Pad Components Research Articles

Difficulties in Realizing Regional Finance in Indonesia: Quantitative Descriptive Approach

The focus of this study is a comparison of the realization of regional income and expenditure components for the 2023 fiscal year in Indonesia, while the research focus is on 38 provincial governments, classified according to region. In the western part of Indonesia, there are 23 Provincial Governments, and in the eastern part of Indonesia, there are 15 Provincial Governments. The main research approach is quantitative descriptive, with a data analysis method applying comparative analysis, using the independent sample t-test technique to find a comparison of the averages of two unrelated groups, using the welsh t-test and cohen's t-test coefficient testing techniques. The study findings found the realization of regional finance in Indonesia. First, the fact that the realization of the PAD, TKDD, and PL components in the eastern region tends to be lower compared to the western region of Indonesia. This recognition is justified by comparative statistics through the significance value (< 0.05) of the welsh t-test coefficient and Cohen's coefficient effect. Secondly, the fact that the realization of the BP, BBJ, and BM components in the eastern region is very low compared to the western region of Indonesia, the uniform realization achievement of the two regions in the BL component reaches a realization figure of >80%, this recognition is justified by statistical comparison through the significance value (<0.05) of the welsh's coefficient and cohen's coefficient effect.

From Material to Field Test: An Improved Under Sleeper Pad Model

This study aims to determine the stiffness values of under sleeper pad (USP) and rail pad (RP) components to reduce the high-amplitude vibrations that occur in the transition zones of some specific structures such as viaducts in ballasted railways. The conventional method of simulating USPs and RPs as spring–dashpot elements in the Kelvin–Voigt model is inadequate due to the absence of frequency and temperature dependencies in the model. The study proposes a new analytical model that considers USPs and RPs as viscoelastic (VE) materials and integrates them into the ballasted railway superstructure model by adding unit masses avoiding mathematical singularity. The process includes material testing, field measurements, and validation of the proposed model with finite element model analysis. The effect of ambient temperature and material modelling on the superstructure’s dynamic response in the frequency domain is analysed in detail. To account for VE behaviours of the resilient elements, the generalised Maxwell model (GMM) is chosen via unit mass implementation compared to other VE models. The obtained results show that the dynamic response of the railway superstructure is 8–10 times sensitive to temperature variation. This demonstrates how important it is to include the temperature-dependent dynamics of the elastomer material in the model. According to the other results that were obtained, the use of USP in transition zones does not solve the vibration problem radically. Bridge dynamic responses are also sensitive to the mass of the bridge rather than its stiffness.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Utilization of Regional Owned-Asset to Increase Regional Revenue

Utilization of Regional Owned-Asset (Indonesian: Barang Milik Daerah, abbreviated BMD) is one of the opportunities for regions to increase Original Local Government Revenue (Indonesian: Pendapatan Asli Daerah, abbreviated PAD). This study aims at analyzing the effectiveness of implementing BMD utilization to increase PAD. It is a case study at Regional Income and Asset Financial Management Agency (Indonesian: Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah, abbreviated BPKAD) Surakarta. A qualitative descriptive approach is employed in this study. The data are in the form of primary and secondary data and were obtained from the data of the utilization of BMD that has been implemented and reports on the realization of regional income and expenditure budgets. The results of this study show that BMD utilization in Surakarta is implemented effectively although it is still not optimal. The utilization of BMD has contributed to PAD Surakarta by showing an increase every year. Even though it has increased, the contribution of the use of BMD to PAD is little, which is under one percent of all other PAD components. Surakarta government needs to optimize the use of BMD and innovations or groundbreaking ideas to increase the contribution rate to Surakarta's PAD.

