4Pd and nonplanar metalloporphyrinates 4Cu and 4Ni proved to be appropriate molecular structural blocks for assembly of coordination polymers. The structural parameters of the tetrapyrrolic macrocycles incorporated into the polymer chain are determined by the nature of the metal center of the porphyrin moiety. While the geometry of palladium(II) and nickel(II) porphyrinates 4Pd and 4Ni does not change significantly in the polymer chain, saddle-shaped Cu(II) porphyrinate 4Cu exhibits a nearly planar core configuration, being coordinated to the copper centers of PW fragments by two peripheral phosphoryl groups in the polymer chain. The geometry of the tetrapyrrolic core is a key parameter influencing the structural properties of the polymeric materials. For 5Pd and for isostructural 5Cu, all metal centers of the polymeric chain are aligned. The planar macrocycles of adjacent chains are parallel and are shifted one to another in such a way that the angle between the Pd···P and Pd···Pd directions is 40.4°, and the distance between the nearest palladium(II) atoms of neighboring chains is 11.668 Å. There is no free volume in these crystals. In the crystals of 5Ni, formed by nonplanar porphyrinates, only copper atoms of the PW pivalate moiety are located in one plane, and zigzag chains are formed so that two adjacent tetrapyrrolic macrocycles are located in alternating positions with respect to this plane, the nickel atoms being displaced from this plane by 1.548 Å. This arrangement naturally leads to the formation of regular pores. The resulting channels have an effective cross-section of about 10 × 12 Å and represent ca. 18% of the volume of the crystal. The exchange reaction between the free-base porphyrin 4H2 and an excess of copper(II) pivalate complex 1 is accompanied by the metalation of the porphyrin core affording the polymer 5Cu. Moreover, self-assembly of metalloporphyrinate 4Zn is observed under studied experimental conditions, which interferes with the formation of the target mixed coordination polymers.

Numerical prediction of algae cell mixing feature in raceway ponds using particle tracing methods.

In the present study, a novel technique, which involves numerical computation of the mixing length of algae particles in raceway ponds, was used to evaluate the mixing process. A value of mixing length that is higher than the maximum streamwise distance (MSD) of algae cells indicates that the cells experienced an adequate turbulent mixing in the pond. A coupling methodology was adapted to map the pulsating effects of a 2D paddle wheel on a 3D raceway pond in this study. The turbulent mixing was examined based on the computations of mixing length, residence time, and algae cell distribution in the pond. The results revealed that the use of particle tracing methodology is an improved approach to define the mixing phenomenon more effectively. Moreover, the algae cell distribution aided in identifying the degree of mixing in terms of mixing length and residence time.

Comparison of continuous and day time only mixing on Tetraselmis suecica (Chlorophyta) in outdoor raceway ponds

The mixing of microalgae bioreactors is important as it circulates cells in and out of the light zone and reduces boundary layers, benefiting photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. However, mixing is also a major economical factor, impacting on power consumption and operating costs, and it remains a barrier for those locations where no electrical supply is available. Combining solar panels with algae ponds can help to alleviate the power cost burden, but if solar panels are the sole source of generated electricity for a regional raceway pond system, the paddle wheels will only operate during day time. This study investigated the growth of halophilic green alga Tetraselmis suecica, in outdoor paddle wheel-driven open ponds under three different mixing regimes. The first experimental condition was a continuously mixed regime, while in the second and third conditions, the paddle wheels were stopped overnight and restarted 1 h after sunrise or 1 h before sunrise, respectively. Growth rate, biomass productivity and cell weight showed no statistically significant difference during the period when the culture was growing under optimal environmental conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of photosystem II maximum quantum yield in the light (Fv′/Fm′) over a 24-h period found no significant differences between cultures, further suggesting that under favourable conditions ceasing mixing overnight may have no undesirable impact on Tetraselmis health or productivity. These findings imply a potential 37 % power saving and a 33 % reduction in energy-associated costs. During a heat stress event, Tetraselmis was negatively impacted in all ponds to the same degree; however, the continuously mixed pond recovered faster than ponds that were not mixed overnight.

Effect of Paddle-Wheel Pulsating Velocity on the Hydrodynamic Performance of High-Rate Algal Ponds

AbstractHigh-rate algae ponds (HRAPs) are widely used in increasing biofuel production because of their effective design in terms of cost and power consumption. Using modeling and simulation techniques is an economical approach for improving the design of raceways. Previous modeling studies reported the use of a flat velocity profile, thus failing to depict the real phenomena involved. However, in practice, the rotating paddle wheel in HRAPs produces a pulsating velocity that is necessary for culture growth. In this study, the hydrodynamic characteristics of algal ponds were investigated using a coupling algorithm to map the effects of a two-dimensional paddle wheel on a three-dimensional raceway model. HRAPs with and without paddle wheels were compared in terms of hydrodynamic mixing, dead zones, and power consumption. The results revealed that compared with a flat velocity at the inlet, the pulsating velocity of a paddle wheel produced a large dead zone volume with reduced power consumption, shear stres...