Wear-friction properties of friction pairs in disc-pad brakes

This paper reports data on the dynamic coefficient of friction and wear of materials of different types of friction pads and brake discs obtained from experimental research during braking under bench conditions. It was established that on the basis of the chemical composition of the materials of the friction pads with codes, in the temperature range of 100–450 °C with a step of 50 °C, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum wear of the disc varies from 6.0 to 10.0. The value of the disc wear ratio at 800 and 1000 brakings, respectively, in the temperature range of 100–250 °C and 100–450 °C was 7.6 and 14.0. This indicates that for pad materials of type A, B, C, and D under the second thermal regime, the linear wear of the working surfaces of the discs is greater than under the first thermal regime. And for the pad materials of type E and F, the wear of the discs was the same. This indicates that the use of traditional pads is characterized by a higher thermal tension of the disc brake friction pair; the absolute temperature values are in the unfavorable zone of 400–700 °C. That, in turn, could lead to both phase changes and thermal fatigue aging of materials and, as a result, to the deterioration of their tribological and thermophysical characteristics in operation. Thus, the implementation of the method of selecting pad components could improve the performance of disc brake devices of cars

Estimation of Brake Pad Wear Using Fuzzy Logic in Real Time

Brake pad components are important in two-wheeled vehicles because they concern the driver's and others' safety. Brake lining wear is an unavoidable phenomenon. This is because of the concept of braking, which involves bringing two things into contact with each other such that they press against each other and rub against each other. Brake pads that have not been replaced make the brakes unable to work normally, so the potential for accidents is even greater. One of the factors causing the problem is negligence and ignorance of the condition of the ream linings, which should be time for the change. This paper proposes a tool that can estimate the condition of the brake pads based on the level of wear in real-time using the fuzzy logic method. Fuzzy logic will estimate the degree of wear of brake pads based on speed, brake fluid pressure, and braking duration parameters. The type of brake used in this paper is the type of disk brake used on two-wheeled vehicles. The test is not carried out or applied to two-wheeled vehicles but is applied to brake pad wear test equipment that works like a two-wheeled vehicle. Based on the test results, the fuzzy logic implanted into the Arduino microcontroller can provide information on the estimated condition of the brake pads on LCDs in real time based on fuzzy set datasets obtained through experimental tests. Based on the experimental results, the brake lining wear test was carried out for 30 minutes with a pressure of 10 and 17 psi. The results showed that the thickness of the brake linings decreased by around 21.66% and 26.68%, respectively.

Coaxial laser cladding of cobalt-base alloy StelliteTM 6 on gray cast iron/investigations on friction, wear versus commercial brake pad, and corrosion characteristics

Environmental legislation and the electrification of vehicles place increased requirements on brake disks in terms of wear and corrosion resistance. Departing from a preliminary study, the present investigation examined the friction and wear behavior as well as the corrosion properties of Stellite™ 6 coatings on gray cast iron, which were deposited by laser cladding. The friction and wear experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer at contact pressures of 1.0 and 2.0 MPa as well as rotation speeds of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 2.0 m/s. The pins are manufactured from an automotive semi-metallic brake pad. The friction behavior of gray cast iron and Stellite™ 6 coatings is similar under changing test conditions. The tribological behavior is strongly influenced by the microstructural and mechanical properties of the coatings and the brake pad material. A third body layer of contact patches is formed on Stellite™ 6, which mainly consists of brake pad components. The transformation of the Co-matrix (fcc → hcp), subsurface fatigue, and tribo-oxidation are the main wear mechanism for Stellite™ 6. The electrochemical characteristics were analyzed by potentiodynamic polarization, and the corrosion rate was determined with Tafel plots in 3.5% NaCl solution, respectively. Compared to gray cast iron, Stellite™ 6 coatings have a pronounced corrosion resistance due to the formation of a protective passive layer of Co and Cr oxides. This corrosion resistance is mainly influenced by the microstructure. The corrosion rate of the coatings increases in parallel with the Fe dilution.

Effects of fly ash introduction on friction and wear characteristics of brake pads

Fly ash is a waste matter generally emitted abundantly from chimneys of the production facilities and should mostly be recycled. In this context, this study reveals the tribological effects of fly ash on brake pad components by doping the fly ash in basic brake pad matrix with various weight fractions of 30% (S30), 35% (S35) and 40% (S40) by reducing aluminum powder in the pad matrix. According to the results, as the fly ash concentration increases in the matrix, density and hardness of the structure were prone to decrease to an extent. Water immersion technique was used to determine density values and specially modified pin-on-disc tribotester was utilized to measure coefficient of friction (CF) and specific wear rate (SWR) values between brake pad samples and the cast iron rotating disc. Among prepared samples, maximum average reduction in density and hardness were observed to be by 3.97% and 10.67%, respectively. S30 depicted the minimum CF of 0.32 and maximum CF of 0.43 was performed by S40. Maximum specific wear rate was observed for S40 subtending to an increase of 8.67% from that of S30 to S40. Results showed that, though higher escalation in CF as the fly ash fraction elevates in the matrix, wear rates did not show a dramatic increase which is an indication of effectiveness of fly ash in brake pads in terms of braking performance and long term durability.

Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles

The present work focuses on a detailed analysis of new and used braking friction partners (discs and pads) in order to provide a comprehensive characterization of the source of the airborne particles formed during braking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) was applied to investigate the new brake disc and new and used brake pad components of a passenger vehicle. The pads include at least 21 different substances, involving carbonaceous particles, oxides, sulfides, sulfates and silicates of Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zr, Sn, less Mg, Ba, Na and, rarely, Bi and Zn, as well as K-titanate. Aramid and phenolic resin are also present, enriched toward the metal interface. The size of the pad constituents extends over a very wide range, from hundreds of µm to a few µm, and goes down to hundreds of nm and, rarely, tens of nanometers. Carbonaceous particles with sizes down to a few tens of nanometers occupy ca. 16% of the total of the pad constituents. Abundant Zr-bearing phases, as well as various other phases involving S, Ca, Mg, Si, Ti and, to a lower extent, Ba and Fe in different combinations, constitute the pad main matrix.

Ozone uptake by commercial brake pads and brake pad components: assessing the potential indirect air quality impacts of non-exhaust emissions

We determine, for the first time, the reactivity of ground brake pads with ozone and discuss the potential impact of this interaction on urban air quality.

ANALISIS POTENSI PAD PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Optimizing management of regional economic potential is an effort to increase Own-Source Revenue (PAD) as a form of building regional financial independence so that it can reduce fiscal dependence on the central government. This study analyzes each component of PAD that can contribute to increasing PAD by using Klassen Typology. This Klassen Typology Analysis is conducted to find out the types of PAD components that fall into the advanced, advanced, depressed, potential or backward categories. The data used in this study are secondary data in the form of South Sumatra Province PAD data as an analysis area and national PAD as a reference area. The data analyzed are data from 2014-2018. The results showed that local taxes are in quadrant I of the Klassen Typology, a quadrant which explains that local taxes are a component of advanced and rapid PAD with the largest contribution of 93.53%.Furthermore, the other components of PAD, namely regional retribution, the results of the management of regional wealth and other legitimate PAD, are in quadrant III. This quadrant explains that the component of PAD is potential or can still be developed again. These results explain that the government of South Sumatra Province to further improve the management of regional user fees, the results of the management of regional wealth and other PAD in order to finance development using their own funds.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PASCA GEMPA BUMI/TSUNAMI DI KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

The magnitude of the target acceptance of the various components in the original blood income (PAD) greatly affects the realization value of the The better PAD an area then the economic growth is rising. The increasing revenue of the local area will also affect the economic growth rate of an area, so it is happening in West Aceh district. This research aims to analyse the influence of indigenous revenue on the area of economic growth after the earthquake/tsunami in West Aceh Regency period 2005-2017. The data used is secondary data that is sourced to the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Aceh Province and BPS district of West Aceh and local wealth and Revenue Management Office (DPKKD) of West Aceh district. The analysis model used is a simple semi-logarithmic linear model with SPSS. Based on the results of the study obtained that the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.267 where the relationship between PAD with economic growth in this district is still weak. Further coefficient of determination on (R2) amounted 0.71. As for the model of the equivalent Y = 23,584 + 0,094 X + E, with a test value of T is not significant, where the Thit < Ttab. The author recommends that programs from the government are required in an effective method of collecting PAD components, so that their realization value increases that will indirectly affect the economic growth of the district. Keywords: regional taxes, regional retribution and economic growth.