Rhodium dimers as structural hubs for multichromophore assemblies

Our main building blocks for forming supra-molecular assemblies of chromophoric units are the rhodium amidinate dimers. They offer an excellent structural backbone for rigid polynuclear assemblies with their paddle wheel motif and strongly bonded ligands. We already showed that with a well designed amidinate ligand with a pyridyl group up to four metallic centers can be attached to the dimer.[1,2] Two main approaches were used to extend these assemblies: the first is through Suzuki coupling reactions which allows for an extended ligand and a control on the number of pyridyl present on the dimer; The second is through bisisocyanide ligands which are used to bridge the dimers though their axial site, thus forming 1D coordination polymer in the solid state. These different assemblies will be presented with their solid state structure, photophysical and electrochemical properties.

On ion transport mechanism in K+-conducting solid electrolytes based on K3PO4

Data on transport properties of potassium conducting solid electrolytes based on K3PO4 in the systems K3−2xMxPO4 (M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Pb) and K3−xP1−xExO4 (E=S, Cr, Mo, W) have been analyzed. The results indicate that, in addition to the usual hopping mechanism, a substantial significance for ion transport in similar phases belongs to the “paddle wheel” mechanism. This mechanism is due to orientation disorder of the PO4 tetrahedra at elevated temperatures, which promotes moving K+ ions to the neighboring vacant positions.

Isostructural 1D coordination polymers of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) with phenylpropynoic acid and DABCO as organic linkers

Using phenylpropynoic acid (PPA) and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as organic spacers, isostructural coordination polymers of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) were synthesized by solvothermal method and structurally characterized using single crystal XRD, powder XRD, 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal XRD data revealed four PPA units coordinating with two metal ions forming a paddle wheel secondary building unit (SBU). The paddle wheel units are connected through coordination of DABCO nitrogen to the metal centers from the axial positions leading to the formation of the 1D coordination polymers along the c axis. Intermolecular π stacking and CH…π interactions between the adjacent polymer chains convert the 1D coordination polymer into an interesting 3D network with the CH…π bonds running along the crystallographic a and b axes. Thermal and nitrogen adsorption studies of these coordination polymers are reported.

Analysis of powder phenomena inside a Fette 3090 feed frame using in-line NIR spectroscopy

New analytical methods are needed to understand and optimize the processes by which tablets are produced. Fette 3090 tablet presses are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. A near-infrared (NIR) probe was installed into a Fette 3090 feed frame to understand and monitor the die filling process. The second objective was to analyze in detail the different factors that could affect the prediction of the developed NIR calibration models. Two monitoring positions for NIR spectrometers were evaluated; one at each side of the feed frame. A powder wave behavior caused by the paddle motion was observed inside the feed frame. The study also revealed that NIR spectra can help in the understanding of powder flow inside the feed frame. It was demonstrated that NIR spectra baselines can also be used to determine changes in mass inside the feed frame. The new NIR method showed that the paddle wheel speed has a significant impact in the powder dynamics inside the feed frame. The baselines of the NIR spectra depended on the mass hold-up inside the feed frame and paddle wheel speed. Studies using blends were performed to develop a NIR calibration model based on the feed frame system dynamics to determine acetaminophen drug concentration variability during the die filling process. The study found that variation in the distance from the powder to the probe due to paddle wheel speed has a significant effect on the NIR prediction. This study found that with NIR spectroscopy, blend uniformity can be assessed with high accuracy during the die filling process using the corresponding paddle wheel speed in-line calibration model. NIR was demonstrated to be a good development tool for the in-line monitoring of powder during the die filling process.

Structure and bonding of novel paddle-wheel diiridium polynitrogen compounds: A stronger iridium–iridium bonding by density functional theory

The equilibrium geometries, thermochemistry, and bonding of diiridium polynitrogen compounds Ir2(N5)4 were predicted using density functional theory. For Ir2(N5)4 the preferred structure was a novel paddle wheel structure. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis indicated that the bonding between the metal atom and the five-membered ring was predominantly ionic for Ir2(N5)4 species. In addition, Nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) values confirmed that the planar N5− exhibited aromaticity in Ir2(N5)4. The dissociation energies into mononuclear fragments for Ir2(N5)4 were predicted to be 155.1 (149.7) kcal/mol, but Ir2(N5)4 is thermodynamically unstable with respect to dissociation into Ir2(N5)3 + N5. Our most remarkable structural finding is the extremely short Iridium–Iridium distance (2.394 Å, MPW1PW91) predicted for the paddle wheel structure of Ir2(N5)4. The new class of potential compounds was predicted stable enough for practical applications as high-energy density materials (HEDMs).