The Structure of Regional Original Revenue and Its Effect on Economic Growth: Facts from Regencies and Cities in Central Jawa

This study aims to determine the structure of Regional Original Revenue (PAD) in its effect on economic growth. The data used are panel data from 35 regencies and cities in Central Java for the period 2005 to 2015. Data are taken from the Regencies and Cities Financial Audit Results Reports in Central Java. Data analysis technique uses Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) and Panel Granger Causality Test to determine the relationship between economic growth and PAD components, namely regional tax revenue, regional retribution revenue, regional wealth revenue, and other legitimate revenue. The results of this study found a one-way causality relationship from tax revenue to economic growth. There is a two-way relationship occurs between retribution revenue and economic growth. There is a one-way relationship from the regional wealth revenue to economic growth. There is a one-way relationship from the total regional original revenue (PAD) to economic growth. There is no relationship between other legitimate revenue and economic growth. In the short run, the economic growth over a given period was positively and significantly affected by the tax revenue, retribution revenue and regional original revenue (PAD) of the previous year, while regional wealth revenue has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. In the long run, tax revenue, retribution revenue and regional original revenue (PAD) effect by positively and significantly to economic growth, while regional wealth revenue has a negative and significant effect on economic growth.

FEM numerical analysis of the compaction of a mixture of brake pad components taking account of the real shapes and dimensions of particles

FEM numerical analysis of the compaction of a mixture of brake pad components taking account of the real shapes and dimensions of particles

Large eddy simulations of launcher lift-off noise and comparisons to experiments on model flame trenches

During the lift-off phase of a space launcher, rocket motors generate harsh acoustic environment that is a concern for the payload and surrounding structures. Hot supersonic jets contribute to the emitted noise from both their own noise production mechanisms and their interactions with launch pad components, such as the launch table and flame trenches. The present work describes the results of computations performed by ONERA to predict the lift-off noise from reduced scale models of a flame trench. The results include both unsteady flow solution inside the flame trench and the computed noise on near and far field microphone arrays. Numerical computations involve two in-house codes: the flow solver CEDRE, used in LES mode to accurately predict the noise sources, and the acoustic code KIM to reconstruct the far field noise, thanks to an integral Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings porous surface approach. The computational model exactly reproduces the flame trench configurations used in a test campaign carried out by CNES at the MARTEL facility. Results are discussed and compared with experimental acoustic measurements on 48 microphones. Overall, the numerical results reproduce the acoustic measurements within 3 dB. To further improve these results, work is ongoing on acoustic nonlinear effects.

The effect of the brake pad components to the some physical properties of the ecological brake pad samples

In this study, brake pad components in powder form such as miscanthus, cashew, alumina, phenolic resin and calcite, were used to manufacture ecological brake pads. In the brake pad applications trial and error method is often used to find the optimum proportion providing the best characteristics of the component in composite. The evaluation process became complicated and time consuming due to the number of components used for the manufacture of brake pad, randomly selected mixing ratios, many samples produced with trial and error method and a vast variety of results obtained from the measurements. Taguchi method was utilized in order to determine how the compositions of the brake pad components in the range of 5-20 wt. % had an effect on the properties of the brake pads. As a result of the experiments such as density, hardness, porosity and wear rate, the characteristics of the brake pad samples were more affected by the proportions of Miscanthus and phenolic resin in the mixture.

Microvascular and Macrovascular Disease and Risk for Major Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes, but the relationship between other vascular diseases and PAD has been poorly investigated. We examined the impact of previous microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes. We analyzed 10,624 patients with type 2 diabetes free from baseline major PAD in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) clinical trial. The primary composite outcome was major PAD defined as PAD-induced death, peripheral revascularization, lower-limb amputation, or chronic ulceration. The secondary end points were the PAD components considered separately. Major PAD occurred in 620 (5.8%) participants during 5 years of follow-up. Baseline microvascular and macrovascular disease were both associated with subsequent risk of major PAD after adjustment for age, sex, region of origin, and randomized treatments. However, only microvascular disease remained significantly associated with PAD after further adjustment for established risk factors. The highest risk was observed in participants with a history of macroalbuminuria (hazard ratio 1.91 [95% CI 1.38-2.64], P < 0.0001) and retinal photocoagulation therapy (1.60 [1.11-2.32], P = 0.01). Baseline microvascular disease was also associated with a higher risk of chronic lower-limb ulceration (2.07 [1.56-2.75], P < 0.0001) and amputation (1.59 [1.15-2.22], P = 0.006), whereas baseline macrovascular disease was associated with a higher rate of angioplasty procedures (1.75 [1.13-2.73], P = 0.01). Microvascular disease, particularly macroalbuminuria and retinal photocoagulation therapy, strongly predicts major PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes, but macrovascular disease does not.