A chiral two-dimensional coordination polymer based on CuII and (S)-4,4′-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphinoyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl: Synthesis, structure, and magnetic and optical properties

The functionalized binaphthyl derivative (S)-4,4′-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphinoyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl (H2L) was employed as linker in the synthesis of the chiral CuII-based two-dimensional network {[Cu2(L)2(dmf)2]·H2O·9dmf}n (1). Single-crystal X-ray analysis showed a two-dimensional structure with a copper paddle wheel as secondary building unit. One dmf molecule is additionally axially coordinated to each Cu cation. A lamellar structure results consisting of alternating [Cu2(L)2(dmf)2]n and solvent (dmf, H2O) layers. According to DTA/TG measurements the coordinated dmf molecules are released at about 320°C, followed by decomposition around 460°C. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on 1 indicate strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two metal centers in Cu2(L)2(dmf)2. Compound 1 exhibits ligand-based luminescence, assigned to the S1→S0 transition of the aromatic units. Moreover, the emission spectrum of 1 is blueshifted in comparison to H2L, due to different dihedral angles within the respective structures. Activated 1 (heating to 300°C under vacuum for 3h) showed low activity in the catalytic cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde (up to 27.1% conversion) and the isomerization of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde (up to 15.5% conversion).

Particle size segregation promoted by powder flow in confined space: The die filling process case

Tablet compression has great significance in the pharmaceutical industry since most of the drugs are in the tablet dosage form. The tablet press feed frame is used to fill powder into the empty dies. Die filling is one of the key steps to control final properties of tablets. Using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), a standard feed frame taken from a Manesty Betapress was simulated which represents the tableting process without the compression stage. DEM was used to understand the micro-macro dynamics of the particles inside the feed frame. Segregation behavior of a single material with a particle size distribution was investigated using this method. The DEM simulation components included 2 paddle wheel speeds (24 and 72rpm) and 2 die disk speeds (29 and 57rpm). Results obtained have highlighted the effect of feed frames on the powder properties. The DEM results show size segregation inside the feed frame and during the die filling stage. Velocity profiles and particle vectors show that the percolation phenomenon is the most significant segregation mechanism. Paddle wheel speed was demonstrated to be the most important factor to control particle size segregation inside the feed frame.

Perkembangan Desain dan Kinerja Aerator Tipe Kincir

Paddle wheel aerator widely used in aquaculture because it has the function of aeration and circulation as well as their construction is simple. However, its efficiency is not maximized so it is still expensive inoperation because of the large power consumption. Aerator performance is an important factor in the selection and use of the aerator as it relates to investment and operating cost, so the paddle wheel aeratordesign development and improvement of the performance of the operation is still possible to do. Developing of three-dimensional blade with the optimum geomerty and blade development that can move is a solution that can be done. The study aims to review the principle of aeration, performance test, evaluation criteria, and performance comparison aerator design development that have been made so as to provide an alternative to the developing of performance improvement paddle wheel aerator. This article is a summary of the state of the art design and performance of a paddle wheel aerator development.Keywords : design, aeration, paddle wheel, dissolved oxygen, efficiencyAbstrakAerator kincir banyak digunakan dalam budidaya air karena mempunyai fungsi aerasi dan sirkulasi yang baik serta kontruksinya sederhana. Namun demikian, efisiensinya belum maksimal sehingga masih mahal dalam pengoperasian karena besarnya pemakaian daya listrik. Kinerja aerator merupakan faktor penting dalam pemilihan dan penggunaan aerator karena berhubungan dengan biaya investasi dan operasional, sehingga pengembangan desain aerator kincir dan peningkatan kinerja pengoperasian masih memungkinkan untuk dilakukan. Pengembangan sudu tiga dimensi dengan geometri optimumnya dan pengembangan sudu yang dapat bergerak merupakan solusi yang dapat dilakukan. Kajian ini bertujuan menelaah kembali prinsip aerasi, uji kinerja, kriteria evaluasi, perbandingan kinerja dan perkembangan desain aerator yang sudah dilakukan sehingga dapat memberikan alternatif pengembangan guna peningkatan kinerja aerator kincir. Artikel ini merupakan rangkuman dari “state of the art” desain dan kinerja aerator kincir untuk penggunaan budidaya air.Kata kunci: desain, aerasi. kincir, kelarutan oksigen, efisiensi.Diterima: 12 November 2013; Disetujui:15 Januari 2014

A Century-Old Question: Does a Crookes Paddle Wheel Cathode Ray Tube Demonstrate that Electrons Carry Momentum?