오일팜 EFB 섬유 적용에 따른 육묘패드 특성변화

ABSTRACT The crop production technologies keep in improving and the cultivation becomes more standardization owing to the significant developments of various agricultural materials. The artificial soil and base system for root could be one of the major technologies for the modern cultivation especially for controlled horticulture. Although the perlite, cocopeat, and peat moss are the major components of the artificial soil and are broadly used for various application, there is a great need for the new alternative materials for overcoming the low nutrition and the possible shortage of raw materials. In this study, the application of oil palm EFB fiber as an alternative materials for ar-tificial soil especially for the seeding pad components was evaluated. The changes in the structural properties and the functional properties such as moisture holding properties were compared by laboratory produced seeding pads with different mixture of oil palm EFB fiber. The addition of fibrillated EFB fiber resulted in the significant increase in durability of the seeding pad, which showed the possible application of EFB fiber to the seeding pad instead of the wood fiber (UBKP). The moisture holding properties and the germination condition characteristics of the EFB fiber showed the slight less than those of the cocopeat, which require more sophisticated study for improving the functional prop-erties of seeding pad made of the EFB fiber. Keywords: Seeding pad, oil palm biomass, EFB fiber, moisture holding property

Fatigue crack growth behavior of NR and HNBR based vulcanizates with potential application to track pad for heavy weight vehicles

Generally, field performance of elastomeric track pad components has been poor, especially for the medium to heavy tonnage tracked vehicles, which are operated on the hilly cross-country course. The service life of these track pad, is affected not only by the terrain and environmental conditions but also by the speed, cornering, braking, weight of the vehicle, and the track tread design. In this research, modulus, tearing energy, and the rate of crack propagation of vulcanizates are evaluated by changing base materials to improve the service time of track pad. By increasing the contents of carbon black, modulus, tearing energy, and fatigue crack growth resistance of vulcanizates improved. Compared with the NR vulcanizate, the HNBR vulcanizate had a higher value of tearing energy. The rate of crack propagation of vulcanizates using smaller size carbon black was slower than that using larger size carbon black. When the HNBR was blended with the ZSC, the tearing energy of the vulcanizates was a little reduced because of the high modulus but the crack propagation rate was reduced significantly. In the relation between the crack propagation rate and the strain energy release rate, though up to 100% strain were applied to specimens, the slope on the log scale (β) varied between 1.72 and 2.3 with the kind of elastomer.

The effect of damping of the disc brake squeal noise

A novel mathematical two-degree-of-freedom model is introduced to describe the dynamics of a disc brake system. The model is emphasized on the interacting dynamics between disc and pad components, and is investigated to understand the mechanisms of the disc brake squeal noise. Sensitivity analysis is studied to find unstable regions considered as the squeal state. Time signals are also collected from a set of first-order differential equations of the model. The signals are then used for phase space analysis to investigate the size of limit cycles. Both sensitivity analysis and phase space analysis are focused on the effect of damping of the system. The results show that damping treatment should be done on both disc and pad, whereas damping treatment has been done on the pad only in most practical situations.

Evaluation of the fretting corrosion behavior of the proximal pad taper of a modular hip design

Abstract Fretting corrosion tests were conducted on Ti–6Al–4V modular `pad taper' test specimens of the Richards Modular Hip System (RMHS) in an environment containing deionized water. The primary objective was to evaluate and characterize the fretting debris production at the taper junction between the stem body and the proximal pad components of the RMHS by measuring metal (Ti) ion concentrations in solution during fretting tests. The fretting test parameters used in the research program were intended to simulate the hip prosthesis loading conditions. The loading parameters were: cyclic fatigue load=2.0 kN ( R =0.1), normal load=0.2 kN. These loads were selected based on standardized ISO hip stem loading conditions which in turn were based on anticipated in vivo loading conditions. Ten RMHS pad taper fretting tests were performed. Each test was performed for 5 million fretting cycles at a frequency of 6 Hz. A solution sample was removed every 1 million cycles without interrupting the fretting test. Each solution sample was analyzed for Ti ions in parts-per-million (ppm). The solution analysis test results indicated that in six cases there were no detectable ions (