In 1879, in the midst of the debate between English and continental scientists about the nature of cathode rays, William Crookes conducted an experiment in which a small mill or “paddle wheel” was pushed along tracks inside a cathode ray tube (CRT) (similar to that shown in Fig. 1) when connected to a high-voltage induction coil. Crookes attributed the motion of the wheel to momentum transfer from the cathode rays (electrons) to the wheel,1 and interpreted the experiment as providing evidence that cathode rays were particles. In 1903 Thomson discounted Crookes' interpretation by calculating that the rate of momentum transfer (which he estimated at no more than 2×10−3 dyn, equivalent to 2×10−8 N) would be far too small to account for the observed motion of the wheel,2 instead attributing the motion to the radiometric effect. The misconception was not laid to rest, however, and despite an effort in 1961 to draw attention to Thomson's original work and so remove the error from textbooks,3 the notion that a Crookes paddle wheel CRT demonstrates that electrons carry momentum continues to be taught in high school physics courses4 and wheel. We then measured the actual acceleration of the wheel in the CRT by video analysis of its motion and determined the moment of inertia of the wheel along with its mass and dimensions. We could then compare the force, which really acts on the wheel to produce the observed motion to the maximum impulsive force that is supplied by the electrons. Our measurements yield a maximum impulsive force due to the electrons [Fel=(1.1±0.3)×10−8N], which is within a factor of two of Thomson's estimate, and which is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the force that is responsible for the observed acceleration of the paddle wheel [FW=(6±2)×10−6N]. This means that the rotation of the wheel is certainly not due to transferred momentum from the electron beam, and the results of the experiment should not be taught to students as proof that electrons are particles with mass that carry momentum.

Secondary Building Unit (SBU) Controlled Formation of a Catalytically Active Metal–Organic Polyhedron (MOP) Derived from a Flexible Tripodal Ligand

A nanosized truncated octahedron-shaped metal–organic-polyhedron (MOP) namely [{Cu12(TMBTA)8(DMA)4(H2O)8}·8H2O·X] MOP-TO (X = 48 H2O molecules as per SQUEEZE calculation and TGA data) was successfully derived from a flexible C3-symmetric ligand (2,4,6-trimethylbenzene)-1,3,5-triacetic acid (TMBTA) and Cu(NO3)2 in dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and EtOH under solvothermal conditions. The nanocage was well-characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Remarkably, the nanocage molecules could be seen under high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). It was evident that the Cu(II) paddle wheel secondary building unit (CPWSBU) was responsible for the formation of the nanocage, as the corresponding reactions of TMBTA with other metal ions (e.g., Co(II) and Zn(II) resulted in the formation of two coordination polymers, namely [{Co(μ-TMBTA)(H2O)4}]∝ TMBTA-Co(II) and [{(H2O)2Zn(μ-TMBTA)Zn·K}·2H2O]∝ TMBTA-Zn(II). Interestingly, the nanocage MOP-TO was exploited in catalyzing (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxy (TEMPO)-assisted aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde.

Assembly of 3D Coordination Polymers from 2D Sheets by [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction

The synthesis of three 2D interdigitated Zn(II) coordination polymers (CPs), by using three monotopic ligands containing C=C bonds, is reported. Among these, two CPs with 4spy (4-styryl pyridine) and 2F-4spy (a 2'-fluoro derivative of 4spy) ligands showed quantitative formation of cyclobutane rings, thus demonstrating a unique synthetic procedure to synthesize metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by using this photochemical reaction. Interestingly, these compounds can also be synthesized by mechanochemical grinding procedures by using Zn(OAc)2. In contrast, Zn(NO3)2 did not yield the required product, unlike in the solution route. In addition, compounds with 4vpy (4-vinylpyridine), 4spy and 2F-4spy ligands created different units in the CPs; 4vpy and 2F-4spy furnished paddle wheel units, whereas 4spy yielded tetrahedral Zn(II) repeating units. Furthermore, the change in coordination geometry manifests in the photoluminescence properties, attributed to the difference in charge-transfer and ligand-centered fluorescent phenomenon.

Two novel 3D lanthanide supramolecular coordination polymers constructed from paddle wheel SBUs and hydrogen bonding: synthesis, structures and properties

Two novel 3D lanthanide supramolecular coordination polymers with lanthanide paddle wheel SBUs were synthesized through in situ generation of formate anions. Their structure and temperature dependent luminescent property are investigated.